RESUMO

PURPOSE: Our study aims to investigate the effect of decreasing distance from the patient to the fixation target on the measurement of strabismus with a known distance-near disparity. METHODS: Strabismus measurements were taken by one pediatric ophthalmologist at our standard distance of 18 feet and compared to those taken at 16, 14, 12, and 10 feet from the fixation target. A clinically meaningful difference was defined as >2.5 prism diopters (PD), since a difference of that magnitude may alter surgical planning. RESULTS: Thirty-nine subjects, including 22 exotropes and 17 esotropes, were included in this study. Mean prism diopter difference (PDD) in the exotrope group at lengths of 16, 14, 12, and 10 feet compared to 18 feet were 1.3 (SD 1.9, range 0-6), 1.3 (SD 2.2, range 0-8), 1.7 (SD 3.2, range 0-14), and 2.8 (SD 4.4, range 0-14), respectively. Among esotropes, the mean PDD at the same distances were 1.1 (SD 1.9, range 0-7), 2.1 (SD 2.6, range 0-7), 3.9 (SD 4.9, range 0-19), and 4.3 (SD 5.1, range 0-19). The percentages of exotropes with a PDD of >2.5 at 16, 14, 12, and 10 feet compared to 18 feet were 13.6% (n = 3), 13.6% (n = 3), 18.2% (n = 4), and 27.3% (n = 6), respectively. In the esotrope group, 11.8% (n = 2), 35.3% (n = 6), 47.1% (n = 8), and 47.1% (n = 8) had a PDD of >2.5 at the same distances, respectively. CONCLUSION: This pilot study is the first to investigate the change in measured angle of strabismus at various non-mirrored distances from the patient to the fixation target. Our methodology defines a framework that could be used in a higher-powered study to further our understanding of the effect of room length on strabismus evaluation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between the kinematics of spontaneous blinks and the anterior area of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle in patients with Graves orbitopathy (GO). METHODS: This is a case-control study. The authors measured the margin reflex distance of the upper eyelid (margin reflex distance 1), the kinematics of spontaneous blinks, and the anterior area of levator palpebrae superioris muscle in CT coronal scans of patients with Graves upper eyelid retraction (GO) and a control group. The eye with the greatest margin reflex distance 1 was selected for analysis in each group. RESULTS: A total of 68 participants were included, with 36 in the GO group and 32 in the control group. In the GO group, the mean margin reflex distance 1 measured 6.5 mm, while in the control group, it was 3.9 mm. Almost all parameters related to the closing phase of spontaneous blinking activity, including amplitude, velocity, blinking rate, and interblink time, did not differ between the two groups. However, the effectiveness of the blink's amplitude (ratio of blink amplitude to margin reflex distance 1) and the main sequence (relationship between amplitude and velocity) were significantly reduced in the GO group compared with the control group. The area of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle was significantly larger in GO than in controls, with 71.4% of patients' muscles outside of the maximum range of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with GO, there is a reduction in blinking effectiveness, also known as blink lagophthalmos, which is a factor in the common occurrence of ocular surface symptoms. The increase in velocity with amplitude is also reduced in GO.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Purpose: To assess long-term visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) after strabismus surgery. Methods: A consecutive sample of five children with CZS who underwent strabismus surgery was enrolled. All children underwent a standardized pre- and postoperative protocol including binocular best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the Teller Acuity Cards II (TAC II), ocular alignment, functional vision using the functional vision developmental milestones test (FVDMT), and neurodevelopmental milestone evaluation using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition (BSID-III). Scores of the FVDMT outcomes considering the child's developmental age based on the BSID-III score were compared with scores from postoperative assessment. Results: Five children with CZS (3 girls, 2 boys) were enrolled with a mean age at baseline (preoperative) of 35.0 ± 0.7 months (range, 34-36 months) and at final assessment of 64.4 ± 0.5 months (range, 64-65 months). Preoperative BCVA was 1.2 ± 0.5 logMAR and at final assessment 0.7 ± 0.1 logMAR. Successful strabismus surgery outcome was maintained in 4/5 (80.0%) of children at final