Assuntos
Humanos , Glândulas Salivares/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aquaporinas/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal/fisiologia , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/fisiologia , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Aquaporina 3/fisiologia , Aquaporina 1/fisiologia , Aquaporina 5/fisiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: Pese al incremento en conocimientos de la morfogénesis cardiaca humana, se conoce poco sobre los detalles cuantitativos en ello. Objetivo: Describir cuantitativamente el desarrollo del miocardio ventricular compacto y no compacto y su correlación con la longitud cráneo rabadilla. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en 18 embriones humanos de los estadios 17 al 23 de Carnegie, pertenecientes a la Embrioteca de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Se midió la longitud del embrión, el grosor del miocardio compacto, trabecular y total en la pared lateral de ambos ventrículos y del vértice cardiaco. Resultados: El grosor de la pared lateral del miocardio compacto aumenta en ambos ventrículos desde los estadios 17 al 23 de Carnegie, de 0,06 mm hasta 0,17 mm en el derecho y de 0,09 mm hasta 0,23 mm en el izquierdo. El grosor de la pared lateral trabeculada disminuye con el avance de los estadios, de 0,43 mm a 0,34 mm en el derecho y de 0,45 mm a 0,37 mm en el izquierdo. El grosor de la pared lateral total aumenta de 0,48 mm a 0,51 mm en el ventrículo derecho y de 0,52 mm a 0,62 mm en el izquierdo. El grosor de la pared del vértice compacto aumenta de 0,19 mm a 0,25 mm. Conclusiones: La compactación de la pared ventricular aumenta con el desarrollo; la longitud cráneo raquis se relaciona con el grosor del miocardio ventricular(AU)
Introduction: Despite the increase in knowledge of human morphogenesis, especially cardiogenesis and the processes by which the morphology of the ventricular myocardium is defined, little is known about the quantitative details in it. Objectives: To quantitatively describe the development of compact and non-compact ventricular myocardium and its correlation with cranio-rump length. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study in 18 human embryos from Carnegie stages 17 to 23, belonging to the Embryoteca of the Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences. The length of the embryo, the thickness of the compact, trabecular and total myocardium were measured in the lateral wall of both ventricles and the cardiac apex. Results: The thickness of the lateral wall of the compact myocardium increases in both ventricles from Carnegie stages 17 to 23, from 0.06 mm to 0.17 mm in the right and from 0.09 to 0.23 mm in the left ventricles. The thickness of the trabeculated lateral wall decreases with the advancement of the stages, from 0.43 mm to 0.34 mm in the right and from 0.45 mm to 0.37 mm in the left. The total lateral wall thickness increases from 0.48 mm to 0.51 mm in the right ventricle and from 0.52 mm to 0.62 mm in the left. The wall thickness of the compact vertex increases from 0.19 mm to 0.25 mm. Conclusions: Ventricular wall compaction increases with development; the cranio-spinal length is related to the thickness of the ventricular myocardium(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Estruturas Embrionárias/embriologia , Ventrículos do Coração/embriologia , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
The Wolffian duct (WD) is an embryonic tissue that undergoes androgen-induced morphological changes to become the epididymis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and nuclear factor kB (NFKB)-induced effectors are expressed in the adult epididymis and represent important players in epididymal innate immune responses. TLR4/NFKB signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved and plays a critical morphogenetic role in several species; however, its function during WD morphogenesis is unknown. We hypothesized that TLR4/NFKB pathway plays a role during WD development. Here we examined TLR4 expression and regulation of TLR4-target genes during rat WD morphogenesis between embryonic days (e) 17.5-20.5. The functionality of TLR4/NFKB signaling was examined using WD organotypic cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli (TLR4 agonist) and PDTC (NFKB inhibitor). TLR4 was detected at mRNA level in e17.5 (uncoiled duct) and e20.5 (coiled duct) WDs, and spatio-temporal changes in TLR4 immunoreactivity were observed between these two time points. Expression level analysis of a subset of TLR4-regulated genes showed that TLR4/NFKB pathway was activated after exposure of cultured WD to LPS (4 h), an event that was abrogated by PDTC. Long-term exposure of cultured WDs to LPS (96 h) resulted in dysregulations of morphogenetic events and LAMA1 immunodistribution changes, suggesting the extracellular matrix at the intersection between WD morphogenesis and balance of innate immune components. Our results unveil the epididymal morphogenesis as an event equipped with TLR4/NFKB signaling components that may serve developmental functions, and eventually transition to host defense function when the fetus is exposed to an infectious or noninfectious threat.
