RESUMO
Canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a chronic form of dermatitis that has been associated with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Africa, Oceania, the Americas, and Europe. We report here a case of CLG associated with a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which could be of public health concern. An 8-y-old pet dog developed 0.5-1-cm diameter, raised, firm, nonpruritic, alopecic, painless skin nodules on the external aspects of both pinnae. Histologic examination revealed severe pyogranulomatous dermatitis with intracellular Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli that were immunoreactive by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal primary antibody that recognizes tuberculous and nontuberculous Mycobacterium species. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin sections was tested by a Mycobacterium genus-specific nested PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene. BLAST sequence analysis of 214-bp and 178-bp amplicons showed 99.5% identity with members of the MTBC; however, the agent could not be identified at the species level. Although CLG has been associated traditionally with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, the role of Mycobacterium spp. within the MTBC as a cause of this condition, and the role of dogs with CLG as possible sources of MTBC to other animals and humans, should not be disregarded given its zoonotic potential.
Assuntos
Dermatite , Infecções por Mycobacterium , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Humanos , Cães , Animais , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Tuberculose/veterinária , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Granuloma/veterinária , Granuloma/microbiologia , Dermatite/veterináriaRESUMO
The freshwater ornamental fish trade represents a major contributor to the livelihoods of many producers in Trinidad and Tobago, with stocks destined for local, regional and international markets. A review of clinical cases presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Unit at the University of the West Indies, School of Veterinary Medicine for the period September 2010 to December 2012 suggested that piscine mycobacteriosis may be widespread throughout the local ornamental fish industry. Thus, to determine the prevalence of mycobacteriosis in ornamental fish sold in pet stores, a total of 122 specimens were sourced from 24 retail suppliers across Trinidad. Fish were killed and internal organs were examined for lesions suggestive of granulomas. All wet-mount slides were acid-fast stained, regardless of the presence or absence of observed granuloma-like lesions. Histological analysis was performed on one randomly selected whole specimen from each facility. Mycobacterium sp. was identified using real-time PCR detecting the 16S rRNA gene in tissue samples. Associations between parasitism, facility biosecurity and presence of positive animals were determined. The prevalence of Mycobacterium sp. infection was 61 ± 7% (74/122), with positive specimens being acquired from 54.2% (13/24) of facilities examined. Further, 100% of facilities did not employ optimum biosecurity measures.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Mycobacterium , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Terapia por Acupuntura/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Dermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Mycobacterium , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium bovis is the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) being among the animal-adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Herds can also be infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing a negative effect on the economy and on animal and human health through zoonotic infections. Molecular tools are required for mycobacteria identification; thus, it is laborious to determine the epidemiological information of mycobacteria among herds. We aimed to describe the mycobacterial pathogens associated with cases of suspected bTB lesions in cattle/buffaloes slaughtered for consumption and to investigate bTB transmission. We evaluated 74 lesion samples from 48 animals (27 bovine/21 buffaloes) from 16 mapped farms. Positives samples from nested-PCR were cultured in Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 2% pyruvate (LJâ¯+â¯P), and 2% glycerol (LJâ¯+â¯G) media, followed by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining technique and partial gene sequencing (hsp65, rpoB, and 16S-rRNA). Spoligotyping and 24-MIRU-VNTR were performed. The LJâ¯+â¯P increased the chance of obtaining bacilli. The respiratory tract and the oral cavity were the most important infection route. In addition, the calcified part of the lesions suggested chronic bTB. Spoligotypes of M. bovis (SIT986/SB0885) differed from others found in South America, and the MIRU-VNTR 24 loci suggested that bTB was associated to highly related strains. The NTM species found are of clinical importance in humans.
