RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary valve regurgitation is a significant long-term complication in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effects of pulmonary valve implantation (PVI) on the anatomy and function of the right ventricle (RV) and the long-term evolution of the implanted prosthesis in the pulmonary position. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort analysis was performed in 56 consecutive patients with TOF who underwent PVI. The study included patients of both sexes, aged ≥ 12 years, and involved assessing clinical and surgical data, pre- and post-operative cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiogram data more than 1 year after PVI. RESULTS: After PVI, there was a significant decrease in RV end-systolic volume indexed by body surface area (BSA), from 89 mL/BSA to 69 mL/BSA (p < 0.001) and indexed RV end-diastolic volume, from 157 mL/BSA to 116 mL/BSA (p < 0.001). Moreover, there was an increase in corrected RV ejection fraction [ RVEFC = net pulmonary flow (pulmonary forward flow - regurgitant flow) / R V end-diastolic volume ] from 23% to 35% (p < 0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction from 58% to 60% (p = 0.008). However, a progressive increase in the peak pulmonary valve gradient was observed over time, with 25% of patients experiencing a gradient exceeding 60 mmHg. Smaller prostheses (sizes 19 to 23) were associated with a 4.3-fold higher risk of a gradient > 60 mmHg compared to larger prostheses (sizes 25 to 27; p = 0.029; confidence interval: 1.18 to 17.8). CONCLUSION: As expected, PVI demonstrated improvements in RV volumes and function. Long-term follow-up and surveillance are crucial for assessing the durability of the prosthesis and detecting potential complications. Proper sizing of prostheses is essential for improved prosthesis longevity.
Assuntos
Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar , Valva Pulmonar , Tetralogia de Fallot , Humanos , Tetralogia de Fallot/cirurgia , Tetralogia de Fallot/fisiopatologia , Tetralogia de Fallot/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Fatores de Tempo , Criança , Ecocardiografia , Função Ventricular Direita/fisiologia , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Período Pós-OperatórioRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Given the anatomical variations of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), different surgical techniques can be used to achieve correction. Transannular patches (TAPs) are the most commonly used technique; they are associated with right ventricular dysfunction, the incidence of which can be reduced through pulmonary valve preservation. METHODS: Between January 2010 and July 2019, we performed 274 surgical corrections of tetralogy of Fallot at Fundación Cardioinfantil; 63 patients (23%) underwent repair with a TAP in addition to a pulmonary neovalve (Group I), 66 patients (24.1%) received a TAP without a pulmonary valve (Group II) and 145 patients (52.9%) had a repair with valve preservation (Group III). We analysed patient's characteristics before, during and after surgery at a 30-day follow-up. RESULTS: We found that patients in Group III were older (P = 0.04). Group II had the lowest level of O2 saturation before surgery (82%, P = 0.001). Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times were longer in Group I (P < 0.001). Right ventricular dysfunction was less frequent in Group III (15.9%, P = 0.011). Severe residual pulmonary regurgitation was more common in Group II (21.9%, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preservation of the pulmonary valve is an important factor for immediate postoperative management of tetralogy of Fallot. Patients who were repaired with a TAP with or without a pulmonary neovalve had a higher incidence of right ventricular dysfunction than those with pulmonary valve preservation.
