RESUMO

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is regarded as one of the most important pathogens in tilapia aquaculture worldwide. Despite this, little is known regarding disease pathogenesis and immune responses to infection. The main objective of this study was to investigate the tissue distribution, histopathological changes, and immune response of fish exposed to TiLV. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) maintained at 25 ± 2 °C were challenged with TiLV via intragastric-gavage. At 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days post-challenge (dpc), six fish per treatment were euthanized and subjected to complete necropsy. TiLV exposed fish presented 45% cumulative mortality at the end of the study. Gross lesions included cutaneous petechiae and ecchymoses, scale losses, skin ulcers, and exophthalmia. Mild multifocal hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis was observed as early as 3 dpc occasionally accompanied by syncytial formation, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and inflammatory infiltrates of lymphocytes at subsequent time points. Necrosis of epithelial cells of the gastric glands and intestinal glands was also observed as early as 5 dpc. Intestinal samples showed reactive in situ hybridization signals as early as 1 dpc. No other lesions were observed in the brain or other organs. Histological changes were associated with viral dissemination and disease progression, as evidenced by increased TiLV detection in the intestine, gills, liver and spleen. Highest TiLV abundance was detected 7 dpc in gills, intestine, and liver showing an average of 6 LOG genome equivalent per ng of total RNA. Different transcript abundance was detected for the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß and interferon-induced myxovirus resistance protein gene in the mucosal sites (gills and intestine). Interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 transcript was more abundant in systemic organs (liver and spleen) while the expression in gills and intestine showed mixed expression at different time points. On the other hand, transforming growth factor ß expression patterns differed amongst the tissues with a trend towards downregulation of the gene in liver and gills, and a trend towards upregulation in the spleen and intestine. Overall, these results demonstrate the intestinal routes as a main port of entry for TiLV, which subsequently spreads systematically throughout the fish body.

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Wolbachia is a maternally transmitted bacterium that lives inside arthropod cells. Historically, it was viewed primarily as a parasite that manipulates host reproduction, but more recently it was discovered that Wolbachia can also protect Drosophila species against infection by RNA viruses. Combined with Wolbachia's ability to invade insect populations due to reproductive manipulations, this provides a way to modify mosquito populations to prevent them transmitting viruses like dengue. In this review, we discuss the main advances in the field since Wolbachia's antiviral effect was discovered 12 years ago, identifying current research gaps and potential future developments. We discuss that the antiviral effect works against a broad range of RNA viruses and depends on the Wolbachia lineage. We describe what is known about the mechanisms behind viral protection, and that recent studies suggest two possible mechanisms: activation of host immunity or competition with virus for cellular resources. We also discuss how association with Wolbachia may influence the evolution of virus defense on the insect host genome. Finally, we investigate whether the antiviral effect occurs in wild insect populations and its ecological relevance as a major antiviral component in insects.

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To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infections in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fingerlings were challenged with a single dose of 1 × 104  TCID50 /fish of TiLV utilizing intracoelomic/intraperitoneal (ICch ) or intragastric (IGch ) routes. Acute mortalities were present in both groups, reaching 70 and 40% in ICch and IGch after 10 days, respectively. Challenged fish presented erratic swimming, lethargy, anorexia, exophthalmia and cutaneous petechiae and ecchymoses. Histological changes in challenged groups included syncytial formation, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and multifocal hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. In addition, multifocal areas of mild proliferation of glial cells and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing were observed in the brain of exposed challenged groups. TiLV RNA was detected in gills and faeces of challenged fish using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, as well as in the tank water holding challenged fish. Moreover, TiLV RNA was detected in scrolls obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from challenged fish. Results from this study suggest that IG methods represent an additional method to study the pathogenesis of the disease in this species, as it results in infection and diseases as in naturally occurring cases and does not bypass important mucosal immune responses as injectable routes do.

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A família Bunyaviridae consiste em uma das maiores e mais diversificadas famílias de vírus de RNA, contendo cerca de 350 vírus sorologicamente distintos. O Apeu virus (APEUV) é um vírus da família Bunyaviridae que se destaca por seu grande potencial emergente. Isolado pela primeira no Brasil, este vírus pode causar uma doença que apresenta sintomas semelhantes aos da gripe, como febre alta, dor de cabeça e mialgia, associadas geralmente a náuseas, vômitos, fraqueza e fotofobia. Entretanto, apesar de seu potencial patogênico, pouco se sabe sobre a sua interação com o sistema imunológico humano. Com o objetivo de estudar alguns aspectos da resposta imune, principalmente a reposta inata desencadeada pela infecção do APEUV, a expressão de 19 genes (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, MyD88,IRF3, IRF5, IRF7, IRF9, IRAK4, TRAF3, TRAF6, TICAM1, JUN, ROBO-3(RIG-1),IFIH1(MDA-5), IFNα, IFNβ, IFNy) foi analisada. Para tal, foram feitos ensaios de qPCR baseados na metodologia TaqMan®, utilizando cDNA obtido a partir de RNA total extraído de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC) e de células A549 (linhagem derivada de carcinoma pulmonar humano), infectadas ou não com APEUV por períodos de 4 ou 8 horas.

