RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the different pharmacological agents in preventing post-ERCP acute pancreatitis. METHODS: We included clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for prophylaxis of acute post-ERCP pancreatitis. The event evaluated was acute pancreatitis. We conducted a search strategy in MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to nowadays. We reported the information in terms of relative risks (RR) with a 95% confidence interval. We assessed the heterogeneity using the I2 test. RESULTS: We included 84 studies for analysis (30,463 patients). The mean age was 59.3 years (SD ± 7.01). Heterogeneity between studies was low (I2 = 34.4%) with no inconsistencies (p = 0.2567). Post ERCP pancreatitis was less in prophylaxis with NSAIDs (RR 0.65 95% CI [0.52 to 0.80]), aggressive hydration with Lactate Ringer (RR 0.32 95% CI [0.12-0.86]), NSAIDs + isosorbide dinitrate (RR 0.28 95% CI [0.11-0.71]) and somatostatin and analogues (RR 0.54 [0.43 to 0.68]) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs, the Combination of NSAIDs + isosorbide dinitrate, somatostatin and analogues, and aggressive hydration with lactate ringer are pharmacological strategies that can prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis when compared to placebo. More clinical trials are required to determine the effectiveness of these drugs.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica , Pancreatite , Idoso , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença Aguda , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica/efeitos adversos , Hidratação/métodos , Metanálise em Rede , Pancreatite/prevenção & controle , Pancreatite/etiologia , Lactato de Ringer/uso terapêutico , Lactato de Ringer/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Risco , Somatostatina/análogos & derivados , Somatostatina/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated myocardial protection and clinical outcomes when using lactated Ringer's solution as the base solution for del Nido cardioplegia compared with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution in valvular surgery. METHODS: From January 2017 to May 2018, 71 adult patients who underwent valvular surgery with del Nido cardioplegia (n=37) or HTK cardioplegia (n=34) were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Patients' characteristics were comparable between groups. Postoperative peak troponin T levels were similar. The del Nido group had a decreased incidence of ventricular fibrillation after aortic cross-clamp removal (13.51 vs. 55.88%; P<0.001), lower total volume of cardioplegia administered (1,000 [1,000, 1,250] vs. 1,800 [1,500, 2,000] mL; P<0.001), shorter hospital stay (6 [5, 8] vs. 7 [6, 10] days; P=0.03), and less postoperative red cell transfusion (34.29 vs. 61.11%; P=0.024). There is no difference in aortic cross-clamping time, postoperative change in left ventricular ejection fraction, intensive care unit stay, duration of inotropic support, new onset of atrial fibrillation, in-hospital mortality, complications, and three-year overall survival rate. CONCLUSION: Lactated Ringer's-based del Nido cardioplegia can be safely used for valvular surgery with acceptable clinical outcomes compared to HTK cardioplegia.
Assuntos
Histidina , Triptofano , Adulto , Humanos , Lactato de Ringer , Soluções Cardioplégicas/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Volume Sistólico , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Parada Cardíaca InduzidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although acute diarrhoea is a self-limiting disease, dehydration may occur in some children. Dehydration is the consequence of an increased loss of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate) in liquid stools. When these losses are high and not replaced adequately, severe dehydration appears. Severe dehydration is corrected with intravenous solutions. The most frequently used solution for this purpose is 0.9% saline. Balanced solutions (e.g. Ringer's lactate) are alternatives to 0.9% saline and have been associated with fewer days of hospitalization and better biochemical outcomes. Available guidelines provide conflicting recommendations. It is unclear whether 0.9% saline or balanced intravenous fluids are most effective for rehydrating children with severe dehydration due to diarrhoea. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of balanced solutions for the rapid rehydration of children with severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea, in terms of time in hospital and mortality compared to 0.9% saline. SEARCH METHODS: We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 4 May 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials in children with severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea comparing balanced solutions, such as Ringer's lactate or Plasma-Lyte with 0.9% saline solution, for rapid rehydration. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. time in hospital and 2. MORTALITY: Our secondary outcomes were 3. need for additional fluids, 4. total amount of fluids received, 5. time to resolution of metabolic acidosis, 6. change in and the final values of biochemical measures (pH, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine), 7. incidence of acute kidney injury, and 8. ADVERSE EVENTS: We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS: Characteristics of the included studies We included five studies with 465 children. Data for meta-analysis were available from 441 children. Four studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries and one study in two high-income countries. Four studies evaluated Ringer's lactate, and one study evaluated Plasma-Lyte. Two studies reported the time in hospital, and only one study reported mortality as an outcome. Four studies reported final pH and five studies reported bicarbonate levels. Adverse events reported were hyponatremia and hypokalaemia in two studies each. Risk of bias All studies had at least one domain at high or unclear risk of bias. The risk of bias assessment informed the GRADE assessments. Primary outcomes Compared to 