RESUMO
The analysis of intrathecal IgG, IgA and IgM synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and evaluation in combined quotient diagrams provides disease-related patterns. The compilation with complementary parameters (barrier function, i.e., CSF flow rate, cytology, lactate, antibodies) in a cumulative CSF data report allows a knowledge-based interpretation and provides analytical and medical plausibility for the quality assessment in CSF laboratories. The diagnostic relevance is described for neurological and psychiatric diseases, for which CSF analysis can't be replaced by other diagnostic methods without loss of information. Dominance of intrathecal IgM, IgA or three class immune responses give a systematic approach for Facial nerve palsy, Neurotrypanosomiasis, Opportunistic diseases, lymphoma, Neurotuberculosis, Adrenoleucodystrophy or tumor metastases. Particular applications consider the diagnostic power of the polyspecific antibody response (MRZ-antibodies) in multiple sclerosis, a CSF-related systematic view on differential diagnostic of psychiatric diseases and the dynamics of brain- derived compared to blood-derived molecules in CSF for localization of paracytes.
Assuntos
Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/sangueRESUMO
ABSTRACT The analysis of intrathecal IgG, IgA and IgM synthesis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and evaluation in combined quotient diagrams provides disease-related patterns. The compilation with complementary parameters (barrier function, i.e., CSF flow rate, cytology, lactate, antibodies) in a cumulative CSF data report allows a knowledge-based interpretation and provides analytical and medical plausibility for the quality assessment in CSF laboratories. The diagnostic relevance is described for neurological and psychiatric diseases, for which CSF analysis can’t be replaced by other diagnostic methods without loss of information. Dominance of intrathecal IgM, IgA or three class immune responses give a systematic approach for Facial nerve palsy, Neurotrypanosomiasis, Opportunistic diseases, lymphoma, Neurotuberculosis, Adrenoleucodystrophy or tumor metastases. Particular applications consider the diagnostic power of the polyspecific antibody response (MRZ-antibodies) in multiple sclerosis, a CSF-related systematic view on differential diagnostic of psychiatric diseases and the dynamics of brain- derived compared to blood-derived molecules in CSF for localization of paracytes.
RESUMO A análise da síntese intratecal de IgG, IgA e IgM no liquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e a avaliação destas em diagramas com quocientes sugere padrões de diversas doenças. Estes dados, juntamente com outros parâmetros como a função de barreira, o fluxo liquórico, a citologia, o lactato e a pesquisa de anticorpos, integrados em uma ficha de paciente, permite uma interpretação baseada em conhecimento e permite também uma aferição da qualidade em laboratórios de LCR. A relevância diagnóstica é descrita para doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas pois a análise do LCR não pode ser substituída por outros metódos diagnósticos sem perda de informação para o diagnóstico do paciente. O aumento da síntese intratecal de IgM, IgA ou das 3 classes de imunoglobulinas sugerem um diagnóstico sistemático de paralisia facial periférica, neurotripanosomiase, doenças oportunísticas, linfoma, neurotuberculose, adrenoleucodistrofia ou metástases de tumores cerebrais. A resposta poliespecífica de anticorpos contra sarampo, rubéola e varicela zoster (MRZ reação) é sugestiva de esclerose múltipla. Uma visão sistemática considera o diagnóstico diferencial de doenças psiquiátricas e doenças chrônicas. A dinâmica de moléculas derivadas do cérebro comparadas com aqueles derivadas do sangue é importante para a localização de parasitos em doenças parasitárias do sistema nervoso.
Assuntos
Humanos , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/diagnóstico , Doença Crônica , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/sangueRESUMO
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. This acute disease, caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. The role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. Here we report the kinetics of appearance of FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in lymphoid organs along the respiratory tract and the spleen in cattle infected by aerosol exposure. While no responses were observed for up to 3 days postinfection (dpi), all animals developed FMDV-ASC in all the lymphoid organs studied at 4 dpi. Tracheobronchial lymph nodes were the most reactive organs at this time, and IgM was the predominant isotype, followed by IgG1. Numbers of FMDV-ASC were further augmented at 5 and 6 dpi, with an increasing prevalence in upper respiratory organs. Systemic antibody responses were slightly delayed compared with the local reaction. Also, IgM was the dominant isotype in serum at 5 dpi, coinciding with a sharp decrease of viral RNA detection in peripheral blood. These results indicate that following aerogenous administration, cattle develop a rapid and vigorous genuine local antibody response throughout the respiratory tract. Time course and isotype profiles indicate the presence of an efficient T cell-independent antibody response which drives the IgM-mediated virus clearance in cattle infected by FMDV aerosol exposure.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Vírus da Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Febre Aftosa/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Células Produtoras de Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Febre Aftosa/virologia , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Linfonodos/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , Baço/imunologia , Carga Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
In the present work, we studied the kinetics of the appearance of different immunological parameters in the lungs during the intestinal phase of infection with Trichinella spiralis. We also evaluated the lung's role in the retention and death of this helminth in its migratory stage. To study these parameters, we used lung extracts, lung cell suspensions and rat lung tissue sections. During the intestinal phase of infection (days 0-13 post-infection, p.i.), an inflammatory response is elicited in the lungs, which reflects humoral, cellular and functional changes. These changes included an increased number of mast cells and eosinophils and the local production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-13, CCL11 and CCL28. We found hyperplasia of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Total and specific IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a were detected locally. The retention of the migratory larvae in the lung, together with the ex vivo cytotoxic capacity of the lung cells and antibodies present in the lung extracts, suggested that the lung was one of the immune defense organs against the pathogen's migration stage.
