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Foodborne diseases remain a worldwide concern, despite the advances made in sanitation, pathogen surveillance and food safety management systems. The methods routinely applied for detecting pathogens in foods are time consuming, labor intensive and usually require trained and qualified individuals. The objective of this review was to highlight the use of biosensors, with a focus on the electrochemical devices, as promising alternatives for detecting foodborne pathogens. These biosensors present high speed for obtaining results, with the possibility of evaluating foods in real time, at low cost, ease of use, in addition to being compact and portable. These aspects are considered advantageous and suitable for use in food safety management systems. This work also shows some limitations for the application of biosensors, and we present perspectives with the development and use of nanomaterials.

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The global shrimp market holds substantial prominence within the food industry, registering a significant USD 24.7 billion in worldwide exportation in 2020. However, the production of a safe and high-quality product requires consideration of various factors, including the potential for allergenic reactions, occurrences of foodborne outbreaks, and risks of spoilage. Additionally, the exploration of the recovery of bioactive compounds (e.g., astaxanthin [AX], polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polysaccharides) from shrimp waste demands focused attention. Within this framework, this review seeks to comprehend and assess the utilization of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS), both as a standalone method and combined with other technologies, within the shrimp industry. The objective is to evaluate its applications, limitations, and prospects, with a specific emphasis on delineating the impact of sonication parameters (e.g., power, time, and temperature) on various applications. This includes an examination of undesirable effects and identifying areas of interest for current and prospective research. HIUS has demonstrated promise in enhancing the extraction of bioactive compounds, such as AX, lipids, and chitin, while concurrently addressing concerns such as allergen reduction (e.g., tropomyosin), inactivation of pathogens (e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus), and quality improvement, manifesting in reduced melanosis scores and improved peelability. Nonetheless, potential impediments, particularly related to oxidation processes, especially those associated with lipids, pose a hindrance to its widespread implementation, potentially impacting texture properties. Consequently, further optimization studies remain imperative. Moreover, novel applications of sonication in shrimp processing, including brining, thawing, and drying, represent a promising avenue for expanding the utilization of HIUS in the shrimp industry.

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Moringa stenopetala is considered a superfood due to the many bioactive compounds that it provides to the diet. However, like all edible plants, it is mandatory to guarantee food safety. Thus it is necessary to develop analytical methods that can rapidly and accurately determine hazardous pollutants, to evaluate compliance with food regulations. In this regard, two multi-component procedures were developed trying to cover some of the main organic and inorganic potential contaminants. A microwave-assisted digestion followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used for arsenic, cadmium, and lead determination, while a modification of the QuEChERS protocol followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed for the determination of 55 pesticides from different families. Both analytical methods were thoroughly validated according to international guidelines. The analyzed samples obtained from the Uruguayan market showed compliance with both, national and international, food regulations. The holistic approach employed in this research is not commonly presented in the literature, thus constituting a novel way to face food safety.

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Salmonella is present in the poultry production chain and is a major challenge in terms of food safety and animal health. The early Salmonella detection is one of the main tools to control and prevent the transmission of this pathogen. Microbiological isolation and serotyping to identify and differentiate Salmonella serovars are laborious processes, time-consuming, and expensive. Therefore, molecular diagnostic methods can be rapid and efficient alternatives to the detection of this pathogen. Thus, the aim herein was to standardize and evaluate the use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in comparison with real-time PCR (qPCR) for detection of Salmonella associated with a multiplex qPCR for simultaneous identification and differentiation of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, and S. Gallinarum. The LAMP, qPCR, and multiplex qPCR assays were comparable in specificity. The three techniques were evaluated for specificity for 16 different serovars of Salmonella and for 37 strains of the serovars of interest. The limit of detection and the efficiency of the LAMP, qPCR, and multiplex qPCR reactions were determined. The techniques were applied to 33 samples of chicken carcasses and compared to the results of conventional microbiology for validation. As results, LAMP was specific in the detection of different Salmonella serovars but presented lower limit of detection ranging from 101 to 104 CFU/reaction. In comparison, qPCR could detect less cells (100 to 102 CFU/reaction), reaching equal specificity and better repeatability in the assays. The qPCR multiplexing for identification of the different serovars also showed good specificity, with the detection threshold between entre 101 and 102 CFU/reaction. The results obtained in the analyses on poultry carcasses suggested a correspondence between the results obtained in molecular methods and in conventional microbiology. Thus, the proposed assays are promising for the diagnosis of Salmonella in poultry carcasses, already proved to be faster and more efficient than conventional diagnostics techniques, being of great interest for poultry production, animal, and public health.