0.9% saline, the balanced solutions likely result in a slight reduction of the time in hospital (mean difference (MD) -0.35 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.60 to -0.10; 2 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). However, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of the balanced solutions on mortality during hospitalization in severely dehydrated children (risk ratio (RR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.02 to 7.39; 1 study, 22 children; very low-certainty evidence). Secondary outcomes Balanced solutions probably produce a higher increase in blood pH (MD 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.09; 4 studies, 366 children; low-certainty evidence) and bicarbonate levels (MD 2.44 mEq/L, 95% CI 0.92 to 3.97; 443 children, four studies; low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, balanced solutions likely reduces the risk of hypokalaemia after the intravenous correction (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.96; 2 studies, 147 children; moderate-certainty evidence). Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that balanced solutions may result in no difference in the need for additional intravenous fluids after the initial correction; in the amount of fluids administered; or in the mean change of sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine levels. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of balanced solutions on mortality during hospitalization in severely dehydrated children. However, balanced solutions likely result in a slight reduction of the time in the hospital compared to 0.9% saline. Also, balanced solutions likely reduce the risk of hypokalaemia after intravenous correction. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that balanced solutions compared to 0.9% saline probably produce no changes in the need for additional intravenous fluids or in other biochemical measures such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine levels. Last, there may be no difference between balanced solutions and 0.9% saline in the incidence of hyponatraemia.
Assuntos
Desidratação , Hipopotassemia , Criança , Humanos , Bicarbonatos/uso terapêutico , Creatinina , Desidratação/etiologia , Desidratação/terapia , Diarreia/terapia , Potássio , Cloreto de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Lactato de Ringer , Solução Salina , SódioRESUMO
The advancements in the cell culture studies have led to the development of regenerative medicine concept. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of some washing solutions, including phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride (NaCl), and ringer's lactate (RL) on the rate of detachment and confluency in fibroblast and osteoblast cell culture. Baby Hamster Kidney 21 clone 13 (BHK21/C13) fibroblast cells and 7F2 osteoblast were cultured on T25 flasks for 3-4 days. Three treatment groups were classified on the basis of different washing solutions used in the moment before trypsinization: PBS, 0.9% NaCl, and RL. Each group was measured for the detachment rate and cell confluence. The measurement was done in 2 passage numbers. The use of PBS, NaCl, and RL washing solution showed that detachment time was less than 5 minutes for the fibroblasts and 3 minutes for the osteoblasts. There was a significant difference in the rate of fibroblast cell detachment (p=0.006) and osteoblast (p=0.016). The capability of fibroblasts and osteoblasts to achieve a confluence of 106 cells/well on the first and second measurements was almost the same between the washing solution groups. The use of physiological 0.9% NaCl solution as a washing solution in fibroblast and osteoblast cell culture has almost the same effectiveness as PBS to help accelerate cell detachment in less than 5 minutes without influencing the capability of cells to proliferate.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Solução Salina , Cloreto de Sódio , Humanos , Fibroblastos , Soluções Isotônicas/farmacologia , Osteoblastos , Lactato de Ringer , Cloreto de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI) and the inspiratory/minimum and expiratory/maximum diameters of the vena cava to predict fluid responsiveness in hospitalized, critically ill cats with hemodynamic and tissue perfusion abnormalities. DESIGN: Diagnostic test study in a prospective cohort of hospitalized cats. SETTING: Private practice referral hospital. ANIMALS: Twenty-four hospitalized cats with spontaneous breathing and compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion. INTERVENTIONS: Ultrasonographic examination before and after fluid expansion with 10 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fluid responsiveness was evaluated using the velocity-time integral (VTI) of the subaortic blood flow, by measuring it before and after a fluid load of 10 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution. The CVCCI was calculated using the following formula: (maximum diameter - minimum diameter / maximum diameter) × 100. Ten cats were fluid responders (42 %) and 14 were nonresponders (58 %). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) with their 95% confidence interval for the predictors and the best cutoff values were as follows: CVCCI, AUROC = 0.83 (0.66-1.00) and cutoff = 31%; inspiratory/minimum diameter, AUROC = 0.86 (0.70-1.00) and cutoff = 0.24 cm; expiratory/maximum diameter, AUROC = 0.88 (0.74-1.00) and cutoff = 0.22 cm. A significant lineal correlation was observed between the percentage of increase in VTI after expansion and CVCCI (rs = 0.68, P < 0.001), expiratory/maximum diameter (rs = -0.72, P < 0.001), and inspiratory/minimum diameter (rs = -0.71, P < 0.001). The intraobserver and interobserver variability was low for VTI, and the expiratory/maximum diameter and inspiratory/minimum diameter were high for CVCCI. CONCLUSIONS: Caudal vena cava measurements could be useful to predict the response to fluids in hospitalized cats with hemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations. Additional studies are required to draw definitive conclusions about the role of these variables to guide fluid administration in cats.