Assuntos
Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar , Valva Pulmonar , Tetralogia de Fallot , Disfunção Ventricular Direita , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tetralogia de Fallot/complicações , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/prevenção & controleRESUMO
To investigate the role of right ventricular free wall strain (RVFWSL) to predict low functional capacity in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). We prospectively enrolled 33 patients with rTOF with moderate to severe PR who underwent rest and peak exercise echocardiography on a semisupine cycloergometer. Conventional function and strain imaging parameters of both ventricles were measured. Patients performing < 7 METS were defined to have low functional capacity. Logistic regression was used to identify parameters associated with low functional capacity. Eleven patients (33.3%) had low functional capacity. These patients were shorter (height 155 ± 7 vs 163 ± 9 cm, p = 0.023), more frequently female (27.3 vs 72.7%, p = 0.024) and had history of Blalock-Taussig shunt (45.5 vs 9.1%, p = 0.027). On multivariate analysis RVFWSL was the only predictor of low functional capacity OR 1.39 (CI 95%, 1.06-1.83., p = 0.018) per % change. A RVFWSL < 17% (absolute value) had an AUC of 0.785, sensitivity of 81.8% and specificity of 77.3% to predict low functional capacity. Right ventricular free wall strain is an independent predictor of low functional capacity in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with moderate to severe PR. A value < 17% might be useful in deciding when to perform pulmonary valve replacement, when functional capacity cannot be objectively measured.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Ecocardiografia Doppler em Cores , Ecocardiografia sob Estresse , Teste de Esforço , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Tetralogia de Fallot/cirurgia , Função Ventricular Direita , Adolescente , Adulto , Ciclismo , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Feminino , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Seleção de Pacientes , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tetralogia de Fallot/diagnóstico por imagem , Tetralogia de Fallot/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Primary repair of Fallot tetralogy has been performed successfully for the last 45 years. It has low surgical mortality (< 5%), with excellent long-term results. However, there are delayed adverse effects: progressive right ventricular dilation and dysfunction, arrhythmia, and sudden death. In our centre, Fallot tetralogy is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease (including transannular patch) and accounts for 7.5% of all cardiovascular surgical procedures. The mid-term follow-up results are reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case series. The study included patients who had complete repair of Fallot tetralogy with transannular patch from January 2000 to December 2009. An analysis was performed on the clinical variables, morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: There were 52 patients in the study, with mean age 4 ± 2 years. Perioperative mortality in 6 patients, with 5 associated with residual right ventricular obstruction and, 1 associated with further surgery. The survival rate was 88% (46) patients, with a follow-up 75 ± 26 months. Late morbidity occurred in 14, due to right ventricular dysfunction in 11, recurrent distal obstruction in 2, and residual ventricular septal defect in 1. Associated risk factors were severe pulmonary insufficiency (p=0.001); QRS > 160 ms, p=0.001); cardiothoracic > 0.60 index, (p=0.048), and tricuspid regurgitation (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was reasonable long-term survival and excellent quality of life after total correction of Fallot tetralogy; however, progressive right ventricular dysfunction requires continuous monitoring, as well as the choice of optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement.
Assuntos
Bioprótese , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/métodos , Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Tetralogia de Fallot/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/instrumentação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Qualidade de Vida , Reoperação , Resultado do Tratamento , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/etiologia , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/etiologiaAssuntos
Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Artéria Pulmonar/cirurgia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Tetralogia de Fallot/cirurgia , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Bioprótese , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/efeitos adversos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/métodos , Humanos , Ligadura , Politetrafluoretileno , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Técnicas de SuturaAssuntos
Bioprótese , Doença Cardíaca Carcinoide/complicações , Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Valva Tricúspide/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/cirurgiaRESUMO
La insuficiencia valvular pulmonar constituye uno de los principales problemas en el posoperatorio alejado de tetralogía de Fallot, siendo su incidencia muy frecuente y dependiente de múltiples aspectos. En este trabajo se efectúa una revisión relacionada con la utilidad de la ecocardiografía transtorácica convencional como instrumento para la evaluación delos pacientes con insuficiencia valvular pulmonar en el posoperatorio alejado de la tetralogía de Fallot. Se exponen los principales conceptos fisiopatológicos de esta entidad y, en función de ellos, se presentan los parámetros ecocardiográficos más relevantes a tener en cuenta en la valoración de estos pacientes. Finalmente se consideran las pautas y la oportunidad para el reemplazo valvular pulmonar.
Pulmonary valve regurgitation is one of the main problems in the late post-op of Tetrallogy of Fallot, having a great incidence and depending on many aspects . In these paper a review is done considering the usefulness of conventional transtoracic ecocardiography as a tool to evaluate patients with pulmonary regurgitation.in the late post-op of Tetralogy of Fallot. Main physiopathologic concepts about these entity are presented, and as a function of that, the most important ecocardiographic parameters to be considered evaluating these patients are also described. Finally guidelines on the opportunity for pulmonary valve replacement are considered.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/etiologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência da Valva Pulmonar , Tetralogia de Fallot/cirurgia , Tetralogia de Fallot/complicações , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
La insuficiencia valvular pulmonar constituye uno de los principales problemas en el posoperatorio alejado de tetralogíade Fallot, siendo su incidencia muy frecuente y dependiente de múltiples aspectos. En este trabajo se efectúa una revisiónrelacionada con la utilidad de la ecocardiografía transtorácica convencional como instrumento para la evaluación delos pacientes con insuficiencia valvular pulmonar en el posoperatorio alejado de la tetralogía de Fallot. Se exponen losprincipales conceptos fisiopatológicos de esta entidad y, en función de ellos, se presentan los parámetros ecocardiográficosmás relevantes a tener en cuenta en la valoración de estos pacientes. Finalmente se consideran las pautas y laoportunidad para el reemplazo valvular pulmonar.