assessment. The children's BSID-III scores showed significant neurodevelopment delay at the initial assessment (corresponding developmental mean age was 4.7 months) and at their final assessment (corresponding developmental mean age was 5.1 months). There was improvement or stability in 34/46 items evaluated in the FVDMT (73.9%) when comparing baseline with 2-year follow-up. Conclusions: Strabismus surgery resulted in long-term ocular alignment in the majority of children with CZS. All the children showed improvement or stability in more than 70.0% of the functional vision items assessed. Visual and neurodevelopmental dysfunction may be related to complex condition and associated disorders seen in CZS including ocular, neurological, and skeletal abnormalities.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To measure the spontaneous blinking metrics after blepharoptosis correction with frontalis muscle flap advancement. METHODS: A video system was employed to measure the amplitude and velocity of spontaneous blinking of 24 eyelids after the frontalis muscle flap surgery for blepharoptosis correction. A control group with no eyelid disorders was also measured. The data of 13 eyelids who had frontalis slings with autogenous fascia, which were previously collected with the same method in another study, were used for comparison. Digital images were used to measure the superior margin reflex distance and the presence of lagophthalmos during a gentle closure of the palpebral fissure. Superficial keratitis was assessed by corneal biomicroscopy. RESULTS: The mean amplitude of spontaneous blinking was 6.3 mm in controls, 2.6 mm in the frontalis flap patients, and 2.1 mm in the fascia sling group. The mean blink velocity was 133.8 mm/second in controls, 39.0 mm/second (3.7 standard error) after the frontalis flap, and 36.3 mm/second in patients with frontalis sling with fascia. For these 2 parameters, there was no statistical difference between the surgical groups, but a significant reduction when compared with the control group. No significant association was found between lagophthalmos and keratitis and the surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference between the blinking metrics of eyelids operated using the frontalis muscle flap advancement technique or frontalis sling with autogenous fascia. The presence of lagophthalmos and keratitis also does not differ between the 2 procedures.

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although the nonaffected side appears to be clinically normal in hemifacial spasm (HFS), it is not known whether this side can be considered normal regarding histopathological findings. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate and compare orbicularis oculi samples of patients with HFS (not previously treated with botulinum toxin) and control patients undergoing cosmetic upper eyelid blepharoplasty. METHODS: Orbicularis oculi samples from 22 eyelids were evaluated. There were 7 samples from the affected and 7 samples from the nonaffected sides of patients with HFS who had not been previously treated with botulinum toxin, and 8 samples from normal control patients. Muscle samples were prepared using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and a digital image analysis software was used for objective analyses. RESULTS: When compared with normal controls, endomysial and perimysial connective tissue areas were significantly increased (P = 0.015) on the affected side in HFS, suggesting that this disorder is associated with chronic alterations that lead to muscle degeneration. Cell density was significantly reduced on the affected (P = 0.028) and also on the nonaffected sides in HFS (P = 0.003) compared with normal controls. This was observed, although, clinically, there were no signs or symptoms of increased muscular contraction on the nonaffected sides in any of the patients with HFS studied. CONCLUSIONS: Significant morphological differences in the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with HFS were observed on both the affected and nonaffected sides. Our findings suggest a potential role for muscle homeostasis disturbances on both sides for patients with HFS. Affected sides in patients with HFS did, however, demonstrate muscle degeneration that was not present on the nonaffected sides.