Assuntos
Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Inflamação/imunologia , Larva/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Trichinella spiralis/imunologia , Triquinelose/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/imunologia , Eosinófilos/citologia , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Feminino , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Inflamação/parasitologia , Inflamação/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/patologia , Mastócitos/citologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Cultura Primária de Células , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Extratos de Tecidos , Trichinella spiralis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triquinelose/parasitologia , Triquinelose/patologiaRESUMO
Group A bovine rotavirus (BRV) is the major cause of neonatal calf diarrhea worldwide. As a preventive strategy, we evaluated the protection and immunomodulation in two groups of BRV-inoculated calves. All calves received control colostrum (CC; VN=65,536; IgG(1)=16,384) prior to gut closure followed by the milk supplemented with immune colostrum (VN=1,048,576; IgG(1)=262,144), twice a day, for 14 days. Calves received milk supplemented with 0.8% immune colostrum [(Gp 1) VN=16,384; IgG(1)=4096] or milk supplemented with 0.4% immune colostrum [(Gp 2) VN=1024; IgG(1)=1024]. Calves receiving CC or colostrum deprived calves (CD) fed antibody (Ab) free milk served as controls (Gp 3 and 4). Calves were inoculated with virulent BRV IND at 2 days of age. Group 1 calves (milk IgG(1) 4096) showed 80% protection against BRV diarrhea and significantly reduced virus shedding. At 21 post-inoculation days (PID), the antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses of Gp 1 calves were limited mainly to duodenal and jejunal lamina propria (LP) with limited or no responses in systemic sites (spleen and PBL) and mesenteric lymph nodes. The profile of serum and fecal Ab responses as well as the ASC responses was also modulated by the presence of passive IgG(1) Abs and probably other colostrum components, toward higher titers of IgA Ab in serum and feces and a greater number of IgA ASC in the proximal intestine, reflecting positive modulation by colostrum toward this isotype associated with optimal protection of the intestinal mucosa. After challenge, at PID 21, all calves in Gp 1 and 2 were fully protected against diarrhea and only 1 of 5 calves in Gp 1 shed virus asymptomatically, indicating that the passive Ab treatment for 14 days was effective in protecting most of the animals after a first and a second virus exposure. The final outcome was a positive modulation of the mucosal immune responses and a high protection rate against diarrhea and virus shedding during the period of peak susceptibility to BRV infection.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Colostro/imunologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Leite/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/biossíntese , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Células Produtoras de Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Diarreia/imunologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Imunidade Materno-Adquirida , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Tecido Linfoide/imunologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Lagochilascaris minor is the etiological agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes exudative abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae in the purulent exudates. Mice are now considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection in B1 cell-deficient mice, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in BALB/c and X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice. BALB.xid-infected mice showed lower numbers of larvae. Third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites were found in both strains. BALB/c mice produced IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE against the crude extract and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite. On the other hand, BALB.xid mice did not produce IgM and produced lower levels of IgG and IgA, and similar quantities of IgE.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/imunologia , Ascaridoidea/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Animais , Infecções por Ascaridida/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos mdx , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Lagochilascaris minor is the etiological agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes exudative abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae in the purulent exudates. Mice are now considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection in B1 cell-deficient mice, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in BALB/c and X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice. BALB.xid-infected mice showed lower numbers of larvae. Third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites were found in both strains. BALB/c mice produced IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE against the crude extract and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite. On the other hand, BALB.xid mice did not produce IgM and produced lower levels of IgG and IgA, and similar quantities of IgE.
