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OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between amniotic fluid index (AFI) and perinatal outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2008 and 2012. 86 pregnant women were included, with a diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age from 24 to 35 weeks. Women who presented hypertensive disorders, diabetes, fetuses with birth defects and infection at admission were excluded. To determine the association between AFI and perinatal outcomes, chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used if necessary, as well as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95CI). Correlation between AFI and perinatal outcomes was determined by using simple linear regression, and AFI progression during pregnancy was analyzed by Z-test. RESULTS: When comparing newborns presenting ultrasound with AFI<5cm and AFI>5cm, there was a higher frequency of perinatal mortality when the AFI was lower than 5 cm. However, when the oligohydramnios was diagnosed as severe (AFI<3cm), there was a higher frequency of Apgar scores less than seven at 1 minute, neonatal sepsis and early neonatal mortality compared to those presenting AFI>3cm. There was a positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores at minutes 1 and 5. There was also a decrease in amniotic fluid volume with increased gestational age. CONCLUSION: The presence of severe oligohydramnios after PPROM contributed to a higher frequency of perinatal complications and death.

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SUMMARY Objective: To determine the association between amniotic fluid index (AFI) and perinatal outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2008 and 2012. 86 pregnant women were included, with a diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age from 24 to 35 weeks. Women who presented hypertensive disorders, diabetes, fetuses with birth defects and infection at admission were excluded. To determine the association between AFI and perinatal outcomes, chi-square and Fisher’s exact test were used if necessary, as well as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95CI). Correlation between AFI and perinatal outcomes was determined by using simple linear regression, and AFI progression during pregnancy was analyzed by Z-test. Results: When comparing newborns presenting ultrasound with AFI<5cm and AFI>5cm, there was a higher frequency of perinatal mortality when the AFI was lower than 5 cm. However, when the oligohydramnios was diagnosed as severe (AFI<3cm), there was a higher frequency of Apgar scores less than seven at 1 minute, neonatal sepsis and early neonatal mortality compared to those presenting AFI>3cm. There was a positive correlation between AFI and gestational age at delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores at minutes 1 and 5. There was also a decrease in amniotic fluid volume with increased gestational age. Conclusion: The presence of severe oligohydramnios after PPROM contributed to a higher frequency of perinatal complications and death.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar a associação do índice de líquido amniótico (ILA) com os resultados perinatais na rotura prematura das membranas pré-termo (RPMPT). Método: realizou-se um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, de 2008 a 2012. Foram incluídas 86 gestantes, com diagnóstico de RPMPT e idade gestacional entre a 24ª e 35ª semanas. Foram excluídas gestantes que apresentavam síndromes hipertensivas, diabetes, fetos com malformações fetais e infecção na admissão. Para determinar a associação entre ILA e desfechos perinatais, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, quando pertinentes, além da razão de risco (RR) e seu intervalo de confiança a 95% (IC95%). A correlação entre ILA e desfechos perinatais foi determinada por regressão linear simples, e a evolução do ILA durante a gestação foi analisada pelo teste Z. Resultados: quando comparados os recém-nascidos que apresentavam ultrassonografia com ILA<5 cm e ILA>5 cm, observou-se maior frequência de mortalidade perinatal nos casos de ILA<5 cm. Quando o oligo-hidrâmnio, porém, era diagnosticado como grave (ILA<3 cm), observava-se maior frequência de escore de Apgar <7 no 1º minuto, sepse neonatal e mortalidade neonatal precoce em relação aos que apresentavam ILA>3 cm. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre ILA e idade gestacional no parto, peso ao nascer e escore de Apgar no 1º e 5º minutos, além de diminuição do volume do líquido amniótico com o avançar da idade gestacional. Conclusão: a presença de oligo-hidrâmnio grave após a RPMPT contribuiu para uma maior frequência de complicações e mortalidade perinatal.

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BACKGROUND: The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid (AF) contained by the amniotic sac of the pregnant female. The AF is directly conveyed to the fetus during pregnancy. Although AF has recently been reported as an untapped resource containing various substances, it remains unclear whether the AF could influence fetal neurodevelopment. RESULTS: We used AF that was extracted from embryos at 16 days in pregnant SD rat and exposed the AF to the neural cells derived from the embryos of same rat. We found that the treatment of AF to cortical neurons increased the phosphorylation in ERK1/2 that is necessary for fetal neurodevelopment, which was inhibited by the treatment of MEK inhibitors. Moreover, we found the subsequent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), which is an important determinant of cell fate in neural cells. Indeed, AF increased the neural clustering of cortical neurons, which revealed that the clustered cells were proliferating neural progenitor cells. Accordingly, we confirmed the ability of AF to increase the neural progenitor cells through neurosphere formation. Furthermore, we showed that the ERK/GSK-3 pathway was involved in AF-mediated neurosphere enlargement. CONCLUSIONS: Although the placenta mainly supplies oxygenated blood, nutrient substances for fetal development, these findings further suggest that circulating-AF into the fetus could affect fetal neurodevelopment via MAP kinases-derived GSK-3 pathway during pregnancy. Moreover, we suggest that AF could be utilized as a valuable resource in the field of regenerative medicine.