Assuntos
Tipagem Molecular/métodos , Infecções por Mycobacterium/veterinária , Mycobacterium/classificação , Zoonoses/microbiologia , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Brasil , Búfalos , Bovinos , Evolução Molecular , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Epidemiologia Molecular , Boca/microbiologia , Mycobacterium/genética , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Filogenia , Sistema Respiratório/microbiologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes localized or disseminated disease, mainly in immunocompromised hosts. We report the case of a 35-year-old HIV-infected woman who presented with several enlarging cutaneous lesions over the arms and legs. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of a cutaneous mycobacterial disease. Mycobacterial analyses unveiled M. haemophilum infection. Six months after completion of a successful antimycobacterial treatment, she developed an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This paradoxical relapse presented as tenderness, redness and swelling at the precise sites of the healed lesions and took place in the setting of significant recovery of the CD4 cell count (from 05 to 318 cells/mm 3 ). Microbiological analyses of these worsening lesions were negative, and they spontaneously remitted without the initiation of a novel antimycobacterial treatment cycle. M. haemophilum infection should always be considered as a cause of skin lesions in immunocompromised subjects. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of IRIS as a complication of successful antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with M. haemophilum infection.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Antirretrovirais/efeitos adversos , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium haemophilum/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/imunologia , Adulto , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Feminino , Humanos , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/imunologia , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/metabolismo , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologiaRESUMO
Twenty-one pulmonary sputum samples from nine Brazilian patients were analyzed by the PRA-hsp65 method for identification of Mycobacterium species and the results were compared by sequencing. We reported a mutation at the position 381, that generates a suppression cutting site in the BstEII enzyme, thus leading to a new PRA-hsp65 pattern for M. asiaticum identification.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium/classificação , Mutação Puntual , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Mycobacterium/genética , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Escarro/microbiologiaRESUMO
Various infectious diseases can hyper-stimulate the immune system, causing hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Little is known regarding the accuracy of diagnostic criteria and epidemiological triggering factors in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) setting. We investigated the major infectious disease triggers of HPS in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and determined the accuracy of bone marrow aspiration (BMA). The inclusion criteria were (i) confirmed HIV diagnosis, (ii) bone marrow aspiration, and (iii) a minimum of four HPS criteria. Patients were further classified into those with four presumed HPS criteria, or ≥ 5 confirmed criteria. The disease triggers, accuracy of bone marrow aspiration, and prognosis markers were examined. Presumed HPS was observed in 15/36 patients (41%), and confirmed HPS in 58% (n = 21). The major etiological triggers were infection with Mycobacterium (34%), Cytomegalovirus (14%), Cryptococcus neoformans (11%), and hematological or tumoral disease (11%). BMA demonstrated 93% specificity on screening diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 12.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-115.1, P = 0.01). Ferritin > 5000 ng/mL correlated with probability of death in univariate analysis (OR 6.00, 95% CI 1.33-27.05, P = 0.02). Ferritin performance as test of death probability presented area under the curve as 0.74 (95% CI 0.56-0.91, P = 0.016). However, neither cluster of differentiation for lymphocyte count nor HIV viral load correlated with patient deaths. Mycobacterium spp. and Cytomegalovirus were the main factors triggering HPS, followed by Cryptococcus neoformans, and hematological and tumoral diseases. High ferritin levels were associated with increased death probability. High specificity was noted with BMA.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/microbiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/virologia , Adulto , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Medula Óssea/microbiologia , Medula Óssea/patologia , Medula Óssea/virologia , Criptococose/epidemiologia , Criptococose/microbiologia , Criptococose/patologia , Criptococose/virologia , Cryptococcus neoformans , Citomegalovirus , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/microbiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/patologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/virologia , Feminino , HIV-1 , Humanos , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/epidemiologia , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/microbiologia , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/patologia , Linfo-Histiocitose Hemofagocítica/virologia , Masculino , Mycobacterium , Infecções por Mycobacterium/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/patologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/virologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Humans encounter mycobacterial species due to their ubiquity in different environmental niches. In many individuals, pathogenic mycobacterial species may breach our first-line barrier defenses of the innate immune system and modulate the activation of phagocytes to cause disease of the respiratory tract or the skin and soft tissues, sometimes resulting in disseminated infection. Cutaneous mycobacterial infections may cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, which are divided