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Resumen La implementación en instituciones de salud de un cuadro básico permite adquirir y administrar una larga lista de medicamentos que presenta a los médicos las alternativas de tratamiento, así como la descripción académica colegiada de indicaciones, dosis, efectos secundarios, interacciones y análisis de costo-beneficio, con lo que se facilita la prescripción médica y la administración de insumos para la salud. El Comité de Ética y Transparencia en la Relación Médico-Industria emite diversas recomendaciones para la optimización de los beneficios generados por los cuadros básico de medicamentos.

Abstract The implementation of an essential medicines list in health institutions allows acquiring and administering a long list of drugs that offers treatment alternatives to physicians, as well as a collegiate academic description of indications, doses, side effects, interactions and cost-benefit analyses, thus facilitating medical prescription and administration of health products. The Committee of Ethics and Transparency in the Physician-Industry Relationship issues several recommendations for optimizing the benefits generated by essential medicines lists.

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Objective To estimate the prevalence of use of drugs to treat gastrointestinal disorders, according to demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics of the Brazilian population. Methods This is a population-based survey that interviewed individuals residing in cities of the five regions in Brazil. The study sample was composed of 32,348 individuals aged 20 or more years. The profile of use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders was evaluated considering the variables sex, age, healthcare plan, region, and number of chronic diseases. We also analyzed the frequency of individuals who declared using other drugs, besides those already employed for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, the estimated frequencies of the drug classes used were determined. Results The prevalence of use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders in Brazil was 6.9% (95% confidence interval - 6.4-7.6), higher in females, among persons aged over 60 years, in those who had a private healthcare insurance, and presented with two or more chronic diseases. It was noted that 42.9% of the aged who used drugs for gastrointestinal disorders were also on polypharmacy. As to the classes of drugs, 82% corresponded to drugs for the food tract and metabolism, particularly proton pumps inhibitors. Conclusion The use of drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders was significant among women and elderly. In this age group, consumption may be linked to gastric protection due to polypharmacy. This study is an unprecedented opportunity to observe the self-reported consumption profile of these drugs in Brazil and, therefore, could subsidize strategies to promote their rational use.

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Este estudo objetivou analisar a organização da assistência farmacêutica em Marema, estado de Santa Catarina (SC), em relação à hipertensão arterial sistêmica, no ano de 2017. A metodologia consistiu na pesquisa em documentos clínicos dos pacientes cadastrados no Programa Municipal de Hipertensão e na entrevista com a farmacêutica da unidade básica de saúde de Marema. No município, há 276 pacientes cadastrados no referido programa com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial e/ou diabetes (6 pacientes foram excluídos pelo diagnóstico restrito a diabetes). A prevalência de hipertensão no município foi de 13,83%, com prevalência de mulheres (60%) e idosos (73,7%). No total, os pacientes usam 27 anti-hipertensivos, sendo os mais frequentes hidroclorotiazida 25 mg, losartano 50 mg, anlodipino 10 mg e enalapril 20 mg. O município não dispõe de Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica. Conclui-se que a Assistência Farmacêutica de Marema, quanto ao tratamento dos pacientes com hipertensão, no período estudado, está satisfatória e colabora, efetivamente, para o manejo adequado dos hipertensos.

This study aimed to analyse the organization of Pharmaceutical Services in Marema (SC), in relation to hypertension, in 2017. The methodology consisted of research in clinical documents of patients enrolled in the Municipal Hypertension Program and in the interview with pharmacist of public health system of Marema. In the city, there were 276 hypertensive and/or diabetic patients enrolled in program (6 patients were excluded because they have just diabetes). The prevalence of hypertension in the city was 13.83%, with prevalence of women (60%) and elderly (73.7%). In total, patients use 27 antihypertensives drugs, the most frequent being hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, losartan 50 mg, amlodipine 10 mg and enalapril 20 mg. The municipality does not have a Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. It is concluded that the Pharmaceutical Services of Marema, regarding the treatment of individuals with hypertension, during 2017, is satisfactory and contributes effectively to the adequate management of hypertensive patients.

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Elaborar una lista de medicamentos esenciales (LME) para manejar los pacientes en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID -19, que incluye los principios activos con su forma farmacéutica y concentración, preferentemente que estén en la Lista Modelo de medicamentos esenciales de OMS 2019; con base en los cuadros clínicos y síntomas identificados y priorizados en Guías de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y de Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) 1, 3 y las evidencias presentadas en dichas guías

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The implementation of an essential medicines list in health institutions allows acquiring and administering a long list of drugs that offers treatment alternatives to physicians, as well as a collegiate academic description of indications, doses, side effects, interactions and cost-benefit analyses, thus facilitating medical prescription and administration of health products. The Committee of Ethics and Transparency in the Physician-Industry Relationship issues several recommendations for optimizing the benefits generated by essential medicines lists.La implementación en instituciones de salud de un cuadro básico permite adquirir y administrar una larga lista de medicamentos que presenta a los médicos las alternativas de tratamiento, así como la descripción académica colegiada de indicaciones, dosis, efectos secundarios, interacciones y análisis de costo-beneficio, con lo que se facilita la prescripción médica y la administración de insumos para la salud. El Comité de Ética y Transparencia en la Relación Médico-Industria emite diversas recomendaciones para la optimización de los beneficios generados por los cuadros básico de medicamentos.