Como controles, foram utilizadas células infectadas com o vírus da estomatite vesicular (VSV) como controle positivo de uma infecção por vírus de RNA fita simples, e células tratadas com o mock das amostras de vírus como controle negativo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados em software específico. Nossos resultados indicam que PBMC infectadas com APEUV por 4horas (m.o.i.=1 e m.o.i.=3) induzem um aumento na expressão de TLR9 e IFNβ. Quando quantificada a expressão de genes em células A549 infectadas com APEUV(m.o.i.=1 por 4 horas) comparadas com o mock, verificou-se um aumento da expressão dos genes TLR9, IRF3 e IRF7 e no período de 8 horas, também comparando com o mock, verificou-se aumento de forma significativa na expressão de TLR 9, além de um aumento na expressão de TLR3, TLR7, TRAF3 , IRF7 e IFNβ.Verificamos ainda que, após escolher um gene housekeeping através de método estatístico, células A549 infectadas com APEUV em uma m.o.i.=1, tende a aumentara expressão dos genes IFNβ e TICAM-I, fundamentais na indução de um estado celular antiviral. Estudos posteriores são necessários para a determinação dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta imune inata humana contra o Apeu virus.

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RESUMO

A família Bunyaviridae consiste em uma das maiores e mais diversificadas famílias de vírus de RNA, contendo cerca de 350 vírus sorologicamente distintos. O Apeu virus (APEUV) é um vírus da família Bunyaviridae que se destaca por seu grande potencial emergente. Isolado pela primeira no Brasil, este vírus pode causar uma doença que apresenta sintomas semelhantes aos da gripe, como febre alta, dor de cabeça e mialgia, associadas geralmente a náuseas, vômitos, fraqueza e fotofobia. Entretanto, apesar de seu potencial patogênico, pouco se sabe sobre a sua interação com o sistema imunológico humano. Com o objetivo de estudar alguns aspectos da resposta imune, principalmente a reposta inata desencadeada pela infecção do APEUV, a expressão de 19 genes (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, MyD88,IRF3, IRF5, IRF7, IRF9, IRAK4, TRAF3, TRAF6, TICAM1, JUN, ROBO-3(RIG-1),IFIH1(MDA-5), IFNα, IFNβ, IFNy) foi analisada. Para tal, foram feitos ensaios de qPCR baseados na metodologia TaqMan®, utilizando cDNA obtido a partir de RNA total extraído de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC) e de células A549 (linhagem derivada de carcinoma pulmonar humano), infectadas ou não com APEUV por períodos de 4 ou 8 horas...

Como controles, foram utilizadas células infectadas com o vírus da estomatite vesicular (VSV) como controle positivo de uma infecção por vírus de RNA fita simples, e células tratadas com o mock das amostras de vírus como controle negativo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados em software específico. Nossos resultados indicam que PBMC infectadas com APEUV por 4horas (m.o.i.=1 e m.o.i.=3) induzem um aumento na expressão de TLR9 e IFNβ. Quando quantificada a expressão de genes em células A549 infectadas com APEUV(m.o.i.=1 por 4 horas) comparadas com o mock, verificou-se um aumento da expressão dos genes TLR9, IRF3 e IRF7 e no período de 8 horas, também comparando com o mock, verificou-se aumento de forma significativa na expressão de TLR 9, além de um aumento na expressão de TLR3, TLR7, TRAF3 , IRF7 e IFNβ.Verificamos ainda que, após escolher um gene housekeeping através de método estatístico, células A549 infectadas com APEUV em uma m.o.i.=1, tende a aumentara expressão dos genes IFNβ e TICAM-I, fundamentais na indução de um estado celular antiviral. Estudos posteriores são necessários para a determinação dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta imune inata humana contra o Apeu virus...

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BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown that probiotics, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505, had the potential to beneficially modulate the outcome of certain bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, these studies did not determine the mechanism(s) by which probiotics contribute to host defense against respiratory viruses. RESULTS: In this work we demonstrated that orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr1505) was able to increase the levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 in the respiratory tract and the number of lung CD3(+)CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells. To mimic the pro-inflammatory and physiopathological consecuences of RNA viral infections in the lung, we used an experimental model of lung inflammation based on the administration of the artificial viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern poly(I:C). Nasal administration of poly(I:C) to mice induced a marked impairment of lung function that was accompanied by the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell recruitment into the airways. The preventive administration of Lr1505 reduced lung injuries and the production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in the respiratory tract after the challenge with poly(I:C). Moreover, Lr1505 induced a significant increase in lung and serum IL-10. We also observed that Lr1505 was able to increase respiratory IFN-γ levels and the number of lung CD3(+)CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells after poly(I:C) challenge. Moreover, higher numbers of both CD103(+) and CD11b(high) dendritic cells and increased expression of MHC-II, IL-12 and IFN-γ in these cell populations were found in lungs of Lr1505-treated mice. Therefore, Lr1505 treatment would beneficially regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory mediators and IL-10, allowing an effective inflammatory response against infection and avoiding tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that Lr1505 would induce a mobilization of cells from intestine and changes in cytokine profile that would be able to beneficially modulate the respiratory mucosal immunity. Although deeper studies are needed using challenges with respiratory viruses, the results in this study suggest that Lr1505, a potent inducer of antiviral cytokines, may be useful as a prophylactic agent to control respiratory virus infection.

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