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate three superior oblique surgical weakening procedures for correcting A-pattern strabismus: tenectomy, superior oblique hang-back recession, and that involving the use of superior oblique suture spacers. Methods: The inclusion criteria were A-pattern strabismus ≥10Δ and horizontal deviation ≥10Δ, with no other ocular abnormality and a follow-up period of ≥6 months. The 24 patients (mean age, 16.3 ± 8.1 years; mean postoperative follow-up, 9.63 ± 3.11 months) were randomly divided into three groups of 8 patients each. Sigmascan® Pro 5.0 software was used to measure the degree of torsion pre- and postoperatively. Results: Preoperatively, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 19.33Δ° ± 3.53Δ° (tenectomy group), 15.71Δ° ± 1.11Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 14.62Δ° ± 1.18Δ° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 4.67Δ° ± 0.67Δ° (tenectomy group), 6.29Δ° ± 1.48Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 4.38Δ° ± 1.03Δ° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the correction in A-pattern strabismus among the three groups. Preoperatively, the mean torsional angles were +5.4° ± 3.9° (tenectomy group), +5.6° ± 4.9° (hang-back recession group), and +6.0° ± 3.3° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean torsional angles were + 0.3° ± 5.6° (tenectomy group), +0.5° ± 4.6° (hang-back recession group), and +0.2° ± 5.2° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the intorsion correction among the three groups. Conclusion: All three superior oblique weakening procedures were effective for correcting A-pattern strabismus and fundus intorsion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar três procedimentos de debilitamento dos músculos oblíquos superiores para a correção de estrabismo com padrão em A: tenectomia, sutura em rédea (hang-back recession) e o uso de espaçadores de sutura oblíqua superior. Métodos: Os critérios de inclusão foram estrabismo padrão em A ≥10Δ e desvio horizontal ≥10Δ, sem outras anormalidades oculares e tempo de acompanhamento ≥6 meses. Os 24 pacientes (média de idade de 16,3 ± 8,1 anos; média de seguimento pós-operatório de 9,63 ± 3,11 meses) foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 8 pacientes cada. O programa Sigmascan® Pro 5.0 foi utilizado para medir o grau de torção no pré e pós-operatório. Resultados: No pré-operatório, a média e o desvio padrão dos ângulos de padrão em A foram de 19,33Δ° ± 3,53Δ° (grupo da tenectomia), 15,71Δ° ± 1,11Δ° (grupo da sutura em rédea), 14,62Δ° ± 1,18Δ° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura); esses valores não diferiram significativamente. No exame pós-operatório, a média e o desvio padrão dos ângulos de desvio do padrão em A foram de 4,67Δ° ± 0,67Δ° (grupo da tenectomia), 6,29Δ° ± 1,48Δ° (grupo da sutura em rédea), 4,38Δ° ± 1,03Δ° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa na correção do estrabismo padrão em A entre os três grupos. No pré-operatório, os ângulos médios de torção foram de +5,4o ± 3,9° (grupo de tenectomia), +5,6° ± 4,9° (grupo da su­tura em rédea), e +6,0° ± 3,3° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura), esses valores não diferiram significativamente. No pós-operatório, os ângulos médios de torção foram de +0,3° ± 5,6° (grupo da tenectomia), +0,5° ± 4,6° (grupo da sutura em rédea), e +0,2° ± 5,2° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa na correção da intorção entre os três grupos. Conclusão: Os três procedimentos de debili­tamento dos músculos oblíquos superiores foram efetivos para a correção do estrabismo com padrão em A e da intorção ocular observada na fundoscopia.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN La caracterización de las poleas de los músculos extraoculares ha sido de gran trascendencia en la fisiopatología del equilibrio óculo-motor. El efecto mecánico de la polea funcional es cambiar el eje de acción del músculo de acuerdo con la orientación que el globo ocular presente. Los trastornos en la localización o estabilidad de las poleas pueden crear patrones de estrabismo incomitante. Es importante el conocimiento de estas anomalías porque los procedimientos quirúrgicos estándar no corrigen los desplazamientos de las poleas. Se realizó una búsqueda del tema de los últimos 10 años utilizando la plataforma de infomed(AU)

