RESUMO
The exact influence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection on blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and monocyte/macrophages of goats remains unclear. Thus, the present study sought to explore the blood and milk PMNL and monocyte/macrophage functions in naturally CAEV-infected goats. The present study used 18 healthy Saanen goats that were segregated according to sera test outcomes into serologically CAEV negative (n=8; 14 halves) and positive (n=10; 14 halves) groups. All milk samples from mammary halves with milk bacteriologically positive outcomes, somatic cell count ≥2×106cellsmL-1, and abnormal secretions in the strip cup test were excluded. We evaluated the percentage of blood and milk PMNLs and monocyte/macrophages, the viability of PMNLs and monocyte/macrophages, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the nonopsonized phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by flow cytometry. In the present study, a higher percentage of milk macrophages (CD14+) and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes undergoing late apoptosis or necrosis (Annexin-V+/Propidium iodide+) was observed in CAEV-infected goats; we did not find any further alterations in blood and milk PMNL and monocyte/macrophage functions. Thus, regarding our results, the goats naturally infected with CAEV did not reveal pronounced dysfunctions in blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages.
Assuntos
Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/imunologia , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Macrófagos/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/sangue , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Cabras/sangue , Cabras/imunologia , Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/sangue , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Leite/citologia , Leite/imunologia , Leite/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Meningoencephalitis is one of the most common disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) worldwide. Viral meningoencephalitis differs from bacterial meningitis in several aspects. In some developing countries, bacterial meningitis has appropriate clinical management and chemotherapy is available. Virus-associated and virus not detected meningoencephalitis are treatable, however, they may cause death in a few cases. The knowledge of how mediators of inflammation can induce disease would contribute for the design of affordable therapeutic strategies, as well as to the diagnosis of virus not detected and viral meningoencephalitis. Cytokine-induced inflammation to CNS requires several factors that are not fully understood yet. METHODS: Considering this, several cytokines were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with undiagnosed and viral meningoencephalitis, and these were correlated with cellularity in the CSF. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that an altered biochemical profile alongside increased cellularity in the cerebrospinal fluid is a feature of patients with meningoencephalitis that are not associated with the detection of virus in the CNS (P < 0.05). Moreover, HIV-positive patients (n = 10) that evolve with meningoencephalitis display a distinct biochemical/cytological profile (P < 0.05) in the cerebrospinal fluid. Meningoencephalitis brings about a prominent intrathecal cytokine storm regardless of the detection of virus as presumable etiological agent. In the case of Enterovirus infection (n = 13), meningoencephalitis elicits robust intrathecal pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern and elevated cellularity when compared to herpesvirus (n = 15) and Arbovirus (n = 5) viral infections (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Differences in the cytokine profile of the CSF may be unique if distinct, viral or presumably non-viral pathways initially trigger the inflammatory response in the CNS.
Assuntos
Infecções por Arbovirus/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Citocinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por Enterovirus/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por HIV/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por Herpesviridae/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por Lentivirus/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meningoencefalite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por Arbovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Arbovirus/imunologia , Viroses do Sistema Nervoso Central/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Viroses do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico , Viroses do Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Coinfecção/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Coinfecção/imunologia , Estudos Transversais , Citocinas/imunologia , DNA Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções por Enterovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Herpesviridae/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação , Interferon gama/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-10/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-12/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Interleucina-12/imunologia , Interleucina-17/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Interleucina-6/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/imunologia , RNA Viral/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Cat scratch disease is a zoonosis caused by Bartonella species, transmitted to humans through scratches or bites from infected cats and via direct contact with infected feces. Sporotrichosis, caused by the fungal complex Sporothrix, is transmitted by traumatic inoculation of the fungus. Cats are important in zoonotic transmission. Serum samples from 112 domestic cats with sporotrichosis and 77 samples from healthy cats were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), using the commercial kit Bartonella henselae IFA IgG (Bion). The presence of antibodies against feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) core antigens was detected using the commercial kit Snap Combo FIV-FeLV (Idexx). The group of animals with sporotrichosis contained 93 males with a median age of 22 months, eight (7.1%) of which were positive for FIV and 15 (13.4%) for FeLV. The group of animals without sporotrichosis contained 36 males with a median age 48 months, 10 (13.0%) of which were positive for FIV and eight (10.4%) for FeLV. Of the 112 cats with sporotrichosis and 77 cats without mycosis, 72 (64.3%) and 35 (45.5%), respectively, were IFA reactive. No association was found between age, sex, FIV/FeLV and the presence of antibodies to Bartonella species. The results suggest that the study population can be considered a potential source of zoonotic infection for both diseases.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Esporotricose/veterinária , Animais , Infecções por Bartonella/sangue , Infecções por Bartonella/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Gatos , Feminino , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/imunologia , Masculino , Infecções por Retroviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Retroviridae/veterinária , Esporotricose/epidemiologia , Esporotricose/microbiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/epidemiologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/imunologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/veterinária , ZoonosesRESUMO
The prevalence of anti-lentiviruses antibodies of small ruminants was investigated in goat herds in the city of Teresina, PI, Brazil. A seroepidemiological survey was conducted involving 480 animals, apparently healthy, belonging to six rural properties. The diagnostic test was the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), using antigens produced from cellular cultures infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV Cork). Prevalences by gender and age were estimated considering sampling fractions for each farm. A general prevalence of 4.2 percent, was observerved, being 4.2 percent for females and 3.6 percent for males. Prevalences were higher among older goats. Regarding the breed standard, 23.5 percent were of the Anglo Nubian, 5.9 percent of the Boer, 35.3 percent Anglo Nubian x Boer crossbred, and 35.3 percent of undefined breed. It is concluded that small ruminant lentiviruses are endemic among goat herds of Teresina.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Lentivirus , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Lentivirus/transmissão , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
The prevalence of anti-lentiviruses antibodies of small ruminants was investigated in goat herds in the city of Teresina, PI, Brazil. A seroepidemiological survey was conducted involving 480 animals, apparently healthy, belonging to six rural properties. The diagnostic test was the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), using antigens produced from cellular cultures infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV Cork). Prevalences by gender and age were estimated considering sampling fractions for each farm. A general prevalence of 4.2 percent, was observerved, being 4.2 percent for females and 3.6 percent for males. Prevalences were higher among older goats. Regarding the breed standard, 23.5 percent were of the Anglo Nubian, 5.9 percent of the Boer, 35.3 percent Anglo Nubian x Boer crossbred, and 35.3 percent of undefined breed. It is concluded that small ruminant lentiviruses are endemic among goat herds of Teresina.