Assuntos
Hidratação , Hemodinâmica , Gatos , Animais , Estudos Prospectivos , Lactato de Ringer , Hidratação/veterinária , Curva ROC , Respiração Artificial/veterináriaRESUMO
Abstract Background Hydroxyethyl starches are colloids used in fluid therapy that may reduce volume infusion compared with crystalloids, but they can affect renal function in critical care patients. This study aims to assess renal effects of starches using renal biomarkers in the perioperative setting. Methods This prospective, controlled, randomized study compared Hydroxyethyl starch 6% (HES) with Ringer's lactate (RL) in hysterectomy. Each episode of mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg guided the fluid replacement protocol. The RL group received 300 mL bolus of RL solution while the HES group received 150 mL of HES solution. All patients received RL (2 mL.kg−1.h−1) intraoperatively to replace insensible losses. Blood and urine samples were collected at three time points (preoperatively, 24 hours, and 40 days postoperatively) to assess urinary NGAL and KIM-1, as primary outcome, and other markers of renal function. Results Seventy patients were randomized and 60 completed the study. The RL group received a higher crystalloid volume (1,277 ± 812.7 mL vs. 630.4 ± 310.2 mL; p= 0.0002) with a higher fluid balance (780 ± 720 mL vs. 430 ± 440 mL; p= 0.03) and fluid overload (11.7% ± 10.4% vs. 7.0% ± 6.3%; p= 0.04) compared to the HES group. NGAL and KIM-1 did not differ between groups at each time point, however both biomarkers increased 24 hours postoperatively and returned to preoperative levels after 40 days in both groups. Conclusion HES did not increase renal biomarkers following open hysterectomy compared to RL. Moreover, HES provided better hemodynamic parameters using less volume, and reduced postoperative fluid balance and fluid overload.
