RESUMO
PURPOSE: Data on short courses of antibiotic therapy for Enterobacterales bacteremia in high-risk neutropenic patients are limited. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the frequency of bacteremia relapse, 30-day overall and infection-related mortality, Clostridiodes difficile infection and length of hospital stay since bacteremia among those who received antibiotic therapy for 7 or 14 days. METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study in adult high-risk neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies or hematopoietic stem cell transplant and monomicrobial Enterobacterales bacteremia. They received appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy, had a clinical response within 7 days, and infection source control. Clinical, epidemiological and outcomes variables were compared based on 7 or 14 days of AT. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were included (100, 7-day antibiotic therapy; 100, 14-day antibiotic therapy). Escherichia coli was the pathogen most frequently isolated (47.5%), followed by Klebsiella sp. (40.5%). Among those patients that received 7-day vs. 14-day antibiotic course, a clinical source of bacteremia was found in 54% vs. 57% (p = 0.66), multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales isolates in 28% vs. 30% (p = 0.75), and 40% vs. 47% (p = 0.31) received combined empirical antibiotic therapy. Overall mortality was 3% vs. 1% (p = 0.62), in no case related to infection; bacteremia relapse was 7% vs. 2% (p = 0.17), and length of hospital stay since bacteremia had a median of 9 days (IQR: 7-15) vs. 14 days (IQR: 13-22) (p = < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that seven-day antibiotic therapy might be adequate for patients with high-risk neutropenia and Enterobacterales bacteremia, who receive appropriate empirical therapy, with clinical response and infection source control.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Bacteriemia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Neutropenia , Humanos , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Neutropenia/complicações , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/mortalidade , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Resultado do Tratamento , Tempo de Internação , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicações , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Humanos , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/isolamento & purificação , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Saúde Global , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Currently, the Enterobacteriaceae species are responsible for a variety of serious infections and are already considered a global public health problem, especially in underdeveloped countries, where surveillance and monitoring programs are still scarce and limited. Analyses were performed on the complete genome of an extensively antibiotic-resistant strain of Enterobater hormaechei, which was isolated from a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, who had been admitted to a hospital in the city of Manaus, Brazil. METHODS: Phenotypical identification and susceptibility tests were performed in automated equipment. Total DNA extraction was performed using the PureLink genomic DNA mini-Kit. The genomic DNA library was prepared with Illumina Microbial Amplicon Prep and sequenced in the MiSeq Illumina Platform. The assembly of the whole-genome and individual analyses of specific resistance genes extracted were carried out using online tools and the Geneious Prime software. RESULTS: The analyses identified an extensively resistant ST90 clone of E. hormaechei carrying different genes, including blaCTX-M-15, blaGES-2, blaTEM-1A, blaACT-15, blaOXA-1 and blaNDM-1, [aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ian, ant(2â³)-Ia], [aac(6')-Ib-cr, (qnrB1)], dfrA25, sul1 and sul2, catB3, fosA, and qnrB, in addition to resistance to chlorhexidine, which is widely used in patient antisepsis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need for actions to control and monitor these pathogens in the hospital environment.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Enterobacter , Genoma Bacteriano , Linfoma não Hodgkin , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Humanos , Enterobacter/genética , Enterobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacter/isolamento & purificação , Linfoma não Hodgkin/genética , Linfoma não Hodgkin/microbiologia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/métodos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , BrasilRESUMO
Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cattle and can be manifested in clinical and subclinical forms. The overuse of antimicrobials in the treatment and prevention of mastitis favours antimicrobial resistance and milk can be a potential route of dissemination. This study aimed to evaluate the biological quality of bulk tank milk (BTM) and the microbiological quality and signs of mastitis of freshly milked raw milk. In addition, to evaluate antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. isolated from freshly milked raw milk. None of the farms were within the official Brazilian biological quality limits for BTM. Freshly milked raw milk with signs of clinical (CMM), subclinical (SCMM) and no signs (MFM) of mastitis were detected in 6.67%, 27.62% and 65.71% samples, respectively. Most samples of freshly milked raw milk showed acceptable microbiological quality, when evaluating the indicators total coliforms (78.10%), Escherichia coli (88.57%) and Staphylococcus aureus (100%). Klebsiella oxytoca and S. aureus were the most prevalent microorganisms in SCMM and MFM samples. Antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in 65.12% and 13.95% of Enterobacteriaceae and 84.31% and 5.88% of Staphylococcus spp., respectively, isolated from both SCMM and MFM samples. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporin (3GCR) (6.98%) and carbapenems (CRE) (6.98%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (4.88%) were observed. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can spread resistance genes to previously susceptible bacteria. This is a problem that affects animal, human and environmental health and should be evaluated within the one-health concept.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterobacteriaceae , Mastite Bovina , Leite , Staphylococcus , Animais , Bovinos , Leite/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Assintomáticas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterináriaAssuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Resistência beta-Lactâmica , beta-Lactamases , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/genética , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/enzimologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Genômica , Pandemias , Genoma Bacteriano/genéticaRESUMO
Introducción: La diarrea con sangre es un motivo frecuente de admisión hospitalaria en niños, con gastroenteritis aguda; en la mayoría de los casos se tratan de infecciones leves y autolimitadas, pero pueden producirse complicaciones graves. Objetivos: Describir la etiología y características clínico- evolutivas de los niños menores de 15 años hospitalizados por diarrea con sangre en el Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre los años 2012- 2023. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias y registros de laboratorio. Variables: demográficas, estado nutricional, hidratación, motivos de hospitalización, ingreso unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI), enteropatógenos, tratamientos, evolución. Resultados: Se incluyeron 229 niños, mediana de edad de 8 meses; sexo masculino 61%; eutróficos 88%, bien hidratados 55%, con comorbilidades 11%, prematurez 6,5%. El motivo de hospitalización fue diarrea con sangre/disentería sin otro síntoma 45%. Se solicitó coprovirológico/coprocultivo en 98% y detección por técnicas de ácidos nucleicos en materia fecal 5,2%. Se identificó al menos un agente patógeno en 34,3%: Shigella sp. 38%; Salmonella sp. 19,5%; coinfecciones en 12%. Se indicaron antibióticos a 86%; ceftriaxona 62%, azitromicina 35%. Ingresaron a UCI 6,5% (15), presentaron complicaciones 10/14, fallo renal agudo 5 y alteraciones del medio interno 3. La mayoría presentó buena evolución. Conclusiones: La diarrea con sangre/disentería continúa siendo una causa importante de hospitalización afectando en su mayoría a niños sanos menores de 5 años. Los patógenos detectados con mayor frecuencia fueron bacterias principalmente Shigella sp., Salmonella sp. y E coli diarreogénicas. Se reportó alta prescripción de antibióticos, cumpliendo en la mayoría de los casos con las recomendaciones.
Introduction: Bloody diarrhea is a common reason for hospital admission in children with acute gastroenteritis; In most cases these are mild and self-limiting infections, but serious complications can occur. Goals: To describe the etiology and clinical-evolutionary characteristics of children under 15 years of age hospitalized for bloody diarrhea at the Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell between the years 2012-2023. Materials and methods: Retrospective study through review of histories and laboratory records. Variables: demographics, nutritional status, hydration, reason for hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, enteropathogens, treatments, evolution. Results: 229 children were included, median age 8 months; male sex 61%; eutrophic 88%, well hydrated 55%, with comorbidities 11%, prematurity 6.5%. The reason for hospitalization was bloody diarrhea/dysentery without other symptoms 45%. Coprovirological/coproculture was requested in 98% and detection by nucleic acid techniques in fecal matter was requested in 5,2%. At least one pathogenic agent was identified in 34,3%: Shigella sp. 38%; Salmonella sp 19,5%; coinfections in 12%. Antibiotics were indicated for 86%; ceftriaxone 62%, azithromycin 35%. Were admitted to the ICU 6,5% (15), 10/14 had complications, 5 had acute kidney failure and 3 had alterations in the internal environment. The majority had a good evolution. Conclusions: Bloody diarrhea/dysentery continues to be an important cause of hospitalization, affecting mostly healthy children under 5 years of age. The most frequently detected pathogens were bacteria, mainly Shigella sp., Salmonella sp. and diarrheagenic E coli. High prescription of antibiotics was reported, complying in most cases with the recommendations.