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This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic microorganisms (Listeria innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and several virulence genes) in unpasteurized cheese production in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Listeria species were detected in 68 (64.14%) out of 106 samples of bovine feces, swabs from milkers' and cheese handlers' hands, milking buckets, raw milk, whey, water, cheese processing surface,s and utensils. All the samples collected at one farm were contaminated with Listeria spp. L. innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, or L. monocytogenes were not detected in the samples collected in this study. A set of 391 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained in these samples, from which 60 (15.31%) were identified as S. aureus using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). S. aureus carrying virulence genes (eta, hlg, seg, seh, sei) were detected in milk, in swabs from cheese handler's hands, whey, milk, sieves, buckets, and cheese. The hlg gene (encodes gamma hemolysin) was detected in all the S. aureus isolates. These findings show that poor hygienic practice is associated with a higher risk of pathogenic bacteria in milk or cheese, providing useful information for public health authorities to increase food safety surveillance and prevent the dissemination of pathogens.

O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Listeria innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus e diversos genes de virulência) na produção de queijos de leite cru na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Listeria foram detectadas em 68 (64,14%) das 106 amostras obtidas de fezes bovinas, suabes das mãos de ordenhadores e queijeiros, baldes, leite cru, soro, água, superfícies e utensílios da produção de queijos. Todas as amostras coletadas em uma fazenda estavam contaminadas com Listeria spp. L. innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, e L. monocytogenes não foram detectadas nas amostras coletadas nesse estudo. Um conjunto de 391 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. foram obtidos das amostras, e desses 60 (15,31%) foram identificados como S. aureus pela PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). S. aureus contendo genes de virulência (eta, hlg, seg, seh, sei) foram detectados em leite, mãos dos ordenhadores, soro, utensílios e queijos. O gene hlg (gama-hemolisina)foi detectado em todos os isolados de S. aureus.Esses resultados demonstram que práticas inadequadas de higiene estão associadas com um maior risco da presença de bactérias patogênicas no leite e queijos crus, fornecendo informações para as autoridades de saúde pública para incrementarem a vigilância e prevenirem a disseminação de patógenos.

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Ao longo do tempo foram desenvolvidos controles sobre os alimentos e seus processos a fim de torná-los seguros para o consumo humano. Os esforços para este fim, porém, não foram suficientes, tendo em vista o crescente número de casos de doenças alimentares. Pesquisadores identificaram e adaptaram conceitos derivados das ciências sociais, utilizando-os na segurança dos alimentos, criando assim diversas concepções de Cultura de Segurança dos Alimentos (CSA). Sabe-se atualmente que a CSA influencia a inocuidade dos alimentos e é considerada um importante fator de risco a ser administrado pelas organizações. O presente estudo teve por objetivo apresentar e analisar conceitos de CSA, seus autores e os elementos/fatores que os compõem. Também abordou os processos de desenvolvimento, avaliação e amadurecimento da CSA em estabelecimentos que manipulam alimentos no Brasil ou em todo o mundo. Foram identificados dezoito trabalhos que apresentaram diferentes fatores de CSA e quatro que aplicaram instrumentos de CSA no Brasil. Constatou-se que a utilização de ferramentas para caracterizar a CSA vem se aprimorando ao longo do tempo. Os autores mais recentes utilizam, frequentemente, abordagem mista de métodos de avaliação para tal finalidade. Concluindo, propõe-se neste trabalho um conceito mais refinado de CSA em relação aos já existentes e um novo elemento/fator para caracterizar a CSA nos estabelecimentos que manipulam alimentos no Brasil.(AU)