Assuntos
Epididimo/fisiologia , Morfogênese/fisiologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Ductos Mesonéfricos/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Feminino , Imunidade Inata , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Masculino , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The objective this study was to identify differences in the morphogenic patterns of four Urochloa brizantha cultivars (marandu, piatã, xaraés and paiaguás grasses) during the stockpiling period. A completely randomized design was used, with three replications, in experimental plots of 9m². The evaluations took place over 2 years. The grasses were stockpiled for 92 (Year 1) and 95 (Year 2) days. The leaf appearance rate of paiaguás grass was higher, compared to other grasses. In Year 1, the stem elongation rate of xaraés grass was higher than other grasses. At the end of stockpiling period of Year 1, the tiller population density (TPD) was higher in the paiaguás grass, intermediate in the xaraés and marandu grasses and lower in the piatã grass. At the end of the stockpiling period in Year 2, TPD was higher in the paiaguás grass canopy, intermediate in the marandu and piatã grasses canopies, and lower in the xaraés grass canopy. Paiaguás grass has greater leaf growth during the stockpiling period and is therefore suitable for use under stockpiled grazing. Xaraés grass has high stem elongation during the stockpiling period, which is why its use under stockpiled grazing must be accompanied by adjustments in pasture management.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar diferenças nos padrões morfogênicos de quatro cultivares de Urochloa brizantha (marandu, piatã, xaraés e paiaguás) durante o período de diferimento. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições, em parcelas experimentais de 9m². As avaliações ocorreram por dois anos. Os capins foram diferidos por 92 (Ano 1) e 95 (Ano 2) dias. A taxa de aparecimento foliar do capim-paiaguás foi maior, em comparação aos demais capins. No Ano 1, a taxa de alongamento do colmo do capim-xaraés foi superior aos demais capins. No final do diferimento do Ano 1, a densidade populacional de perfilho (DPP) foi maior no capim-paiaguás, intermediária nos capins xaraés e marandu e inferior no capim-piatã. No fim do período de diferimento do Ano 2, a DPP foi superior no dossel de capim-paiaguás, intermediária nos dosséis dos capins marandu e piatã, e menor no dossel de capim-xaraés. O capim-paiaguás tem maior crescimento foliar durante o período de diferimento, sendo, portanto, apropriado para uso sob pastejo diferido. O capim-xaraés apresenta elevado alongamento de colmo durante o período de diferimento, razão pela qual seu uso sob pastejo diferido deve vir acompanhado de ajustes no manejo da pastagem.(AU)
Assuntos
Caules de Planta , Brachiaria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Morfogênese/fisiologiaRESUMO
Endothelial cells (ECs) are subjected to physical forces such as shear stress (SS) induced by blood flow that leads to significant changes in morphology, physiology and gene expression. The abnormal mechanical forces applied in the cardiovascular system can influence the development of conditions and diseases such as thrombosis, hypertension and atherosclerosis. This study investigated the expression of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and extracellular matrix molecules in ECs exposed to normal and altered SS. ECs were exposed to SS of 12 dyn/cm2 (artery physiological condition) and 4 dyn/cm2 (artery pathological condition). Subsequently, ECs were subjected to immunofluorescence, qPCR, GAG biosynthesis analyses and cell-based assays. SS induced changes in ECs morphology. There were other pathological consequences of altered SS, including inhibited adhesion, stimulation of migration and capillary-like tube formation, as well as increases of GAG synthesis. We observed higher expression of syndecan-4, perlecan, decorin, fibronectin and collagen III α1 and growth factors, including VEGF-A and TGFß-1. ECs exposed to SS displayed extracellular matrix remodeling as well as expression of cell-matrix and cell-cell interaction molecules. This study contributes to the understanding of how vascular biology is affected by mechanical forces and how these molecules can be affected in cardiovascular diseases.