Introdução: A diarreia com sangue é um motivo comum de internação hospitalar em crianças com gastroenterite aguda; Na maioria dos casos, estas são infecções leves e autolimitadas, mas podem ocorrer complicações graves. Metas: Descrever a etiologia e as características clínico-evolutivas de crianças menores de 15 anos internadas por diarreia sanguinolenta no Hospital Pediátrico Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre os anos de 2012-2023. Materiais e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo por meio de revisão de histórias e registros laboratoriais. Variáveis: dados demográficos, estado nutricional, hidratação, motivo da internação, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), enteropatógenos, tratamentos, evolução. Resultados: foram incluídas 229 crianças, mediana de idade 8 meses; sexo masculino 61%; eutrófico 88%, bem hidratado 55%, com comorbidades 11%, prematuridade 6,5%. O motivo da internação foi diarreia sanguinolenta/disenteria sem outros sintomas 45%. O estudo coprovirologico/coprocultivo foi solicitado em 98% e a detecção por técnicas de ácidos nucleicos em matéria fecal foi solicitada em 5,2%. Pelo menos um agente patogênico foi identificado em 34,3%: Shigella sp. 38%; Salmonella sp. 19,5%; coinfecções em 12%. Os antibióticos foram indicados para 86%; ceftriaxona 62%, azitromicina 35%. Foram internados em UTI 6,5% (15), 10/14 apresentaram complicações, 5 tiveram insuficiência renal aguda e 3 apresentaram alterações no meio interno, a maioria teve boa evolução. Conclusões: A diarreia/disenteria com sangue continua a ser uma causa importante de hospitalização, afetando sobretudo crianças saudáveis ââcom menos de 5 anos de idade. Os patógenos mais frequentemente detectados foram bactérias, principalmente Shigella sp., Salmonella sp. e E. coli diarreiogênica. Foi relatada elevada prescrição de antibióticos, cumprindo na maioria dos casos as recomendações.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Infecções por Campylobacter/complicações , Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Diarreia Infantil/sangue , Disenteria/etiologia , Disenteria/sangue , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/complicações , Infecções por Rotavirus , Infecções por Rotavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecções por Campylobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Criança Hospitalizada/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las bacteriemias por Enterobacterales productores de carbapenemasa KPC (EPC-KPC) presentan una mortalidad elevada y opciones terapéuticas limitadas. OBJETIVOS: Describir y comparar la evolución de los pacientes con bacteriemia por EPC-KPC tratados con ceftazidima/avibactam (CA) frente a otros antimicrobianos (OA). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo y retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con bacteriemia por EPC-KPC, con una proporción entre casos tratados con CA y controles tratados con OA. de 1:2. Se analizaron variables clínicas, epidemiológicas y de evolución. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 48 pacientes (16 CA y 32 OA). Los casos se encontraban más frecuentemente neutropénicos (50 vs.16%, p = 0,012); asimismo, presentaron medianas de score de APACHE II más altas y de score de Pitt más bajas. El 65% de la cohorte total presentó un foco clínico y Klebsiellapneumoniae fue el microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado. Los casos recibieron una mayor proporción de tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico adecuado (81 vs. 53%, p = 0,05). La antibioterapia dirigida en casos y controles fue combinada en 38 y 91%, p = 0,009. Los casos presentaron menor mortalidad al día 7 y al día 30 relacionada a infección (0 vs. 22%, p = 0,04 y 0 vs. 34%, p = 0,008). Solo los controles desarrollaron shock, ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos y presentaron bacteriemia de brecha. CONCLUSIÓN: CA mostró beneficio clínico frente a OA para el tratamiento de pacientes con bacteriemia por EPC-KPC.
