RESUMO
Leptospirosis has been investigated in several species of wild animals. The white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) is a mammal common in the brazilian semi-arid, so, this study aimed to investigate its role in the occurrence of the leptospirosis in the region Northeast of Brazil. 12 animals were used, from which samples were collected for the attempt of isolation, molecular detection and serological examination. There was no microbial growth, nor were any anti-Leptospira sp. antibodies found in the serological samples. The PCR detected leptospiric DNA in the central nervous system (CNS) of five animals (41.7 %). The gene in one of the samples was sequenced and showed identity with Leptospira interrogans. The presence of Leptospira sp. in the CNS of Didelphis albiventris does not allow the characterization of the studied animals as reservoirs with potential for transmission of the pathogen in the region, however it represents a site that needs to be further investigated.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/veterinária , Sistema Nervoso Central/parasitologia , Didelphis/parasitologia , Leptospira/classificação , Leptospirose/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/parasitologia , Leptospira/genética , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Leptospirose/parasitologia , Filogenia , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis affecting animals and humans caused by infection with Leptospira. The bacteria can survive outside of hosts for long periods of time in soil and water. While identification of Leptospira species from human cases and animal reservoirs are increasingly reported, little is known about the diversity of pathogenic Leptospira species in the environment and how surveillance of the environment might be used for monitoring and controlling disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Water samples (n = 104) were collected from the peri-domestic environment of 422 households from farms, rural villages, and urban slums participating in a broader study on the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis in the Los Rios Region, Chile, between October 2010 and April 2012. The secY region of samples, previously detected as pathogenic Leptospira by PCR, was amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned using ClustalW in MEGA, and a minimum spanning tree was created in PHYLOViZ using the goeBURST algorithm to assess sequence similarity. Sequences from four clinical isolates, 17 rodents, and 20 reference strains were also included in the analysis. Overall, water samples contained L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, and L. weilii, with descending frequency. All species were found in each community type. The distribution of the species differed by the season in which the water samples were obtained. There was no evidence that community-level prevalence of Leptospira in dogs, rodents, or livestock influenced pathogen diversity in the water samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the peri-domestic environment of households in three community types and the differences in Leptospira diversity at the community level. Systematic environmental surveillance of Leptospira can be used for detecting changes in pathogen diversity and to identify and monitor contaminated areas where an increased risk of human infection exists.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Leptospira/genética , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Microbiologia da Água , Animais , Animais Domésticos/microbiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Cães/microbiologia , Meio Ambiente , Humanos , Leptospira/classificação , Leptospira/patogenicidade , Leptospirose/parasitologia , Leptospirose/transmissão , Leptospirose/veterinária , Gado/microbiologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Roedores/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , ZoonosesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting mainly to low income human population. Acute leptospiral infection during pregnancy has been associated with spontaneous abortion and fetal death during the first trimester and the abortion may occur as consequence of systemic failure. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of Leptospira interrogans infection in women with spontaneous abortion in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. METHODS: A cross sectional study on women with spontaneous abortion was conducted. Serum samples were tested for Leptospirosis by the microaglutination test, to estimate the frequency of the infecting serovar. The indirect ELISA IgM was used to detect recent infection by L. interrogans. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue of placenta for PCR detection of L. interrogans. RESULTS: Overall frequency of infection with L. interrogans in the 81 women with abortion was 13.6%. Five of the 12 serovars evaluated were found and included. Two of the 11 women with abortion and positive to microaglutination test were also positive to the ELISA IgM test. None samples were positive for PCR Leptospira diagnosis. CONCLUSION: two women could be associated with spontaneous abortion due to leptospirosis, because they showed antibodies against L. interrogans in the microaglutination test and ELISA IgM assays. Differences between regions were found with respect to the prevalences of lesptospirosis.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica que afecta principalmente la población humana de bajos recursos. Infección aguda por leptospirosis durante el embarazo se ha asociado con aborto espontáneo y muerte fetal durante el primer trimestre del embarazo. OBJETIVO: Estimar la frecuencia de infección por Leptospira interrogans en mujeres con aborto espontáneo en el estado de Yucatán, México. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio transversal en 81 mujeres con aborto espontáneo. La prueba de referencia para Leptospirosis, prueba de microaglutinación, se utilizó para estimar la frecuencia de la serovar infectante. El ELISA IgM indirecto se utilizó para detectar infección reciente por L. interrogans. Se extrajo ADN a partir de tejido embebido en parafina de placenta para la detección de L. interrogans por PCR. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia global de la infección con L. interrogans en 81 mujeres con aborto, fue del 13.6%. Se encontró cinco de 12 serovares de Leptospira. Dos de las 11 mujeres con aborto espontáneo y positivo a microaglutinación también fueron positivas a la prueba ELISA IgM. Ninguna muestra fue positiva hacia el diagnóstico PCR de Leptospira. CONCLUSION: Dos mujeres podrían estar asociados con el aborto espontáneo debido a la leptospirosis, porque mostraron anticuerpos contra L. interrogans en la microaglutinación y ensayos de ELISA IgM. Diferencias entre regiones fueron encontradas con respecto a las prevalencias de leptospirosis.