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BACKGROUND: The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid (AF) contained by the amniotic sac of the pregnant female. The AF is directly conveyed to the fetus during pregnancy. Although AF has recently been reported as an untapped resource containing various substances, it remains unclear whether the AF could influence fetal neurodevelopment. RESULTS: We used AF that was extracted from embryos at 16 days in pregnant SD rat and exposed the AF to the neural cells derived from the embryos of same rat. We found that the treatment of AF to cortical neurons increased the phosphorylation in ERK1/2 that is necessary for fetal neurodevelopment, which was inhibited by the treatment of MEK inhibitors. Moreover, we found the subsequent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), which is an important determinant of cell fate in neural cells. Indeed, AF increased the neural clustering of cortical neurons, which revealed that the clustered cells were proliferating neural progenitor cells. Accordingly, we confirmed the ability of AF to increase the neural progenitor cells through neurosphere formation. Furthermore, we showed that the ERK/GSK-3 pathway was involved in AF-mediated neurosphere enlargement. CONCLUSIONS: Although the placenta mainly supplies oxygenated blood, nutrient substances for fetal development, these findings further suggest that circulating-AF into the fetus could affect fetal neurodevelopment via MAP kinases-derived GSK-3 pathway during pregnancy. Moreover, we suggest that AF could be utilized as a valuable resource in the field of regenerative medicine.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maternal hydration with oral isotonic solution and water on the amniotic fluid (AF) index of women with normohydramnios. Women with a normal AF index and gestational age between 33 and 36 weeks without maternal complications were randomized into three groups [isotonic solution (Gatorade®), water, control]. The isotonic solution and water groups were instructed to drink 1.5 L of the respective solution and the control group was instructed to drink 200 mL water over a period of 2 to 4 h. AF index was measured before and after hydration by Doppler ultrasonography. The investigator performing the AF index measurement was blind to the subject’s group. Ninety-nine women completed the study without any adverse maternal effects. The median increase in AF index after hydration was significantly greater for the isotonic solution and water groups than for the control group. There was no significant difference between the isotonic solution and water groups. Hydration with isotonic solution and water caused a 10-fold (95 percentCI: 2.09-49.89) and 6-fold (95 percentCI: 1.16-30.95) increase in the chance of a 20 percent increase of AF index, respectively. Maternal hydration with isotonic solution or water increased the AF index in women with normohydramnios.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maternal hydration with oral isotonic solution and water on the amniotic fluid (AF) index of women with normohydramnios. Women with a normal AF index and gestational age between 33 and 36 weeks without maternal complications were randomized into three groups [isotonic solution (Gatorade(®)), water, control]. The isotonic solution and water groups were instructed to drink 1.5 L of the respective solution and the control group was instructed to drink 200 mL water over a period of 2 to 4 h. AF index was measured before and after hydration by Doppler ultrasonography. The investigator performing the AF index measurement was blind to the subject's group. Ninety-nine women completed the study without any adverse maternal effects. The median increase in AF index after hydration was significantly greater for the isotonic solution and water groups than for the control group. There was no significant difference between the isotonic solution and water groups. Hydration with isotonic solution and water caused a 10-fold (95%CI: 2.09-49.89) and 6-fold (95%CI: 1.16-30.95) increase in the chance of a 20% increase of AF index, respectively. Maternal hydration with isotonic solution or water increased the AF index in women with normohydramnios.

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PURPOSE: To establish normative data for amniotic fluid volume (AFV) between 7 and 10+6 weeks gestation using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS). METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 74 normal pregnancies was performed to assess AFV. All measurements were performed using an endocavitary volumetric transducer. The VOCAL (virtual organ computer-aided analysis) method was used for volumetric calculations, with a 30 degrees rotation angle. The AFV was obtained subtracting the embryonic volume from the amniotic sac volume. To analyze the correlation between AFV and gestational age, regression models were constructed and adjustments were made using the determination coefficient (R2). The following AFV values were obtained for each week: mean, median, standard deviation, minimum and maximum. The method proposed by Royston and Wright was used to calculate the reference intervals according to crown-rump length (CRL). RESULTS: Mean AFV increased from 3.97 cm3 (range 1.17-10.97 cm3) at 7 to 7+6 weeks to 23.33 cm3 (ranging from 11.93 to 32.41 cm3) at 10 to 10+6 weeks of pregnancy. There was a significant correlation between AFV and gestational age (R2=0.635) and between AFV and CRL (R2=0.756). Mean AFV increased from 7.81 cm3 (ranging from 0.18 to 15.43 cm3) to 50.28 cm3 (range 16.49-84.07 cm3) for CRL between 12 and 40 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Reference limits for AFV using 3DUS were generated for pregnancies between 7 and 10+6 weeks according to CRL.