Assuntos
Derivados de Hidroxietil Amido , Hidratação/métodos , Biomarcadores , Estudos Prospectivos , Substitutos do Plasma , Coloides , Lipocalina-2 , Soluções Cristaloides , Lactato de Ringer , Histerectomia , Soluções Isotônicas , Rim/fisiologiaRESUMO
La pancreatitis aguda es la inflamación del páncreas que se caracteriza por dolor abdominal epigástrico intenso y persistente con niveles elevados de enzimas pancreáticas en la sangre (1, 2). La pancreatitis aguda tiene una incidencia anual que varía de 4.9-73.4 casos por 100 000 habitantes a nivel mundial (3) y es la enfermedad gastrointestinal más común de los pacientes que se hospitalizan en los Estados Unidos (más de 270 000 casos que generan costos anuales de hasta 2.6 mil millones de dólares) (4, 5). En el Perú, se ha registrado una incidencia anual de pancreatitis aguda de 28 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes durante el 2009 (6). La causa más común de la pancreatitis aguda es la litiasis biliar (75%) (7), mientras que el alcoholismo causa aproximadamente una cuarta parte de los casos (8). Otras etiologías identificadas son la hipertrigliceridemia, la pancreatitis aguda post colangiopancreatografía retrógrada post-endoscópica (CPRE), causas genéticas, medicamentosas o por lesión traumática. La severidad de la pancreatitis aguda debe evaluarse mediante un examen clínico identificando pérdidas tempranas de líquidos, insuficiencia orgánica (cardiovascular, respiratorio o renal) o síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. Según la clasificación de Atlanta (9), se puede dividir en leve, moderada-severa o severa (10-12) (tabla 2). El pronóstico de severidad en la PA se basa en datos clínicos, laboratoriales y/o radiológicos (13- 17), los cuales se han agrupado en sistemas de puntuación útiles para determinar el índice de severidad en pancreatitis aguda como el "Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis" (BISAP) (18) y el índice de severidad tomográfica (19) (tabla 2). La evaluación y el manejo adecuados de los casos de pancreatitis aguda pueden reducir la mortalidad y las complicaciones de esta condición. Por ello, el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud) priorizó la realización de la presente guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para establecer lineamientos basados en evidencia para gestionar de la mejor manera los procesos y procedimientos asistenciales de la presente condición. Esta GPC fue realizada por la Dirección de Guías de Práctica Clínica, Farmacovigilancia y Tecnovigilancia del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) de EsSalud.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pancreatite/terapia , Nutrição Enteral , Pancreatite/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Lactato de Ringer/uso terapêutico , Solução Salina/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Hemorrhagic shock (HS), a major cause of trauma-related mortality, is mainly treated by crystalloid fluid administration, typically with lactated Ringer's (LR). Despite beneficial hemodynamic effects, such as the restoration of mean arterial pressure (MAP), LR administration has major side effects, including organ damage due to edema. One strategy to avoid such effects is pre-hospitalization intravenous administration of the potent vasoconstrictor terlipressin, which can restore hemodynamic stability/homeostasis and has anti-inflammatory effects. Wistar rats were subjected to HS for 60 min, at a target MAP of 30-40 mmHg, thereafter being allocated to receive LR infusion at 3 times the volume of the blood withdrawn (liberal fluid management); at 2 times the volume (conservative fluid management), plus terlipressin (10 µg/100 g body weight); and at an equal volume (conservative fluid management), plus terlipressin (10 µg/100 g body weight). A control group comprised rats not subjected to HS and receiving no fluid resuscitation or treatment. At 15 min after fluid resuscitation/treatment, the blood previously withdrawn was reinfused. At 24 h after HS, MAP was higher among the terlipressin-treated animals. Terlipressin also improved post-HS survival and provided significant improvements in glomerular/tubular function (creatinine clearance), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin expression, fractional excretion of sodium, aquaporin 2 expression, tubular injury, macrophage infiltration, interleukin 6 levels, interleukin 18 levels, and nuclear factor kappa B expression. In terlipressin-treated animals, there was also significantly higher angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression and normalization of arginine vasopressin 1a receptor expression. Terlipressin associated with conservative fluid management could be a viable therapy for HS-induced acute kidney injury, likely attenuating such injury by modulating the inflammatory response via the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Choque Hemorrágico , Ratos , Animais , Terlipressina/uso terapêutico , Choque Hemorrágico/complicações , Choque Hemorrágico/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos Wistar , Injúria Renal Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Injúria Renal Aguda/etiologia , Lactato de Ringer , Receptores de Vasopressinas , Arginina VasopressinaRESUMO