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Abstract Objective: To describe and analyze the availability and factors related to the presence of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the Brazilian public primary healthcare system. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 17,903 health units that participated in the National Program for Primary Care Access and Quality Improvement (2013-2014). The dependent variable was defined as the presence of metamizole, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in a sufficient amount. The independent variables included the type of primary health care unit, the presence of a medication disposal area, the number of physicians, nurses, and dental practitioners; and the number of primary care units with family and oral health teams. For statistical analysis, unadjusted and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI) were presented. Results: The three medicines were available in 62.4% of the units. Regarding Health Clinics, the Basic Health Units (OR= 1.31, CI95% 1.18-1.44), Polyclinic (OR= 2.00, 95% CI, 1.15 -3.48), and others (OR= 1.37; 95% CI 1.14-1.63) had higher chances of availability of all three drugs. The presence of a disposal area (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.51-1.77) and the number of physicians (OR= 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.08), nurses (OR= 1.08, 95% CI 1.03- 1.13), and dental practitioners (OR= 1.09, 95% CI 1.04-1.14) increased the availability odds of the analyzed drugs in the service. Conclusion: The structure of the healthcare units and the higher number of professionals were positively associated with the availability of these drugs.

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ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the prevalence of use of drugs to treat gastrointestinal disorders, according to demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics of the Brazilian population. Methods This is a population-based survey that interviewed individuals residing in cities of the five regions in Brazil. The study sample was composed of 32,348 individuals aged 20 or more years. The profile of use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders was evaluated considering the variables sex, age, healthcare plan, region, and number of chronic diseases. We also analyzed the frequency of individuals who declared using other drugs, besides those already employed for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, the estimated frequencies of the drug classes used were determined. Results The prevalence of use of drugs for gastrointestinal disorders in Brazil was 6.9% (95% confidence interval − 6.4-7.6), higher in females, among persons aged over 60 years, in those who had a private healthcare insurance, and presented with two or more chronic diseases. It was noted that 42.9% of the aged who used drugs for gastrointestinal disorders were also on polypharmacy. As to the classes of drugs, 82% corresponded to drugs for the food tract and metabolism, particularly proton pumps inhibitors. Conclusion The use of drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders was significant among women and elderly. In this age group, consumption may be linked to gastric protection due to polypharmacy. This study is an unprecedented opportunity to observe the self-reported consumption profile of these drugs in Brazil and, therefore, could subsidize strategies to promote their rational use.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de utilização de medicamentos para o tratamento de distúrbios gastrintestinais, segundo características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde da população brasileira. Métodos Trata-se de inquérito de base populacional, que entrevistou indivíduos residentes em municípios das cinco regiões do Brasil. A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 32.348 indivíduos de 20 anos ou mais de idade. Foi avaliado o perfil de utilização de medicamentos para distúrbios gastrintestinais entre as variáveis sexo, idade, plano de saúde, região e número de doenças crônicas. Analisou-se a frequência de indivíduos que declararam utilizar outros medicamentos, além daqueles já utilizados para tratamento de distúrbios gastrintestinais. Além disso, foram estimadas as frequências das classes medicamentosas utilizadas. Resultados A prevalência de utilização de medicamentos para distúrbios gastrintestinais no Brasil foi de 6,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95% − 6,4-7,6), sendo maior no sexo feminino, entre pessoas acima de 60 anos de idade, naqueles que possuíam plano privado de saúde e tinham duas ou mais doenças crônicas. Observou-se que 42,9% dos idosos que utilizaram medicamentos para distúrbios gastrintestinais também eram polimedicados. Em relação às classes medicamentosas, 82% correspondiam a medicamentos para o trato alimentar e metabolismo, destacando os inibidores da bomba de prótons. Conclusão A utilização de medicamentos para tratamento de distúrbios gastrintestinais foi significativa entre mulheres e idosos. Nesta faixa etária, o consumo pode estar vinculado à proteção gástrica causada por polimedicação. Este estudo representa oportunidade inédita para observar o perfil de consumo autorreferido desses medicamentos no Brasil e pode, portanto, subsidiar estratégias para promoção de seu uso racional.

