RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) may be a result of the environmental influences to which adolescents are exposed and/or habits acquired since childhood through family interactions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate whether type of school administration (public or private), eating habits, and screen time are associated with the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to total kilocalories consumed by Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) performed between March 2013 and December 2014. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Overall, 71,553 adolescents from 1,247 public and private schools in 124 Brazilian cities (with a population of more than 100,000) were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to the total kilocalories consumed, obtained using one 24-hour food recall. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Generalized linear models were used, guided by the hierarchical model. Sample complexity was considered using the Stata svy command, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Overall, UPFs contributed an average of 28% (95% CI, 27.80%-28.15%) of total energy intake. Based on the final multivariate analysis, a significantly higher UPF diet was observed among adolescents from private schools (P < .001), those who do not consume meals offered by schools (P < .001), those who do not eat breakfast regularly (P < .05), those who eat in front of screens almost every day or every day (P < .001), and those who spend more time in front of screens (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that UPF consumption is associated with school type, eating habits, and screen time among Brazilian adolescents.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Manipulação de Alimentos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Tempo de Tela , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Refeições , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe breastfeeding trends from 2002 to 2012/2013, and to investigate whether breastfeeding practices differ between mothers of children in public and private schools. METHODS: Data were obtained from three school-based cross-sectional studies conducted with 7 to 10 years old children. The total sample was 7264 individuals. Data related to breastfeeding were analyzed descriptively and compared using the chi-square test for heterogeneity or trend. RESULTS: In the 10-year period was observed a decrease in the total percentage of schoolchildren who were not breastfed (12.9%-10.5%) and an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren breastfed for >12 months (23.9%-36.7%). In public schools, the increase of breastfeeding for >12 months was independent of maternal age and years of schooling. In private schools, the increase was observed for schoolchildren born to older mothers and to more educated mothers, although the highest percentage was observed for schoolchildren born to less educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the complexity of determining breastfeeding behaviors, and understanding these dynamics is fundamental to develop and improve programs and actions aimed at encouraging, supporting, and protecting breastfeeding. However, strategies developed in Brazil during the first decade of the 21st century should explain the increase of proportion of breastfed children for more than 12 months, and the concomitant decrease of never breastfeed children in the city of Florianopolis (Southern Brazil).
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Brasil , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Classe Social , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To compare and analyze the consumption of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods among students from public and private schools. Methods: Study conducted in Uberlândia, MG, with fifth-grade students from three private and six public schools, selected by stratified cluster sampling. We collected data on food consumption using the 24-hour recall. Foods were classified into four groups (G) according to extent and purpose of processing: fresh/minimally processed foods (G1) culinary ingredients (G2), processed foods (G3), and ultra-processed foods (G4). Total energy intake (kcal) of each group, amount of sugar (g), sodium (mg), and fiber (g) were quantified and compared according to administrative affiliation (private or public). Results: Percentage of total energy intake was: G1 - 52%; G2 - 12%; G3 - 5%; e G4 - 31%. Energy intake from G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%), and G3 (6.0 vs. 0.1%), and amount of sodium (3,293 vs. 2,724 mg) and fiber (23 vs. 18 g) were higher among students from public schools. Energy intake from G4 (36 vs. 28%) and amount of sugar (20 vs. 14%) were higher among students from private schools. The consumption of foods from G1 in the school environment was higher among students from public schools (40 vs. 9%). Conclusions: Foods from G1 represent the highest percentage of total energy intake, while those from G4 constitute a third of calories consumed. Processed juice, sandwich cookie, processed cake, and breakfast cereals are more frequent among private school students; snacks and juice powder are more common for students from public schools.
RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar e analisar o consumo de alimentos minimamente processados e ultraprocessados entre escolares das redes pública e privada. Métodos: Estudo realizado em Uberlândia, MG, com escolares do quinto ano do ensino fundamental em nove escolas (três privadas e seis públicas), selecionados por amostragem estratificada por conglomerado. O consumo alimentar foi analisado utilizando recordatório de 24 horas. Os alimentos foram classificados segundo extensão e propósito do seu processamento em quatro grupos (G): alimentos in natura/minimamente processados (G1), ingredientes culinários (G2), alimentos processados (G3) e ultraprocessados (G4). Os valores energéticos totais (kcal) provenientes de cada grupo, quantidade de açúcar (g), sódio (mg) e fibras (g) foram quantificados e comparados segundo dependência administrativa. Resultados: O consumo de energia foi: G1, 52%; G2, 12%; G3, 5%; e G4, 31%. Os valores energéticos provenientes de G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%) e G3 (6,0 vs. 0,1%), a quantidade de sódio (3.293 vs. 2.724 mg) e a de fibras (23 vs. 18 g) foram superiores em escolares da rede pública. O valor percentual energético do G4 (36 vs. 28%) e a quantidade de açúcar (20 vs. 14%) foram superiores em escolares da rede privada. O consumo do G1 na escola foi superior nos escolares da rede pública (40 vs. 9%). Conclusões: Alimentos do G1 representam o maior percentual do valor energético total e do G4, um terço das calorias ingeridas. Suco pronto, biscoito recheado, bolo industrializado, cereais matinais são mais frequentes em escolares da rede privada e salgadinhos e suco em pó nos da rede pública.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Ingestão de Energia , Setor Público/estatística & dados numéricos , Setor Privado/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Alimentar/classificação , Fast Foods , Alimentos Crus , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the consumption of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods among students from public and private schools. METHODS: Study conducted in Uberlândia, MG, with fifth-grade students from three private and six public schools, selected by stratified cluster sampling. We collected data on food consumption using the 24-hour recall. Foods were classified into four groups (G) according to extent and purpose of processing: fresh/minimally processed foods (G1) culinary ingredients (G2), processed foods (G3), and ultra-processed foods (G4). Total energy intake (kcal) of each group, amount of sugar (g), sodium (mg), and fiber (g) were quantified and compared according to administrative affiliation (private or public). RESULTS: Percentage of total energy intake was: G1 - 52%; G2 - 12%; G3 - 5%; e G4 - 31%. Energy intake from G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%), and G3 (6.0 vs. 0.1%), and amount of sodium (3,293 vs. 2,724 mg) and fiber (23 vs. 18 g) were higher among students from public schools. Energy intake from G4 (36 vs. 28%) and amount of sugar (20 vs. 14%) were higher among students from private schools. The consumption of foods from G1 in the school environment was higher among students from public schools (40 vs. 9%). CONCLUSIONS: Foods from G1 represent the highest percentage of total energy intake, while those from G4 constitute a third of calories consumed. Processed juice, sandwich cookie, processed cake, and breakfast cereals are more frequent among private school students; snacks and juice powder are more common for students from public schools.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Fast Foods , Comportamento Alimentar/classificação , Setor Privado/estatística & dados numéricos , Setor Público/estatística & dados numéricos , Alimentos Crus , Estudantes , Brasil , Criança , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Nutritivo , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/psicologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was the assessment of dental caries and the gingival status of 6-year-old children living in the Maule region, Chile's most rural region, and to determine if rurality was related to a higher prevalence of oral conditions. METHODS: A representative sample of 485 children aged 6 years was examined using WHO methods. Children were chosen from schools belonging to urban and rural districts of the region. Caries status was obtained by deft (decayed, extracted, filled teeth), DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) and SiC (Significant Caries) indexes. To assess gingival health status, the oral hygiene (OHI) and the gingival index (GI) were used. Urban and rural children data were compared using student's t-test at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Overall caries prevalence was 80.62%. Rural children showed higher prevalence (p < 0.0001) than urban 6-year-olds, with 88.3% and 69.9%, respectively. The deft (decayed, extracted, filled teeth) index was 4.63 for the region, with 5.74 for rural and 3.09 for urban districts (p < 0.05). The SiC index was 10.23 for rural and 7.13 for urban children (p < 0.05). Mean OHI score was 1.44, but rural children had higher OHI: 1.49 compared with 1.37 for urban 6-year-olds (p < 0.0001). The GI of the region was 1.37, but no differences were detected between rural and urban children (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children from the Maule region in Chile have a severely deteriorated oral health, higher than Chile's mean. Rural are significantly more affected than urban children. A special focus on rural communities when designing oral health policies is strongly suggested.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Gengivite/epidemiologia , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Inquéritos de Saúde Bucal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Higiene Oral , Índice Periodontal , Prevalência , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Classe Social , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. RESULTS: An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.
Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/epidemiologia , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Idade de Início , Atitude , Criança , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Comportamento Perigoso , Uso de Medicamentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Prevalência , Recreação , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Estudantes/psicologia , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Objectives Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. Results An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. Conclusions The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.
Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de vida del consumo de sustancias ilegales y la accesibilidad a sustancias ilegales. Determinar factores de riesgo y factores protectores relacionados con el consumo. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal mediante el análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Se aplicó una encuesta a 1 515 estudiantes de los grados 8 al 11 en las escuelas de la ciudad, entre las edades de 12 a 18. Resultados Se encontró un aumento de la prevalencia de vida y una disminución en la edad de inicio al consumo. Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados fueron: ambiente académico y las actitudes hacia las autoridades escolares, la vinculación a los grupos de deportes recreativos, no respeto a los mayores, pertenecer a pandillas y participar en actividades riesgosas y peligrosas. Conclusiones Los resultados mostraron la necesidad de una revisión crítica de la promoción actual y las estrategias de prevención destinadas a controlar el uso de sustancias psicoactivas entre los niños y adolescentes, de acuerdo a la nueva realidad de la tráfico y consumo interno en Colombia.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/epidemiologia , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Idade de Início , Atitude , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Comportamento Perigoso , Uso de Medicamentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Abuso de Maconha/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Prevalência , Recreação , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Estudantes/psicologia , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en adolescentes escolarizados entre los 10-17 años, de la comunidad de Chía Cundinamarca, utilizando las escalas CDI y SCARED, durante los años 2008 a 2010. Metodología Estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 538 estudiantes. Se identificaron las variables socio demográficas: edad, sexo, seguridad social y centro educativo de procedencia (público, privado, oficial o urbano). Se aplicaron las escalas CDI y SCARED. Resultados Se detectaron síntomas ansiosos o depresivos en el 40,5 % de la población estudiada (538); de los cuales el 28,3 % presentó síntomas sugestivos de ansiedad exclusivamente, con síntomas depresivos exclusivamente en 3,3 % y síntomas tanto de ansiedad, como de depresión en 8,9 %. Los síntomas ansiosos fueron más frecuentes en las mujeres y los síntomas depresivos y mixtos se presentaron con más frecuencia en hombres. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de síntomas depresivos 6,9 % en hombres vs 5,4 % en mujeres, dato que no fue estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión Los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos son frecuentes en adolescentes, se hace indispensable sospecharlos y diagnosticarlos tempranamente, con el fin de poder brindar una atención oportuna. Se deben implementar estrategias que permitan detectar factores protectores y de riesgo para evitar que se desarrollen trastornos mayores, diseñando programas de educación encaminados hacia una buena salud mental de niños y adolescente.
Objective This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety amongst 10 to 17 year-old adolescents still attending school using the CDI and SCARED questionnaires for early screening in Chía, a town near Bogota, from 2008 to 2010. Method This was a cross-sectional study of prevalence. Results 37 % of the 538 adolescents interviewed had anxiety symptoms, 12.3 % had depression symptoms and 9% presented anxiety and depression symptoms, males having greater prevalence for depression symptoms (6.9 % cf 5.4 % for females) but lacking statistical significance. There was a greater tendency for anxiety symptoms to be found in adolescents attending public schools. Concerning co morbidity, more anxiety symptoms were found in adolescents having depression symptoms. Conclusions It was concluded that anxiety and depression symptoms are real at this age, this being reason enough why it is necessary to suspect and detect them on time so that adolescents can receive suitable attention. Protective factors must be strengthened for this to happen and there must be real awareness by everybody to create educational and health programmes directed towards ensuring good mental health.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicologia do Adolescente , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Psicologia da Criança , Depressão/epidemiologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Prevalência , Estudos de Amostragem , Instituições Acadêmicas/classificação , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivo Determinar el nivel de conocimiento en VIH-SIDA en estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia. Método Se diseñó un estudio transversal con una muestra de estudiantes de secundaria que completó el cuestionario de seis preguntas sobre conocimientos y mitos relacionados con VIH-Sida. Mediante regresión logística se ajustaron asociaciones. Resultados Participaron 2 625 estudiantes entre 10 y 20 años. Un total 249 (9,5 % IC95 % 8,4-10,6) respondieron en forma correcta el cuestionario. Ser estudiante de media vocacional (OR 2,62; IC95 % 4,82-13,29) y estudiar en colegio privado (OR 1,32; IC95 % 1,24-3,54), ajustados por edad, se asociaron a buen conocimiento en VIH-Sida. Conclusiones Los estudiantes de secundaria de Cartagena presentan un bajo conocimiento sobre el VIH-Sida. El nivel es superior en estudiantes de media vocacional y de colegios privados. Se necesita más investigación y fortalecer la formación en educación en salud sexual y reproductiva.
Objective Determining the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge amongst high-students living in Cartagena, Colombia. Method A cross-sectional study was designed using a sample of secondary school students who completed a six-question questionnaire about their knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the myths related to it. Logistic regression was used for adjusting associations. Results A total of 2,625 10- to 20-year-old students participated in the research. A group of 249 (9.5 OR; 8.4-10.6 95 %CI) answered the questionnaire properly. Being a high-school student (2.62 OR; 4.82-13.29 95 %CI) and studying in a private school (1.32 OR, 1.24 to 3.54 95 %CI), adjusted for age, were associated with having good HIV/AIDS knowledge. Conclusions Students from secondary schools in Cartagena were seen to have limited knowledge of HIV/AIDS. A higher level of knowledge was observed amongst high school and private school students. More research is needed to strengthen sexual and reproductive health education.