Lagochilascaris minor é o agente etiológico da lagochilascariose, uma doença que afeta a região de pescoço provocando abscessos exudativos contendo ovos, parasitas adultos e larvas L3/L4 nos exudates purulentos. Atualmente, camundongos são considerados hospedeiros intermediários do parasita. Para determinar o padrão de infecção em camundongos deficientes de células B1, a lagochilascariose experimental foi estudada em camundongos BALB/c e em camundongos com imunodeficiência ligada ao cromossomo X (xid). Camundongos BALB.xid infectados mostraram menor número de larvas. Larvas L3, L4 e parasitas adultos foram encontrados em ambas as linhagens. Camundongos BALB/c produziram IgM, IgG, IgA e IgE contra o extrato bruto e antígenos secretados/excretados do parasita; por outro lado, camundongos BALB.xid não produziram IgM, produziram baixos níveis de IgG e IgA, e quantidades semelhantes de IgE.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/imunologia , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/imunologia , Ascaridoidea/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Infecções por Ascaridida/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos mdx , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A detailed investigation has been carried out about the serological profiles of groups of dogs experimentally infected with metacyclic (MT) or blood (BT) trypomastigotes of Berenice-78 Trypanosoma cruzi strain. Peripheral blood was collected from infected dogs and uninfected controls, weekly during 35 days following the acute phase of infection, and immunoglobulin profiles were determined by ELISA. Dogs infected with BT exhibited unaltered levels of IgG2, increases in IgM, IgE, IgA, IgG and IgG1. In contrast, dogs infected with MT presented unaltered levels of IgE and IgG1 and an increase in IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG2 levels. Compared with the MT group, animals infected with BT showed significant increases in IgM on days 7, 14 and 28, in IgA on days 7, 14 and 21, in IgE on days 7 and 14, in IgG on days 14 and 28, and in IgG1 on days 7, 14 and 21. Parasitemia levels of the infected animals were measured over the same time period. No correlations were found between the immunoglobulin profiles and the parasitemia levels. The results demonstrated that the inoculum source (BT or MT) influence the immunoglobulin isotype profile that may drive distinct outcome of acute canine Chagas disease.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/sangue , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia , Doença Aguda , Animais , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Cães , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Imunoglobulina A/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Cinética , Estudos Longitudinais , Camundongos , Parasitemia/imunologia , Parasitemia/parasitologiaRESUMO
The intercellular adhesion molecule is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) from normal control children as well as from children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), with Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis and with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis were studied. sICAM-1 was quantified using an immunoenzimatic assay and albumin using the immunodiffusion technique in both biological fluids. Increased sICAM-1 values in CSF in patients with GBS correspond to an increase of the albumin CSF/serum quotient. In contrast, in inflammatory diseases like S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis an increased brain-derived fraction was observed. In particular cases these values are 60-65% and 70-75% respectively. The results indicate an additional synthesis of sICAM-1 in subarachnoidal space during central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory process. An important role of sICAM-1 in the transmigration of different cell types into CSF during CNS inflammation in children with S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 meningoencephalitis may be suggested.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coxsackievirus/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Enterovirus Humano B , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meningoencefalite/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Infecções Pneumocócicas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Barreira Hematoencefálica/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/imunologia , Humanos , Imunodifusão , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Isotipos de Imunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Inflamação/sangue , Inflamação/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/biossíntese , Masculino , Meningoencefalite/imunologia , Meningoencefalite/microbiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Albumina Sérica/líquido cefalorraquidianoRESUMO
The intercellular adhesion molecule is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) from normal control children as well as from children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), with Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis and with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningoencephalitis were studied. sICAM-1 was quantified using an immunoenzimatic assay and albumin using the immunodiffusion technique in both biological fluids. Increased sICAM-1 values in CSF in patients with GBS correspond to an increase of the albumin CSF/serum quotient. In contrast, in inflammatory diseases like S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 virus meningoencephalitis an increased brain-derived fraction was observed. In particular cases these values are 60-65 percent and 70-75 percent respectively. The results indicate an additional synthesis of sICAM-1 in subarachnoidal space during central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory process. An important role of sICAM-1 in the transmigration of different cell types into CSF during CNS inflammation in children with S. pneumoniae and Coxsackie A9 meningoencephalitis may be suggested.
La molécula de adhesión intercelular es una glicoproteína que pertenece a la superfamilia de las inmunoglobulinas. Se estudiaron los niveles de molécula de adhesión intercelular tipo 1 soluble (sICAM-1) en suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) de niños con meningoencefalitis por Streptococcus pneumoniae y por Coxsackie A9 al igual que en niños con sindrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB). sICAM-1 fue cuantificado por ensayo inmunoenzimático y la albúmina por inmunodifusión en ambos líquidos biológicos. Los valores incrementados de sICAM-1 en LCR en los pacientes con GBS corresponden a valores aumentados de razón LCR/suero de albúmina. En contraste, en las enfermedades inflamatorias como las meningoencefalitis por S. pneumoniae y por Coxsackie A9 se observa un incremento en la fracción derivada del cerebro. En casos particulares los valores se incrementan hasta un 60-65 por ciento y 70-75 por ciento respectivamente. Los resultados indican una síntesis adicional de sICAM-1 en el espacio subaracnoideo durante el proceso inflamatorio del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Esto puede sugerir un importante papel del sICAM-1 en la transmigración de diferentes tipos celulares en el LCR durante la inflamación del SNC en niños con meningoencefalitis por S pneumoniae y coxsackie A9.