Assuntos
Aborto Espontâneo/parasitologia , Morte Fetal , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Feminino , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Humanos , Leptospirose/parasitologia , México/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/parasitologiaRESUMO
Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting mainly to low income human population. Acute leptospiral infection during pregnancy has been associated with spontaneous abortion and fetal death during the first trimester and the abortion may occur as consequence of systemic failure. Objective: To estimate the frequency of Leptospira interrogans infection in women with spontaneous abortion in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Methods: A cross sectional study on women with spontaneous abortion was conducted. Serum samples were tested for Leptospirosis by the microaglutination test, to estimate the frequency of the infecting serovar. The indirect ELISA IgM was used to detect recent infection by L. interrogans. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue of placenta for PCR detection of L. interrogans. Results: Overall frequency of infection with L. interrogans in the 81 women with abortion was 13.6%. Five of the 12 serovars evaluated were found and included. Two of the 11 women with abortion and positive to microaglutination test were also positive to the ELISA IgM test. None samples were positive for PCR Leptospira diagnosis. Conclusion: two women could be associated with spontaneous abortion due to leptospirosis, because they showed antibodies against L. interrogans in the microaglutination test and ELISA IgM assays. Differences between regions were found with respect to the prevalences of lesptospirosis.
Introducción: Leptospirosis es una enfermedad zoonótica que afecta principalmente la población humana de bajos recursos. Infección aguda por leptospirosis durante el embarazo se ha asociado con aborto espontáneo y muerte fetal durante el primer trimestre del embarazo. Objetivo: Estimar la frecuencia de infección por Leptospira interrogans en mujeres con aborto espontáneo en el estado de Yucatán, México. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio trasversal en 81 mujeres con aborto espontáneo. La prueba de referencia para Leptospirosis, prueba de microaglutinación, se utilizó para estimar la frecuencia de la serovar infectante. El ELISA IgM indirecto se utilizó para detectar infección reciente por L. interrogans. Se extrajo ADN a partir de tejido embebido en parafina de placenta para la detección de L. interrogans por PCR. Resultados: La frecuencia global de la infección con L. interrogans en 81 mujeres con aborto, fue del 13.6%. Se encontró cinco de 12 serovares de Leptospira. Dos de las 11 mujeres con aborto espontáneo y positivo a microaglutinación también fueron positivas a la prueba ELISA IgM. Ninguna muestra fue positiva hacia el diagnóstico PCR de Leptospira. Conclusion: Dos mujeres podrían estar asociados con el aborto espontáneo debido a la leptospirosis, porque mostraron anticuerpos contra L. interrogans en la microaglutinación y ensayos de ELISA IgM. Diferencias entre regiones fueron encontradas con respecto a las prevalencias de leptospirosis.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Aborto Espontâneo/parasitologia , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Morte Fetal , Leptospira interrogans/imunologia , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/parasitologia , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Leptospirose/parasitologia , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: A leptospirose é um importante agravo de saúde pública e afeta ao menos um milhão de humanos por ano no mundo. Ratos de esgoto (Rattus norvegicus) são os principais reservatórios de leptospiras patogênicas nas áreas urbanas e excretam, através da urina, elevadas quantidades de bactérias diariamente. As leptospiras sobrevivem no ambiente e são transmitidas para novos hospedeiros através do contato com mucosas e pele. Leptospiras patogênicas formam densos biofilmes in vitro. A patogênese da leptospirose em reservatórios crônicos é pouco conhecida. OBJETIVO: Estudar a formação de biofilme por Leptospira interrogans em R. norvegicus capturados em uma área hiperendêmica de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Capturamos 86 ratos, dos quais 76 (88,4%) foram considerados portadores de L. interrogans através da avaliação por imunohistoquímica (IHQ) anti-L. interrogans e/ou Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase quantitativa em Tempo Real (RT-qPCR) utilizando iniciadores específicos para o gene lipL32. RESULTADOS: Ao exame de IHQ anti-L. interrogans, 69 ratos foram positivos. Destes, 24 (35%)...
INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is an important public health problem and affects at least one million people each year worldwide. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are the main reservoir hosts of leptospires in urban environments. They excrete large amounts of bacteria daily. Leptospires survive in the environment and are transmitted to new hosts by contact with mucous membranes and skin. Pathogenic leptospires form dense biofilms in vitro. The pathogenesis of chronic leptospirosis in reservoirs is largely unknown. The aim of this work was to study biofilm formation by Leptospira interrogans in R. norvegicus caught in a hyperendemic area in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We caught 86 rats, out of which 76 (88.4%) were carriers of L. interrogans according to immunohistochemistry (IHC) anti-L. interrogans and/or quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) using LipL32 primers. RESULTS: From the 69 rats positive for IHC anti-L. interrogans, 24 (35%)...
Assuntos
Humanos , Leptospirose/diagnóstico , Leptospirose/imunologia , Leptospirose/parasitologia , Leptospirose/patologia , Leptospirose/prevenção & controle , Leptospirose/transmissãoRESUMO
A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por espiroquetas patogênicas pertencentes ao gênero Leptospira. O modelo da doença em camundongos tem vantagens devido à ampla gama de ferramentas genéticas e imunológicas disponíveis para pesquisas básicas. A maior limitação na conduta clínica e na pesquisa experimental da leptospirose é o fraco desempenho dos métodos disponíveis para detecção direta e para quantificação de leptospiras. Foi incluído nesta tese um conjunto de três manuscritos que visam investigar o desfecho da infecção pela cepa virulenta de Leptospira interrogans nas linhagens de camundongos selvagens (A, CBA, BALB/c e C57BL/6)...
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochaetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. The mouse disease model is advantagous due to the broad array of immunological and genetic tools available for basic research. A major limitation in the clinical management and experimental research of leptospirosis is the poor performance of the available methods in the direct detection and quantification of leptospires. This thesis includes three manuscripts that investigate the outcome of infection by a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans in wildtype mice strains: A, CBA, BALB/c and C57BL/6; in iNOS knockout (KO) mice, recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) KO mice and CB17 severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. To investigate whether the imprint method (IM) of quantification was reliable we compared it with against real time PCR (qPCR) for the detection and quantification of leptospires in kidney samples from rats and hamsters. As expected, none of the wildtype mice were susceptible to lethal leptospirosis. The A and C57BL/6 strains exhibited high leptospiral loads in the kidney samples and the CBA and C57BL/6...
