RESUMO
Background: Cyanogenic plants accumulate cyanogenic glycosides and release hydrocyanic acid (HCN). In Brazil, therehave been reports of several plants that cause HCN poisoning in animals and lead to a fast death with few clinical signs andlesions on post mortem examination. Some cultivars of Cynodon spp. grasses cause HCN poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Theobjectives of this work were to report the occurrence of deaths by HCN poisoning in cattle as diagnosed by the veterinarypathology laboratory, describe the quantity of HCN in some cultivars of Cynodon spp., as well as, to describe one cultivarof genus Cynodon never reported as poisonous.Materials, Methods & Results: The archives of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus ofthe Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) were reviewed, seeking cases with a diagnosis of hydrocyanic acid poisoning incattle after post mortem examination. The amount of HCN present in some cultivars of the Cynodon genus was quantified due to the high frequency of poisoning cases. From the 1,235 post mortem examinations of cattle 28 (2.27%) werediagnosed with spontaneous hydrocyanic acid poisoning, 17 cases (60.7%) due to ingestion of Prunus sp. or Manihotsp., and 11 cases (39.3%) of Cynodon dactylon ingestion. Most animals were found dead, normally having presented noclinical signs. Macroscopic evaluation mainly showed a severe amount of unchewed and undigested leaves or grass mixedin the ruminal content presenting a bitter almond odor. It was possible to infer that, among cultivars of the Cynodon genus, Florakirk showed the highest levels of HCN compared (P < 0.05) with Star of Puerto Rico, Tifton 68, Tifton 44, andCoast-Cross. Furthermore, Tifton 85 and Jiggs showed undetected levels of HCN...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Manihot/intoxicação , Prunus/intoxicação , Cynodon/intoxicação , Cianeto de Hidrogênio/intoxicação , Doenças dos BovinosRESUMO
Background: Cyanogenic plants accumulate cyanogenic glycosides and release hydrocyanic acid (HCN). In Brazil, therehave been reports of several plants that cause HCN poisoning in animals and lead to a fast death with few clinical signs andlesions on post mortem examination. Some cultivars of Cynodon spp. grasses cause HCN poisoning in cattle in Brazil. Theobjectives of this work were to report the occurrence of deaths by HCN poisoning in cattle as diagnosed by the veterinarypathology laboratory, describe the quantity of HCN in some cultivars of Cynodon spp., as well as, to describe one cultivarof genus Cynodon never reported as poisonous.Materials, Methods & Results: The archives of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) at the Concórdia Campus ofthe Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) were reviewed, seeking cases with a diagnosis of hydrocyanic acid poisoning incattle after post mortem examination. The amount of HCN present in some cultivars of the Cynodon genus was quantified due to the high frequency of poisoning cases. From the 1,235 post mortem examinations of cattle 28 (2.27%) werediagnosed with spontaneous hydrocyanic acid poisoning, 17 cases (60.7%) due to ingestion of Prunus sp. or Manihotsp., and 11 cases (39.3%) of Cynodon dactylon ingestion. Most animals were found dead, normally having presented noclinical signs. Macroscopic evaluation mainly showed a severe amount of unchewed and undigested leaves or grass mixedin the ruminal content presenting a bitter almond odor. It was possible to infer that, among cultivars of the Cynodon genus, Florakirk showed the highest levels of HCN compared (P < 0.05) with Star of Puerto Rico, Tifton 68, Tifton 44, andCoast-Cross. Furthermore, Tifton 85 and Jiggs showed undetected levels of HCN...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Cianeto de Hidrogênio/intoxicação , Cynodon/intoxicação , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Manihot/intoxicação , Prunus/intoxicação , Doenças dos BovinosRESUMO
Gyromitra esculenta, also known as "false morel" is one of the most poisonous mushrooms. This species is found all over the world, growing in coniferous forest in early spring time. Common manifestation of poisoning includes gastrointestinal symptoms which include varied degrees of liver impairment. We describe three cases: acute liver injury, acute liver failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to G. esculenta poisoning. At admission patients presented with encephalopathy and features of liver failure. Two of them recovered completely following supportive management while the remaining patient who also had preexisting liver disease developed multiorgan failure and subsequently died. Although a rare occurrence, G. esculenta poisoning should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute liver failure.