Over time, controls on food and its processes have been developed in order to make them safe for human consumption. However, efforts to this end were not sufficient, in view of the growing number of cases of foodborne illnesses. Researchers have identified and adapted concepts derived from the social sciences using them in food safety, thus creating different concepts of Food Safety Culture (FSC). It is currently known that FSC influences food safety and is considered an important risk factor to be managed by organizations. This study aimed to present and analyze FSC concepts, their authors and the elements/factors that compose them. It also addressed FSC development, evaluation and maturation processes in establishments that handle food in Brazil or around the world. Eighteen studies were identified that presented different FSC factors and four that applied FSC instruments in Brazil. It was found that the use of tools to characterize FSC has been improving over time. More recent authors often use a methods mixed approach to assessment for this purpose. In conclusion, this work proposes a more refined concept of FSC in relation to the existing ones and a new element/factor to characterize FSC in establishments that handle food in Brazil.(AU)

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The development of biodegradable packaging, based on agro-industrial plant products and by-products, can transform waste into products with high added value and reduce the use of conventional nonrenewable packaging. Green-based active packaging has a variety of compounds such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, aromatics, among others. These compounds interact with packaged products to improve food quality and safety and favor the migration of bioactive compounds from the polymeric matrix to food. The interest in the potential hygienic-sanitary benefit of these packages has been intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, which made the population more aware of the relevant role of packaging for protection and conservation of food. It is estimated that the pandemic scenario expanded food packaging market due to shift in eating habits and an increase in online purchases. The triad health, sustainability, and circular economy is a trend in the development of packaging. It is necessary to minimize the consumption of natural resources, reduce the use of energy, avoid the generation of waste, and emphasize the creation of social and environmental values. These ideas underpin the transition from the emphasis on the more subjective discourse to the emphasis on the more practical method of thinking about the logic of production and use of sustainable packaging. Presently, we briefly review some trends and economic issues related to biodegradable materials for food packaging; the development and application of bio-based active films; some opportunities beyond COVID-19 for food packaging segment; and perspectives in circular economy.

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The objective of the present study was to Standardize a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol for the authentication of bovine and buffalo milk, and to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. For this, the target DNA was extracted, mixed, and subjected to a PCR assay. Milk samples were defrauded and experimentally contaminated with microorganisms to assess the detection of target DNA at different times of cultivation, bacterial titers, and concentration of genetic material. In addition, the protocol was tested with DNA extracted directly from food, without a pre-enrichment step. The proposed quadruplex PCR showed good accuracy in identifying target DNA sequences. It was possible to simultaneously identify all DNA sequences at the time of inoculation (0h), when the samples were contaminated with 2 CFU/250mL and with 6h of culture when the initial inoculum was 1 CFU/250mL. It was also possible to directly detect DNA sequences from the food when it was inoculated with 3 CFU/mL bacteria. Thus, the proposed methodology showed satisfactory performance, optimization of the analysis time, and a potential for the detection of microorganisms at low titers, which can be used for the detection of fraud and contamination.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi padronizar um protocolo de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para a autenticação de leite bovino e bubalino e a detecção da presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Para isso, o DNA-alvo foi extraído, misturado e submetido ao ensaio de PCR. Amostras de leite foram fraudadas e contaminadas experimentalmente com os micro-organismos, para se avaliar a detecção do DNA-alvo em diferentes tempos de cultivo, os títulos bacterianos e a concentração de material genético. Além disso, o protocolo foi testado com DNA extraído diretamente do alimento, sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento. A PCR quadriplex proposta mostrou boa precisão na identificação de sequências de DNA-alvo. Foi possível identificar simultaneamente todas as sequências de DNA no momento da inoculação (0h), quando as amostras estavam contaminadas com 2 UFC/250mL, e com seis horas de cultura, quando o inóculo inicial foi de 1 UFC/250mL. Também foi possível detectar diretamente as sequências de DNA do alimento quando este foi inoculado com 3 UFC/mL de bactérias. Dessa forma, a metodologia proposta apresentou desempenho satisfatório, otimização do tempo de análise e potencial para detecção de micro-organismos em baixos títulos, podendo ser utilizada para detecção de fraude e contaminação.