BACKGROUND: KPC-producing Enterobacterales bacteremia (KPCCPE) is associated with a high mortality rate and limited therapeutic options. AIM: To describe and compare the outcome of patients with KPC-CPE bacteremia treated with ceftazidime/avibactam (CA) versus other antibiotics (OA). METHODS: Prospective and retrospective cases and control study performed in adult patients with KPC-CPE bacteremia, with a 1:2 ratio between cases treated with CA. and controls treated with OA. Clinical, epidemiological, and outcome variables were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients (16 CA and 32 OA) were included. Cases were more frequently neutropenic (50 vs. 16%, p = 0.012), presented higher median APACHE II score and lower Pitt score. Of the total cohort, 65% had a clinical source, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated microorganism. Cases received more adequate empirical antibiotic treatment (81 vs. 53%, p = 0.05). Targeted antibiotic therapy in cases and controls was combined in 38 and 91%, p = 0.009. Cases had a lower 7-day mortality and 30-day infection-related mortality (0 vs. 22%, p = 0.04 and 0 vs. 34%, p = 0.008). Only controls developed shock, were admitted to the intensive care unit, and had breakthrough bacteremia. CONCLUSION: CA. showed clinical benefit over OA in the treatment of patients with EPC-KPC bacteremia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Ceftazidima/uso terapêutico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Azabicíclicos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas de Bactérias , beta-Lactamases , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ceftazidima/administração & dosagem , Evolução Clínica , Estudos Prospectivos , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Combinação de Medicamentos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/mortalidade , Compostos Azabicíclicos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de beta-Lactamases , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: En el marco de la metodología ad hoc para evaluar solicitudes de tecnologías sanitarias, aprobada mediante Resolución de Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 111-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021 y ampliada mediante Resolución de Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación N° 97-IETSI-ESSALUD2022, se ha elaborado el presente dictamen, el cual expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de ceftazidima-avibactam en pacientes pediátricos de 3 meses a más con sepsis causada por bacterias Gram-negativas productoras de carbapenemasas y resistentes a colistina. Así, el Dr. Michael Algio Quispe Huarcaya y la Dra. Mabel Rubi Carhuana Salazar, médicos especialistas en gastroenterología pediátrica del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), siguiendo la Directiva N° 003-IETSIESSALUD-2016, enviaron al Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación IETSI las solicitudes de autorización de uso del producto farmacéutico ceftazidima-avibactam no incluido en el Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud. ASPECTOS GENERALES: La sepsis se define como una disfunción orgánica potencialmente mortal causada por una respuesta desregulada del huésped a la infección (Pomerantz y Weiss 2022). Se caracteriza por un síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS) en respuesta a una infección, que en pacientes pediátricos consiste en: i) temperatura anormal' y/o recuento anormal de leucocitos, más ii) el ritmo cardiaco anormal2y/o frecuencia respiratoria anormalmente alta' (DynaMed 2022). La sepsis no tratada tempranamente, puede ocasionar daño irreversible a los tejidos, shock séptico, insuficiencia orgánica múltiple y poner en riesgo la vida (OPS 2022). Se estima que la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes pediátricos con sepsis es 2 % al 10 %, mientras que en pacientes pediátricos cuya sepsis se complica a sepsis grave (sepsis con disfunción de órganos diana) o shock séptico (sepsis con disfunción cardiovascular), la mortalidad es de 14 % al 50 % (DynaMed 2022; Weiss et al. 2020). METODOLOGÍA Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la eficacia y seguridad de C-A, en comparación con la mejor terapia de soporte, en pacientes pediátricos de 3 meses a más con sepsis causada por bacterias Gram-negativas productoras de carbapenemasas y resistentes a colistina (población objetivo). La búsqueda bibliográfica se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos: PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science y LILACS. Asimismo, se realizó una búsqueda manual dentro de las páginas web pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC) incluyendo el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), el Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), el Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Healthcare (IQWiG por sus siglas en alemán), la International Database of GRADE Guideline, el Centro Nacional de Excelencia Tecnológica en Salud (CENETEC), la Guidelines International Network (GIN), el National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), la Cancer Guidelines Database, el New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG), el Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud (IETS), el Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA), la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Ministerio de Salud del Perú (MINSA). Además, se realizó una búsqueda de GPC de las principales sociedades o instituciones especializadas en infectología, tales como: la European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), la