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PURPOSE: Essential cancer medicine stock outs are occurring at an increasing frequency worldwide and represent a potential barrier to delivery of standard therapy in patients with cancer in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of cancer medicine stock outs on delivery of optimal therapy in Botswana. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with common solid tumor malignancies who received systemic cancer therapy in 2016 at Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana. Primary exposure was the duration of cancer medicine stock out during a treatment cycle interval, when the cancer therapy was intended to be administered. Mixed-effects univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the association of the primary exposure, with the primary outcome, suboptimal therapy delivery, defined as any dose reduction, dose delay, missed cycle, or switch in intended therapy. RESULTS: A total of 378 patients met diagnostic criteria and received systemic chemotherapy in 2016. Of these, 76% received standard regimens consisting of 1,452 cycle intervals and were included in this analysis. Paclitaxel stock out affected the highest proportion of patients. In multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression, each week of any medicine stock out (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7 to 2.13; P < .001) was independently associated with an increased risk of a suboptimal therapy delivery event. CONCLUSION: Each week of cancer therapy stock out poses a substantial barrier to receipt of high-quality cancer therapy in low- and middle-income countries. A concerted effort between policymakers and cancer specialists is needed to design implementation strategies to build sustainable systems promoting a reliable supply of cancer medicines.

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Abstract Objective: This article aims to evaluate the access and rational use of essential and strategic medicine in the prison population in Paraiba prison system. Method: Qualitative study, carried out with 13 health professionals and 43 prisoners, between February and August of 2016 in seven penitentiary units of the state of Paraiba. Results: Some interviews pointed out that the prisons have ensured the medications, others, however, have stated the constant lack of these supplies and that depend on the family to guarantee access. It has been found that those who are routinely discharged do not have the professional prescriptions and that dose monitoring is not a practice. Medications are cared for by the subjects and although storage is careful, they are kept in the cells in places with poor ventilation. Final considerations: In this way, it has been verified that, although policies guarantee the access and rational use of medicines in penitentiaries, there are cases of lack of them, besides the lack of adequate prescription, supervision of the doses taken, correct storage and follow-up to guarantee the continuity of the treatment. Implications for practice: It is perceived the need of the management to program professional capacities aimed at care in the prison system, besides identifying the gaps related to access and rational use of medicines, allowing their restructuring.

Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo objetiva evaluar el acceso y el uso racional de medicamentos esenciales y estratégicos en el sistema penitenciario de Paraiba. Método: Estudio de naturaleza cualitativa, realizado con 13 profesionales de salud y 43 prisioneros en el año 2016 en siete penitenciarias de Paraiba. Resultados: Algunas entrevistas destacaron que las penitenciarias han asegurado las medicaciones, otras, sin embargo, afirmaron la falta constante de esos insumos y dependencia de la familia para garantizar el acceso. Se comprobó que los prisioneros rutinariamente no quedan en posesión de las prescripciones de los profesionales y que la supervisión de dosis no es una práctica realizada. Los medicamentos quedan bajo la responsabilidad de los sujetos y aunque hay cuidado con el almacenamiento, éstos se quedan en las celdas en lugares con poca ventilación. Consideraciones finales: De esta forma, se verificó que por más que las políticas garanticen el acceso y uso racional de medicamentos en las cárceles, existen casos de falta de los mismos, además de la falta de prescripción adecuada, supervisión de las dosis tomadas, almacenamiento correcto y seguimiento para garantizar la continuidad del tratamiento. Implicaciones para la práctica: Se percibe la necesidad de la gestión de programar capacitaciones profesionales orientadas al cuidado en el sistema penitenciario, además de identificar las lagunas relacionadas al acceso y uso racional de medicamentos, posibilitando su reestructuración.

Resumo Objetivo: Este artigo objetiva avaliar o acesso e o uso racional de medicamentos essenciais e estratégicos no sistema prisional da Paraíba. Método: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, realizado com 14 profissionais de saúde e 43 prisioneiros no ano de 2016, em sete penitenciárias da Paraíba. Resultados: Algumas entrevistas destacaram que as penitenciárias têm assegurado as medicações; outras, porém, afirmaram a falta constante desses insumos e dependência da família para garantir o acesso. Verificou-se que os prisioneiros rotineiramente não ficam de posse das prescrições dos profissionais e que a supervisão de doses não é uma prática realizada. Os medicamentos ficam sob responsabilidade dos prisioneiros e, embora haja cuidado com o armazenamento, estes ficam nas celas em locais com pouca ventilação. Considerações finais: Dessa forma, verificou-se que, por mais que as políticas garantam o acesso e uso racional de medicamentos nas penitenciárias, existem casos de falta dos mesmos, além da inexistência de prescrição adequada, supervisão das doses tomadas, armazenamento correto e acompanhamento para garantir a continuidade terapêutica. Implicações para a prática: Percebe-se a necessidade da gestão programar capacitações profissionais voltadas para o cuidar no sistema prisional, além de identificar as lacunas relacionadas ao acesso e uso racional de medicamentos, possibilitando sua reestruturação.

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