into four main disease categories: (i) cutaneous manifestations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, (ii) Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and other related slowly growing mycobacteria, (iii) leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, and (iv) cutaneous infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clinically, cutaneous mycobacterial infections present with widely different clinical presentations, including cellulitis, nonhealing ulcers, subacute or chronic nodular lesions, abscesses, superficial lymphadenitis, verrucous lesions, and other types of findings. Mycobacterial infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are associated with important stigma, deformity, and disability. Geography-based environmental exposures influence the epidemiology of cutaneous mycobacterial infections. Cutaneous tuberculosis exhibits different clinical phenotypes acquired through different routes, including via extrinsic inoculation of the tuberculous bacilli and dissemination to the skin from other sites, or represents hypersensitivity reactions to M. tuberculosis infection. In many settings, leprosy remains an important cause of neurological impairment, deformity, limb loss, and stigma. Mycobacterium lepromatosis, a mycobacterial species related to M. leprae, is linked to diffuse lepromatous leprosy of Lucio and Latapí. Mycobacterium ulcerans produces a mycolactone toxin that leads to subcutaneous tissue destruction and immunosuppression, resulting in deep ulcerations that often produce substantial disfigurement and disability. Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of M. ulcerans, is an important cause of cutaneous sporotrichoid nodular lymphangitic lesions. Among patients with advanced immunosuppression, Mycobacterium kansasii, the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, and Mycobacterium haemophilum may cause cutaneous or disseminated disease. Rapidly growing mycobacteria, including the Mycobacterium abscessus group, Mycobacterium chelonei, and Mycobacterium fortuitum, are increasingly recognized pathogens in cutaneous infections associated particularly with plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures. Skin biopsies of cutaneous lesions to identify acid-fast staining bacilli and cultures represent the cornerstone of diagnosis. Additionally, histopathological evaluation of skin biopsy specimens may be useful in identifying leprosy, Buruli ulcer, and cutaneous tuberculosis. Molecular assays are useful in some cases. The treatment for cutaneous mycobacterial infections depends on the specific pathogen and therefore requires a careful consideration of antimicrobial choices based on official treatment guidelines.
Assuntos
Dermatite/diagnóstico , Dermatite/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium , Animais , Humanos , Mycobacterium/classificação , Mycobacterium/fisiologiaRESUMO
Murine leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM), is a chronic disease that closely resembles human leprosy. Even though this disease does not directly involve the nervous system, we investigated a possible effect on working memory during this chronic infection in Balb/c mice. We evaluated alterations in the dorsal region of the hippocampus and measured peripheral levels of cytokines at 40, 80, and 120 days post-infection. To evaluate working memory, we used the T-maze while a morphometric analysis was conducted in the hippocampus regions CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) to measure morphological changes. In addition, a neurochemical analysis was performed by HPLC. Our results show that, at 40 days post-infection, there was an increase in the bacillary load in the liver and spleen associated to increased levels of IL-4, working memory deterioration, and changes in hippocampal morphology, including degeneration in the four subregions analyzed. Also, we found a decrease in neurotransmitter levels at the same time of infection. Although MLM does not directly infect the nervous system, these findings suggest a possible functional link between the immune system and the central nervous system.
Assuntos
Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Memória/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/fisiopatologia , Animais , Doença Crônica , Giro Denteado/microbiologia , Giro Denteado/patologia , Giro Denteado/fisiopatologia , Hipocampo/microbiologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Transtornos da Memória/metabolismo , Transtornos da Memória/microbiologia , Memória de Curto Prazo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Infecções por Mycobacterium/metabolismo , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Mycobacterium lepraemurium/fisiologia , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Mycobacterium massiliense is a rapid growing, multidrug-resistant, non-tuberculous mycobacteria that is responsible for a wide spectrum of skin and soft tissue infections, as well as other organs, such as the lungs. Antimicrobial peptides had been described as broad-spectrum antimicrobial, chemotactic, and immunomodulator molecules. In this study we evaluated an antimicrobial peptide derived from scorpion Tityus obscurus as an anti-mycobacterial agent in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that the peptide ToAP2 have a conserved region similar to several membrane proteins, as well as mouse cathelicidin. ToAP2 inhibited the growth of four M. massiliense strains (GO01, GO06, GO08, and CRM0020) at a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 200 µM. MBC concentration used to treat infected macrophages was able to inhibit 50% of the bacterial growth of all strains. ToAP2 treatment of infected mice with bacilli reduced the bacterial load in the liver, lung, and spleen, similarly to clarithromycin levels (90%). ToAP2 alone recruited monocytes (F4/80low Gr1), neutrophils (F4/80- Gr1), and eosinophils (F4/80+ Gr1+). ToAP2, together with M. massiliense infection, was able to increase F4/80low and reduce the percentage of F4/80high macrophages when compared with infected and untreated mice. ToAP2 has in vitro anti-microbial activity that is improved in vivo due to chemotactic activity.