European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), la Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) y la Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Finalmente, se realizó una búsqueda en la página web de registro de ensayos clínicos (EC) www.clinicaltrials.gov, para identificar EC en curso o que no hayan sido publicados aún. RESULTADOS: Luego de la búsqueda bibliográfica hasta noviembre de 2022, se identificaron dos GPC elaboradas por la IDSA (Tamma et al. 2022) y la ESCMID (Paul et al. 2022), una ETS elaborada por NICE (NICE 2022) y un estudio observacional publicado por Wang et al. (Wang et al. 2022). Cabe mencionar que se excluyeron un ECA (Bradley et al. 2019) y dos GPC (Weiss et al. 2020; NICE 2017). Este ECA fue excluido porque evaluó pacientes pediátricos con infección urinaria complicada donde no se describe si los pacientes presentaron o no sepsis. Además, no se especifica si dichas infecciones fueron o no por bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas o al menos si fueron o no resistentes a carbapenémicos; por lo tanto, no brinda información que permita responder a la pregunta PICO del presente dictamen. Respecto a las GPC, estas dos guías (Weiss et al. 2020; NICE 2017) fueron excluidas porque sus recomendaciones no están dirigidas a la población objetivo del presente dictamen (pacientes con sepsis por bacterias gram-negativas productoras de carbapenemasas). CONCLUSIÓN: Por lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación aprueba el uso de ceftazidima-avibactam para pacientes pediátricos de 3 meses a más con sepsis causada por bacterias Gram-negativas productoras de carbapenemasas y resistentes a colistina, como producto farmacéutico no incluido en el Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud, según lo establecido en el Anexo N° 1. La vigencia del presente dictamen preliminar es de un año a partir de la fecha de publicación. Así, la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a la evaluación de los resultados obtenidos y de mayor evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Ceftazidima/administração & dosagem , Colistina/efeitos adversos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eficácia , Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans are two bacteria rarely seen in human infections. We present an unusual case of a patient who developed a localized infection with these bacteria after repair of a ruptured Achilles tendon. We also present a review of the literature regarding infection with these bacteria within the lower extremity.
Assuntos
Tendão do Calcâneo , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Humanos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Tendão do Calcâneo/cirurgiaRESUMO
Background: Antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSI) remain a leading cause morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients with a high impact on the public health system. Data in resource-limited countries, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean region, are scarce. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for acquiring carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) bacteremia in children and to assess the use of resources. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted to analyze demographic, epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and outcome data as well as the use of resources between 2014 and 2019. Univariate and logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify risk factors associated with CRE-BSI. The R software version 4.1.2 was used. Results: A total of 46 cases with CRE-BSI and 92 controls with gram-negative non-CRE-BSI were included. No statistical difference was observed regarding: median age (36 months; IQR, 11.2-117 vs. 48 months, IQR 13-119), male sex (50 vs. 60%), and underlying disease (98 vs. 91%) in cases vs. controls, respectively. The most frequent mechanism of CRE bacteremia were: KPC in 74%, OXA in 15%, and NDM in 6.5%. A total of 54.3% of cases vs. 32.6 % (p = 0.016) of controls were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and 48 vs. 21% (p = 0.001) required mechanical ventilation. Bacteremia secondary to intra-abdominal infection was observed in 56.5% of cases vs. 35% of controls (p = 0.032). Previous colonization with CRE was detected in 76% of cases vs. 8% of controls. Combination antimicrobial treatment was most frequent in cases vs. control (100 vs. 56.5%). No difference was observed in median length of hospital stay (22 days; IQR, 19-31 in cases vs. 17.5 days; IQR, 10-31 in controls; p = 0.8). Overall case fatality ratio was 13 vs. 5.5%, respectively. The most statistically significant risk factors included previous PICU stay (OR, 4; 95%CI, 2-8), invasive procedures/surgery (OR, 3; 95%CI, 1-7), central venous catheter placement (OR, 6.5; 95%CI, 2-19), urinary catheter placement (OR, 9; 95%CI 4-20), mechanical ventilation (OR, 4; 95%CI, 2-10), liver transplantation (OR, 8; 95%CI, 2-26), meropenem treatment (OR, 8.4; 3.5-22.6) in univariate analysis. The logistic regression model used for multivariate analysis yielded significant differences for previous meropenem treatment (OR, 13; 95%CI, 3-77; p = 0.001), liver transplantation (OR, 13; 95%CI, 2.5-100; p = 0.006), and urinary catheter placement (OR, 9; 95%CI, 1.4-94; p = 0.03). Conclusion: CRE-BSI affects hospitalized children with underlying disease, mainly after liver transplantation, with previous urinary catheter use and receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, leading to high PICU requirement and mortality. These risk factors will have to be taken into account in our region in order to establish adequate health policies and programs to improve antimicrobial stewardship.