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Hepática Crônica Agudizada/etiologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Manihot/intoxicação , Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/complicações , Insuficiência Hepática Crônica Agudizada/diagnóstico , Idoso , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Fígado/diagnóstico por imagem , Falência Hepática Aguda/diagnóstico , Falência Hepática Aguda/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Intoxicação Alimentar por Cogumelos/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a plant used as food and an ingredient in industry, contains cyanogenic glycosides. The cassava root contains wastewater, popularly known as manipueira, which is a toxic substance. Its ingestion by animals causes poisoning although they react positively to treatment with sodium thiosulfate. The present research evaluates the cytotoxicity and the mutagenicity of liquid waste produced in the process of industrialization of the bitter cassava, olho-junto variety. The liquid wastes are characterized as press water, which is obtained when the cassava roots are pressed; pond water, which is press water stored in impounded ponds; and a solution of sodium thiosulfate, pure and with other waste. RESULTS: The system tests comprised root meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. and bone marrow cells of Rattus norvegicus. Treatment with saline solution was cytotoxic for Allium cepa L. and significantly reduced cell division rate. Although no treatment was cytotoxic in any of the tests with rats, the thiosulfate solution was clastogenic for the chromosomal aberrations test. CONCLUSION: Since it is harmful to the genetic material submitted within the conditions of current research, sodium thiosulfate should only be used in emergency conditions in which the benefits exceed the risks.
Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas/induzido quimicamente , Glicosídeos/intoxicação , Manihot/intoxicação , Mutagênicos , Intoxicação por Plantas/tratamento farmacológico , Tiossulfatos/toxicidade , Águas Residuárias/química , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Farinha , Resíduos Industriais , Masculino , Manihot/química , Meristema , Cebolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/química , Lagoas , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tiossulfatos/uso terapêutico , Água/químicaRESUMO
Introdução: A mandioca, Manihot esculenta Crantz, é um importante vegetal comestível na região amazônica que durante o processamento origina ácido cianídrico, podendo acarretar efeitos nocivos ao ser humano e animais. Objetivo: Avaliar a exposição humana ao ácido cianídrico oriundo dos glicosídeos cianogênicos presentes no vegetal, através da determinação dos teores urinários de tiocianato, principal produto de biotransformação do cianeto e seus derivado. Método: Análise espectrofotométrica dos teores urinários de tiocianato. Resultados: A concentração urinária média do metabólito nos indivíduos fumantes foi de 1.215 +/- 0,86mg/L, enquanto que em não fumantes de 0,93 +/- 0,87mg/L. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos indicam que a exposição humana ao ácido cianídrico neste grupo populacional é semelhante à população geral, bem como, confirma a eficiência dos processos de remoção do ácido cianídrico presentes no vegetal utilizado na culinária do estado do Pará
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cianetos , Cianeto de Hidrogênio , Manihot/intoxicaçãoRESUMO
Africa produces more than 30 million tons of cassava on about 5 million hectares (6 tons per hectare). Approximately 80% of the root production and 70% of the harvested area are from Western Africa. Recent reports suggest that the ingestion of poorly processed cassava roots is associated with the incidence of an ataxic neuropathy (konzo) in African countries. When cassava-based diets are not supplemented with good sources of protein and iodine, goiter and rickets are also prevalent. In certain countries of Africa where the rate of ataxic neuropathy is high, the incidence of thyroid disorders is also high. Persons consuming poorly processed cassava in large quantities are susceptible to neuropathologies caused by cyanide. Cyanide detoxification in the body is impaired by protein deficiency. When properly processed, the root of cassava is safe and cheap as a major dietary energy source for humans and domestic animals; however, a cassava-based diet will lack sufficient protein and will be particularly deficient for the growth and development of children unless it is supplemented by protein from animal, including fish, or legume sources. Cassava leaves, if they are appropriately cooked, can be a useful source of some nutrients.