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Introducción. El líquido amniótico meconial (LAM) se presenta en 5 a 30 por ciento en recién nacidos de término y postérmino, entre el 2 al 10 por ciento desarrollan síndrome de aspiración de líquido amniótico meconial (SALAM). La mortalidad asociada es del 4 al 40 por ciento. Los factores de riesgo para la aparición de SALAM son: el aumento en la consistencia del LAM, alteraciones en el monitoreo fetal, las cesáreas, menos de 5 controles prenatales, el sexo masculino, score de Apgar menor a 7 y el oligoamnios. El LAM aumenta el riesgo de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (SDR) en recién nacidos de término y postérmino. Objetivos. Estimar la incidencia de LAM y SALAM en RN de término o postérmino. Comparar el riesgo de SDR en RN con LAM con aquellos RN con líquido amniótico claro (LAC). Analizar los factores de riesgos asociados a SALAM. Población y muestra. Criterios de inclusión: Casos: 1.150 RN >37 semanas de EG con LAM. Controles: 2.300 RN >37 semanas de EG con LAC. Criterios de exclusión: RN <37 semanas de EG, hijo de madre diabética o hipertensa, RN con malformaciones, madre con corioamnionitis, recién nacido pequeño para edad gestacional. Resultados. Sobre un total de 10.332 RN vivos durante el período de estudio en la Maternidad Sardá, 1.150 presentaron líquido amniótico meconial, que corresponde a una incidencia del 11,1%. Se observó una mayor asociación de SALAM a mayor edad gestacional. La incidencia de SALAM fue del 3,9 por ciento y la presencia de SDR en RN con líquido amniótico claro fue del 1,3 por ciento (RR: 2,5 [IC 95 por ciento 1,3-3,7]). En presencia de LAM se evidenció SDR con más severidad, más presencia de escapes de aire, menor puntaje de Apgar y mayor mortalidad. En el análisis del subgrupo con SDR encontramos un menor control prenatal, menor puntaje de Apgar al 5to minuto, prevalencia del sexo masculino, mayores complicaciones y mortalidad en el grupo con líquido amniótico meconial...

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La valoración del líquido amniótico, durante la gestación ha demostrado ser un parámetro útil para tamizaje, porque orienta sobre algún trastorno de base en el binomio feto-materno. El examen sonográfico es el método no invasivo más utilizado. Realizándose habitualmente, mediante valoración cualitativa del líquido, reservando los métodos semi-cuantitativos: como son el índice de líquido amniótico y la medición única del bolsillo vertical mayor, sólo para aquellos casos considerados anormales. En la maternidad del Hospital Regional de Temuco se estableció con técnica semi-cuantitativa de medición única del bolsillo vertical mayor de líquido amniótico, la curva de distribución del líquido durante la gestación (14 a 41 semana) obteniendo como puntos de corte, valores más centralizado que lo reportado en el criterio clásico de medición única propuesto por Chamberlain y Manning. Posteriormente se correlacionó nuestros percentiles observados con el grado de crecimiento fetal evaluado al parto como: pequeño, adecuado o grande para la edad de gestación, encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre variaciones menores del líquido amniótico con alteraciones del crecimiento fetal; oligohidroamnios (bolsillo < 35 mm) con recién nacido para la edad de gestación y polihidroamnios (bolsillo > 75 mm) con recién nacido grande para la edad gestacional.

Assessment of amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy has proved to be a useful parameter for screening. It constitutes a technique for suspecting any baseline disorder in the fetal-maternal unit. Ultrasound is currently the most frequently used non-invasive method, such as amniotic fluid index and measurement of the single largest pocket, for those cases considered as abnormal. By appling the semi-quantitative technique of measurement of the single largest vertical pocket, the amniotic fluid distribution curve during gestation (14-41 week’s gestation) was determined in patients attending the Maternity Department, Regional Hospital, Temuco, Chile. More centralizad values than those reported according to the classical criterium of single assessment proponed by Chamberlain and Manning were obtained as cutting points. Subsequently, our percentiles were correlated with the fetal growth at delivery: small, adequate or large for gestacional age. Statistical significant defferences between minor variations of amniotic fluid and fetal growth alterations were found. Oligohydramnios (pocket <35 mm) with small-for gestacional age infants. Polihydramnios (pocket >75 mm) with large for gestacional age newborns.

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