Assuntos
Animais , Hemorragia/diagnóstico , Hemorragia/imunologia , Hemorragia/patologia , Leptospirose/parasitologia , Leptospirose/patologiaAssuntos
Animais , Roedores/imunologia , Leptospira , Leptospirose/parasitologia , Marsupiais/imunologia , AnticorposRESUMO
O presente trabalho visou determinar a prevalência de soroaglutininas anti-Leptospira spp., determinar sua distribuição regional e avaliar os principais fatores associados à enfermidade em bovinos do Estado de Goiás. Realizou-se o estudo utilizandose 4.571 amostras colhidas em 715 propriedades de 213 dos 246 municípios do Estado de Goiás, as quais foram analisadas pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Detectaram-se 62,2% de amostras positivas para pelo menos um dos dezesseis sorovares testados, com predominância de coaglutinações (40,24%), seguidas pelos sorovares Wolffi (14,53%), Hardjo (12,70%), Grippotyphosa (10,55%) e Shermani (6,55%). A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. foi associada aos seguintes fatores: estrato de produção, sendo mais prevalente no estrato de produção predominantemente de bovinos para corte; prática de inseminação artificial; raça dos animais; presença de ovinos e caprinos; presença de capivaras; compra de reprodutores em exposições e de outras propriedades; aluguel de pastos em alguma época do ano; presença de piquete maternidade e ocorrência de abortos. Concluiu-se que a infecção por Leptospira spp. é endêmica no Estado de Goiás.(AU)
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. and their regional distribution, and evaluate the main risk factors associated to the disease in cattle in the State of Goias, Brazil. The study was carried out using 4571 samples taken from 715 properties of 213 municipalities in the state of Goias. The samples were analysed by the microagglutination test (MAT). 62.2% of the samples were positive for at least one of the 16 serovars tested, with major prevalence of co-agglutination (40.24%), followed by serovars wolffi (14.53%), hardjo (12.70 %), grippotyphosa (10.55%) and shermani (6.55%). The prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies was associated to the following factors: stratum of production, with a greater prevalence in stractum of beef cattle production; practice of artificial insemination; cattle breed; presence of sheep and goats; presence of capybaras; purchase of reproducers in exhibitions and from other properties; pasture rent at any time of year; presence of maternity paddock, and occurrence of abortions. It was concluded that leptospiral infection is endemic in Goias State.(AU)
Assuntos
Bovinos , Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos/classificação , Leptospirose/parasitologia , Epidemiologia , Infecções/parasitologiaRESUMO
O presente trabalho visou determinar a prevalência de soroaglutininas anti-Leptospira spp., determinar sua distribuição regional e avaliar os principais fatores associados à enfermidade em bovinos do Estado de Goiás. Realizou-se o estudo utilizandose 4.571 amostras colhidas em 715 propriedades de 213 dos 246 municípios do Estado de Goiás, as quais foram analisadas pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Detectaram-se 62,2% de amostras positivas para pelo menos um dos dezesseis sorovares testados, com predominância de coaglutinações (40,24%), seguidas pelos sorovares Wolffi (14,53%), Hardjo (12,70%), Grippotyphosa (10,55%) e Shermani (6,55%). A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. foi associada aos seguintes fatores: estrato de produção, sendo mais prevalente no estrato de produção predominantemente de bovinos para corte; prática de inseminação artificial; raça dos animais; presença de ovinos e caprinos; presença de capivaras; compra de reprodutores em exposições e de outras propriedades; aluguel de pastos em alguma época do ano; presença de piquete maternidade e ocorrência de abortos. Concluiu-se que a infecção por Leptospira spp. é endêmica no Estado de Goiás.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. and their regional distribution, and evaluate the main risk factors associated to the disease in cattle in the State of Goias, Brazil. The study was carried out using 4571 samples taken from 715 properties of 213 municipalities in the state of Goias. The samples were analysed by the microagglutination test (MAT). 62.2% of the samples were positive for at least one of the 16 serovars tested, with major prevalence of co-agglutination (40.24%), followed by serovars wolffi (14.53%), hardjo (12.70 %), grippotyphosa (10.55%) and shermani (6.55%). The prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies was associated to the following factors: stratum of production, with a greater prevalence in stractum of beef cattle production; practice of artificial insemination; cattle breed; presence of sheep and goats; presence of capybaras; purchase of reproducers in exhibitions and from other properties; pasture rent at any time of year; presence of maternity paddock, and occurrence of abortions. It was concluded that leptospiral infection is endemic in Goias State.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos/classificação , Epidemiologia , Infecções/parasitologia , Leptospirose/parasitologiaRESUMO
Human infection by leptospires has highly variable clinical manifestations, which range from subclinical infection to fulminant disease. We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study in Peru to determine potential relationships of environmental context to human exposure to Leptospira and disease associated with seroconversion. Three areas were studied: a flooded, urban slum in the Peruvian Amazon city of Iquitos; rural, peri-Iquitos villages; and a desert shantytown near Lima. Seroprevalence in Belen was 28% (182/650); in rural areas, 17% (52/316); and in a desert shantytown, 0.7% (1/150). Leptospira-infected peridomestic rats were found in all locales. In Belen, 20 (12.4%) of 161 patients seroconverted between dry and wet seasons (an incidence rate of 288/1,000). Seroconversion was associated with history of febrile illness; severe leptospirosis was not seen. Human exposure to Leptospira in the Iquitos region is high, likely related both to the ubiquity of leptospires in the environment and human behavior conducive to transmission from infected zoonotic sources.