ABSTRACT Characterization of extraocular muscle pulleys has had great relevance in the physiopathology of ocular motor balance. The mechanical effect of the functional pulley is to change the axis of action of the muscle in keeping with the orientation of the eyeball. Pulley location or stability disorders may create incomitant strabismus patterns. It is important to be aware of these anomalies because standard surgical procedures do not correct pulley displacement. A search was conducted on the Infomed platform of papers published about the topic in the past ten years(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To evaluate three superior oblique surgical weakening procedures for correcting A-pattern strabismus: tenectomy, superior oblique hang-back recession, and that involving the use of superior oblique suture spacers. METHODS: The inclusion criteria were A-pattern strabismus ≥10Δ and horizontal deviation ≥10Δ, with no other ocular abnormality and a follow-up period of ≥6 months. The 24 patients (mean age, 16.3 ± 8.1 years; mean postoperative follow-up, 9.63 ± 3.11 months) were randomly divided into three groups of 8 patients each. Sigmascan® Pro 5.0 software was used to measure the degree of torsion pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 19.33Δ° ± 3.53Δ° (tenectomy group), 15.71Δ° ± 1.11Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 14.62Δ° ± 1.18Δ° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 4.67Δ° ± 0.67Δ° (tenectomy group), 6.29Δ° ± 1.48Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 4.38Δ° ± 1.03Δ° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the correction in A-pattern strabismus among the three groups. Preoperatively, the mean torsional angles were +5.4° ± 3.9° (tenectomy group), +5.6° ± 4.9° (hang-back recession group), and +6.0° ± 3.3° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean torsional angles were + 0.3° ± 5.6° (tenectomy group), +0.5° ± 4.6° (hang-back recession group), and +0.2° ± 5.2° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the intorsion correction among the three groups. CONCLUSION: All three superior oblique weakening procedures were effective for correcting A-pattern strabismus and fundus intorsion.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: La determinación de las diferentes subpoblaciones de los linfocitos T en las diversas patologías y el monitoreo postratamiento ayuda a que el médico tome decisiones terapéuticas teniendo como referencia la cinética de los linfocitos T localizados en sangre periférica. Métodos: Se realizó la estandarización de un perfil de moléculas de superficie para la caracterización de subpoblaciones de linfocitos T: naïve, activados y de memoria, así como las células natural killer o asesinas naturales (CD3− CD56+) en sangre periférica de individuos clínicamente sanos. Resultados: Se identificaron las subpoblaciones de linfocitos: naïve (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CCR7+), activados (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+ o CD45RO+, CD69+ y/o CRTAM+), efectores (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L−, CCR7−), de memoria central (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L+, CCR7+) y de memoria efectora (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L−, CCR7−) en las poblaciones de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+. Se integraron los datos obtenidos con estadística descriptiva (valores mínimos, valores máximos, media, mediana). Conclusiones: Este panel será de gran utilidad para monitorear pacientes en quienes se requiera valorar el estado inmunológico desde el punto de vista celular. Particularmente, puede apoyar en el seguimiento de los pacientes en los que se requiera evaluar la reconstitución inmunológica (componente celular de estirpe T).

Abstract Background: The knowledge of the participation of different subpopulations of T lymphocytes in various pathologies helps to make therapeutic decisions, having as reference the presence of the different subpopulations of the T lymphocytes associated with the disease. Methods: A profile standardization of surface molecules for the characterization of subpopulations of T cells was conducted: naïve, activated and memory, as well as natural killer (CD3− CD56+) cells in peripheral blood of clinically healthy individuals. Results: Naïve (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CCR7+), activated (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD45RA+ or CD45RO+, CD69+ and/or CRTAM+), effectors (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L−, CCR7−), central memory (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L+, CCR7+), memory effectors (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD62RO+, CD62L−, CCR7−) subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Descriptive statistics parameters were calculated (minimum values, maximum values, mean values, median). Conclusions: This panel can be very useful for monitoring patients in whom the immunological status from a cellular perspective is needed. Particularly, it can support the follow-up of patients who require an immunological reconstitution (T-cell component) evaluation.

Assuntos