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Seeds present a fundamental role since the beginnings of agriculture, propelling the agricultural development of different people in different ages of human history. Its importance has been linked to the possibility of domesticating the most diverse plants in the past and, nowadays, of providing many biotechnological advancements represented by the most diverse cultivars and hybrids introduced into the market. However, the expression of all its capacities depends on the quality of this supply represented by the sum of physical, genetic, sanitary, and physiological attributes. This review shows how the physiological component of the quality of seeds has influenced the agricultural process for the most diverse crops, notedly, for major crops, forages, or vegetables. It is highlighted its central role in fulfilling the growing demands o fa growing world population. We emphasize the preoccupation of research, development, and innovation actions in the sense of recognizing the factors that influence the physiological quality of seeds, developing and enhancing methods to estimate, preserve, and increase it, and how the adoption of high physiological quality seeds has influenced the development of the major crops.

As sementes representam papel fundamental desde os primórdios da agricultura, impulsionando o desenvolvimento agrícola dos diferentes povos, em diferentes épocas da História da humanidade. Sua importância esteve ligada à possibilidade de domesticação dos mais diversos cultivos, no passado, e, atualmente, são portadoras de inúmeros avanços biotecnológicos, representados pelas mais diversas cultivares e híbridos lançados no mercado. A expressão de todas as suas potencialidades, porém, depende da qualidade desse insumo, representada pelo somatório de atributos, físicos, genéticos, sanitários e fisiológicos. A presente revisão pretende evidenciar como o componente fisiológico da qualidade de sementes tem influenciado o progresso da agricultura para os mais diferentes cultivos, notadamente, para as espécies de grandes culturas, forrageiras e hortaliças, ressaltando seu protagonismo para o atendimento das crescentes demandas de uma população mundial em constante crescimento. Destaca-se a preocupação das ações de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação no sentido de conhecer os fatores que influenciam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, desenvolver e aprimorar métodos para estimá-la, preservá-la ou incrementá-la e como a adoção de sementes de elevada qualidade fisiológica tem impactado o desenvolvimento dos principais cultivos.

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Seeds present a fundamental role since the beginnings of agriculture, propelling the agricultural development of different people in different ages of human history. Its importance has been linked to the possibility of domesticating the most diverse plants in the past and, nowadays, of providing many biotechnological advancements represented by the most diverse cultivars and hybrids introduced into the market. However, the expression of all its capacities depends on the quality of this supply represented by the sum of physical, genetic, sanitary, and physiological attributes. This review shows how the physiological component of the quality of seeds has influenced the agricultural process for the most diverse crops, notedly, for major crops, forages, or vegetables. It is highlighted its central role in fulfilling the growing demands o fa growing world population. We emphasize the preoccupation of research, development, and innovation actions in the sense of recognizing the factors that influence the physiological quality of seeds, developing and enhancing methods to estimate, preserve, and increase it, and how the adoption of high physiological quality seeds has influenced the development of the major crops.(AU)

As sementes representam papel fundamental desde os primórdios da agricultura, impulsionando o desenvolvimento agrícola dos diferentes povos, em diferentes épocas da História da humanidade. Sua importância esteve ligada à possibilidade de domesticação dos mais diversos cultivos, no passado, e, atualmente, são portadoras de inúmeros avanços biotecnológicos, representados pelas mais diversas cultivares e híbridos lançados no mercado. A expressão de todas as suas potencialidades, porém, depende da qualidade desse insumo, representada pelo somatório de atributos, físicos, genéticos, sanitários e fisiológicos. A presente revisão pretende evidenciar como o componente fisiológico da qualidade de sementes tem influenciado o progresso da agricultura para os mais diferentes cultivos, notadamente, para as espécies de grandes culturas, forrageiras e hortaliças, ressaltando seu protagonismo para o atendimento das crescentes demandas de uma população mundial em constante crescimento. Destaca-se a preocupação das ações de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação no sentido de conhecer os fatores que influenciam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, desenvolver e aprimorar métodos para estimá-la, preservá-la ou incrementá-la e como a adoção de sementes de elevada qualidade fisiológica tem impactado o desenvolvimento dos principais cultivos.(AU)

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