AIMS: To evaluate the echocardiographic variable tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion normalised to body weight (TAPSEnorm) as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in hospitalised dogs with haemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations and to investigate the association of left ventricular internal diameter in diastole normalised to body weight (LVIDdN) and aortic velocity time integral (VTIAo) with TAPSEnorm. METHODS: A single-centre, prospective study was carried out in a cohort of spontaneously breathing dogs, hospitalised for any reason, with severe haemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations. The echocardiographic variables TAPSEnorm, LVIDdN, and VTIAO were measured. A bolus of 30â mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution was administered and then VTIAo was subsequently remeasured. Patients were classified as fluid responsive if VTIAo increased by ≥15% after fluid expansion, or non-responsive if VTIAo increased by <15% after fluid expansion. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was generated to evaluate the ability of TAPSE to predict fluid responsiveness. Simple regression models were used to assess the linear relationship between TAPSEnorm and LVIDdN or VTIAO. RESULTS: TAPSEnorm was lower in fluid responsive dogs (mean 0.57 (95% CI = 0.50-0.64) cm/kg) compared to non-responsive dogs (mean 0.76 (95% CI = 0.62-0.90) cm/kg). The AUROC for TAPSEnorm was 0.827 (95% CI = 0.65-1.00). The optimal cut-off point was 0.76 with sensitivity of 80 (95% CI = 28.4-99.5)% and specificity of 86.7 (95% CI = 69.3-99.2)%, positive predictive value of 50 (95% CI = 15.7-84.3)% and negative predictive value of 96.3 (95% CI = 81-99.9)%. A monotonic linear relationship was observed between TAPSEnorm and LVIDdN (p<0.001) and between TAPSEnorm and VTIAo (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TAPSEnorm could be useful in determining those dogs that are likely to respond to a fluid bolus from those that are likely to be non-responsive. Additionally, a positive linear association between the LVIDdN and the TAPSEnorm suggests that TAPSEnorm decreases at lower preload values. The present study results suggest that TAPSEnorm could be a valuable tool for evaluating blood volume status and fluid responsiveness in hospitalised dogs.Abbreviations: AUROC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic; CO: Cardiac output; ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient; LVIDd: Left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; LVIDdN: Left ventricular internal diameter in diastole normalised to body weight; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TAPSEnorm: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion normalised to body weight; VTIAo: Aortic velocity time integral.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Cães , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Ecocardiografia/veterinária , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Lactato de RingerRESUMO
Recomenda ao Ministério da Saúde: I - Que realize levantamento na rede hospitalar, pública e privada, de todos os itens que se encontram em dificuldade de abastecimento; II - Que informe ao CNS, semanalmente, todos os medicamentos do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) em situação de desabastecimento na rede pública, indicando os respectivos motivos, para que o Controle Social possa acompanhar a efetividade do acesso a estes medicamentos; III - Que seja provocada uma reorganização junto à indústria para estabelecer estratégias para regularização da entrega medicamentos; IV - Que o Departamento de Assistência Farmacêutica reassuma seu papel estratégico, para implementação, de forma integrada, das Políticas Nacionais de Assistência Farmacêutica e de Medicamentos; V - Que o Departamento de Assistência Farmacêutica estabeleça um plano de comunicação efetiva e transparente com o controle social; VI - Que organize a retomada dos investimentos públicos ao Complexo Econômico Industrial da Saúde como agenda estratégica para o Brasil, que perpasse pelo fortalecimento dos laboratórios oficiais, e construção de ferramentas para as Parcerias para o Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDPs), tendo como visão estratégica a política industrial; VII - Que assuma a implementação de programas de produção de medicamentos órfãos através dos laboratórios oficiais. À Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) que monitore o mercado global de medicamentos e defina uma agenda regulatória de preços pela Agência. Ao Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde (Conass) e ao Conselho Nacional de Secretarias Municipais de Saúde (Conasems): Que monitorem os estoques disponíveis, articulando e viabilizando os empréstimos e remanejo, quando em situação crítica em alguma localidade, bem como, realizem a articulação interfederativa para a garantia desse direito. Ao Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência, em especial à Superintendência-Geral do CADE: I - Que monitore o processo de editais, pregões e Atas de Registro de Preço, no intuito de garantir a prevenção e a repressão de possíveis infrações contra a ordem econômica, sejam condutas unilaterais, sejam práticas colusivas, como formação de cartéis; e II - Que considere demandar os fornecedores de medicamentos informações sobre custos de pesquisas e desenvolvimento, custos de produção e logística e políticas de desconto. Ao Programa Estadual de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor (Procon), ao Ministério Público, à Defensoria Pública e às entidades civis de defesa do consumidor, em seus respectivos estados: Que monitorem o processo de editais, pregões, Atas de Registro de Preço e preços praticados no mercado em geral, no intuito de prevenção e repressão de possíveis infrações contra a ordem econômica em busca de prática de preços abusivos. Ao Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) que acompanhe e monitore o processo de editais, pregões e Atas de Registro de Preço, no intuito de sanar consequências econômicas e sociais futuras, de forma que seja possível atentar ao regime de urgência da medida.