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Cianeto de Hidrogênio/intoxicação , Manihot/química , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologia , Doença Aguda , África , Ração Animal , Doença Crônica , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Humanos , América Latina , Manihot/intoxicação , Doença dos Neurônios Motores/epidemiologia , Doença dos Neurônios Motores/etiologia , Valor Nutritivo , Intoxicação por Plantas/complicaçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the basic foodstuff of more than 500 million persons in developing countries. Its edible root contains a glucoside with a high cyanogenic content, linamarina, which is hydrolysed in the human intestinal tract by the resident microbial flora, with liberation of HCN. Inadequate preparation and cooking followed by consumption whilst half-raw, especially in diets based almost exclusively on cassava for a long period of time, may lead to a neurological syndrome of damage to the upper motor neuron and the appearance of spastic paraparesia. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 44 year old male agricultural worker from the Amazon region who had a predominantly crural spastic paraparesis which had been present for four years. His main food was 'mandioca brava' or wild cassava which was insufficiently cooked. Study of the CSF ruled out infection by HTLV and neurosyphilis. On magnetic resonance there was slight thoracic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with spastic paraparesis, normal neuroimaging and CSF findings, and a normal family history, one should specifically investigate exposure to potentially toxic plants and foods, especially in regions in which nutrition is based on potentially cyanogenic roots or plants. It is necessary to improve the methods of processing and cooking cassava, and to avoid diets based almost entirely on this root, in order to reduce the potential neurotoxic damage which may be caused by this plant.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/diagnóstico , Comportamento Alimentar , Manihot/intoxicação , Doença dos Neurônios Motores/diagnóstico , Paraparesia Espástica/patologia , Adulto , Atrofia/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Potenciais Somatossensoriais Evocados/fisiologia , Humanos , Perna (Membro)/fisiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Medula Espinal/patologia , Vértebras Torácicas , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The authors present two cases of polyneuropathy deficiency among Xavante indians where the sole food was rice in case 1 and almost so in case 2. The rice consumed by these indians was processed or hulled. Intoxication by cyanide from maniot or other vegetable was excluded. CASE REPORT: Two indians aged 18 and 25 years with a progressive history of weaness, decrease in muscular force and thinning were observed in their villages. On removal to the Hospital São Paulo, atrophy of the distal musculature of the upper and lower limbs, motor deficit distally with zero degree in the flexor musculature, abolished deep reflexes, plantar cutaneous reflex without response bilaterally, decreased tactile, painful and pallesthetic sensitivity distally in the lower limbs were noted on neurological examination of case 1. On neurological examination of case 2 proximal hyporeflexia in the upper limbs, areflexia in the distal portions of the upper and lower limbs, tactile and painful hypoesthesia in the feet, right hypoacousis were noted. Electromyography showed abnormalities compatible with symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy with an axonal demyelination pattern in case 1 and predominantly demyelinizing in case 2. Cerebrospinal fluid tests were normal. DISCUSSION: Polyneuropathy was characterized by the clinical history and by neurological, electromyographic and cerebrospinal fluid tests. The diagnosis of polyneuropathy deficiency was established by the clinical history and by electromyography suggesting peripheral polyneuropathy of nutritional origin. This neuropathy deficiency does not fit myeloneuropathies such as ataxic tropical neuropathy, spastic paraparesis and Cuba neuropathy. CONCLUSION: The Xavante polyneuropathy deficiency is caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, that is dry beriberi, owing to consumption of industrially processed rice as sole or almost sole food. The Xavante polyneuropathy is different from the neuropathy observed among Kreen-Akrore indians and from that of adolescent indians in the Xingu Park.
Assuntos
Beriberi/complicações , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Manihot/intoxicação , Deficiência de Vitaminas do Complexo B/complicaçõesRESUMO
Bitter cassava poisoning in 8 children is reported. The incidence of bright cherry-red blood is emphasized. These patients were in bad condition, but they survived although they received different therapies. Four of them were treated with sodium nitrite and thiosulfate and the remainder with hydroxocobalamin alone. This latter drug may be useful in less severe circumstances.