Assuntos
Animais , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Lentivirus/transmissão , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV)/New Zealand (Oryctolagus cuniculus) rabbit model was used to study events that underlie the early and chronic stages of viral replication, routes and time course of viral dissemination and the distribution of the virus in the lymphoid. nonlymphoid and mucosa associated tissues. The results indicated that BIV, a lentivirus with genetic relatedness to the HIV, induced changes of clinical (anorexia, weight loss, muscular wasting, diarrhea, hypoalgesia, torticollis), immunological (recurrent T- and B-cell dysfunctions) and histopathological (lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly) nature that closely parallels those described for cat (Fly), monkey (SIV) and human (HIV) lentiviral diseases. These findings showing that BIV induces both splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy syndromes with associated fatal immune dysfunctions and the ability of the virus to replicate productively at the mucosal surfaces in rabbits, emphasize the importance of the BIV/rabbit system as a good small-animal model for the study of retrovirus-induced AIDS and offers the opportunity to evaluate prophylactic and therapeutic anti-retroviral agents of relevance to HIV-1 as well as the opportunity to study mechanisms of drug resistance phenomena.
Assuntos
Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Lentivirus/etiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Tecido Linfoide/virologia , Animais , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mucosa Intestinal/virologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Paresia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Coelhos , Reto/virologia , Glândula SubmandibularRESUMO
A labelled avidin-biotin ELISA (lab-ELISA) was developed and compared with indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) and agar-gel immunodiffusion assay (AGID) for its efficacy in detecting antibodies against caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goat sera. The enzyme immunoassays were standardized using 113 sera from CAEV-negative goat flocks. The tests were compared using the results from 339 serum samples. The lab-ELISA showed the greatest number of positive results (94/339) as compared with AGID (51) and i-ELISA (64). The comparison of the other two tests with the lab-ELISA showed an agreement of 87.3% with AGID and 90.6% with i-ELISA. The lab-ELISA may be useful for screening large populations for CAEV antibodies, in epidemiological surveys and in the control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
This study demonstrated the presence of viral particles suggestive of arthritis-encephalitis virus through the clinic, serologic, pathologic, immunohistochemic and ultrastructural studies in dairy goats. In the postmortem studies the tissues used were: synovial membrane, lungs and mammary gland from goats with clinical signs characteristic of the disease and positive for serum antibodies to the virus.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Animais , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/imunologia , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/ultraestrutura , Encéfalo/virologia , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Cabras/imunologia , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/virologia , México/epidemiologia , Microscopia Eletrônica , Membrana Sinovial/virologia , Cultura de VírusRESUMO
To assess the value of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection as a model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in man, we studied the impairment of certain immunologic functions in New Zealand white rabbits experimentally infected with an uncloned virulent isolate of the virus, BIV R29. Serum samples were tested by Western blot for the presence and persistence of antibody production. The T- and B-lymphocyte function was studied by evaluation of the blastogenic responsiveness to concanavalin A (Con A) and to dextran sulfate (DxS). All infected rabbits seroconverted to BIV antigens within 2 to 4 weeks postinfection (p.i.) The BIV was isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of 13 of 17 rabbits (77%) early in the infection and also from 5 of 17 hyperplastic mesenteric lymph nodes (29%) and 10 of 17 spleens (59%) during the chronic stage of infection. Seven of 17 BIV-infected rabbits (41%) developed marked immunodepression 2 to 5 months p.i., and later, 5 exhibited a rapidly progressive disease with anorexia, weight loss, neurologic impairment, splenomegaly, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. These data underline the value of the BIV model for studying HIV pathogenesis in vivo and the development of interventional strategies for AIDS.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções por HIV , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/patogenicidade , Infecções por Lentivirus , Doenças Linfáticas , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Western Blotting , Bovinos , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1 , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/patologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Fígado/patologia , Doenças Linfáticas/imunologia , Doenças Linfáticas/patologia , Doenças Linfáticas/virologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Coelhos , Baço/patologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of BLV on mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naturally infected cattle. BIV was also taken into consideration due to a recent report showing that in Costa Rica, most of the BLV-infected animals are also seropositive for BIV. The methodology was based on a non-radioactive technique to determine lymphoproliferation. A colorimetric assay using XTT (formazan salt) to measure cell multiplication was adapted for bovine PBMC. ELISA and Western blotting were used to determine the serologic status of the cattle. PCR was only available for BIV detection. Our results show clearly that, dually-infected cattle (BIV-BLV) have reduced lymphoproliferative responses to the mitogen Con A. Haematological abnormalities associated with viral infections were also observed, specially leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Cows with lymphosarcomas are severely affected. The specific antibody response to different viral proteins could not be associated with the suppressive status of the animals. Due to the high rate of dual infections observed in Costa Rica, these results are not sufficient to clarify which virus is responsible for the suppressive activity, if one or both viruses are necessary, or if they act synergistically.