Assuntos
Células Endoteliais/patologia , Matriz Extracelular/patologia , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Animais , Artérias/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Colágeno/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/patologia , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Proteoglicanas de Heparan Sulfato/metabolismo , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Coelhos , Estresse Mecânico , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Identifying the cues followed by cells is key to understand processes as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, or several pathological conditions. Based on a durotaxis model, it is shown that cells moving on predeformed thin elastic membrane follow the direction of increasing strain of the substrate. This mechanism, straintaxis, does not distinguish the origin of the strain, but the active stresses produce large strains on cells or tissues being used as substrates. Hence, straintaxis is the natural realization of duratoaxis in vivo. Considering a circular geometry for the substrate cells, it is shown that if the annular component of the active stress component increases with the radial distance, cells migrate toward the substrate cell borders. With appropriate estimation for the different parameters, the migration speeds are similar to those obtained in recent experiments (Reig et al 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15431). In these, during the annual killifish epiboly, deep cells that move in contact with the epithelial enveloping cell layer (EVL), migrate toward the EVL cell borders with speeds of microns per minute.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/fisiologia , Fundulidae/embriologia , Animais , Embrião não Mamífero/fisiologia , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Fundulidae/fisiologia , Morfogênese/fisiologiaRESUMO
The spatial organization of cells during tissue differentiation is a crucial process in the morphogenesis of vertebrates. This process involves the movement, separation, and connection of cells. It is essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes for the understanding of animal morphogenesis. Cell-cell adhesion molecules, called cadherins, are involved in the selective adhesion of cells. In the case of birds, the expression of these molecules in various organ systems during embryonic development has been reported in Gallus gallus domesticus. In this work, we present the immunohistochemical analysis of the differential expression of E and N-cadherin binding molecules in Columba livia embryos at various stages of gonadal morphogenesis. The expression of E and N-cadherin in embryos corresponding to the stages 41, 43 and in neonates of 2, 5, 7 and 75 post-hatching days were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results revealed the expression of N-cadherin in the plasma membrane and the perinuclear zone of germline cells in ovaries and testes. However, the expression of E-cadherin was noticed with similar immunoreactivity pattern, in Sertoli cells and in the cells of the follicular nests. The differential expression of follicular cells and Sertoli cells positive for E-cadherin and germline cell N-cadherin positive cells were evidenced in the present work at the cell-cell interaction level. Future studies will focus on determining the expression of E and N-cadherin molecules during the migration of the primordial germ cells and the colonization of the genital ridge.
Assuntos
Caderinas/metabolismo , Galinhas/metabolismo , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Animais , Columbiformes , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Masculino , Ovário/metabolismo , Células de Sertoli/citologiaRESUMO
Several species of millimetric-sized termites across Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America collectively construct large, meter-sized, porous mound structures that serve to regulate mound temperature, humidity, and gas concentrations. These mounds display varied yet distinctive morphologies that range widely in size and shape. To explain this morphological diversity, we introduce a mathematical model that couples environmental physics to insect behavior: The advection and diffusion of heat and pheromones through a porous medium are modified by the mound geometry and, in turn, modify that geometry through a minimal characterization of termite behavior. Our model captures the range of naturally observed mound shapes in terms of a minimal set of dimensionless parameters and makes testable hypotheses for the response of mound morphology to external temperature oscillations and internal odors. Our approach also suggests mechanisms by which evolutionary changes in odor production rate and construction behavior coupled to simple physical laws can alter the characteristic mound morphology of termites.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Isópteros/fisiologia , Morfogênese/fisiologia , África , Animais , Ásia , Austrália , Feromônios/metabolismo , América do Sul , TemperaturaRESUMO
Androgens induce rat prostate induction from the urogenital sinus epithelium at embryonic day 17.5. Subsequent morphogenesis, including epithelial cord growth, branching, and canalization, results from concerted paracrine interactions with the stroma. A significant number of paracrine factors bind heparan sulfate (HS). We hypothesized that interfering with overall sulfation could disrupt the signaling mediated by HS-binding factors and that the undersulfated environment would allow investigation of individual exogenous morphogens. First, we investigated whether acinar morphogenesis involved HS-proteoglycan expression and found that syndecans 1 and 3 were upregulated in RWPE1 cells in the transition from two- to three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel, capable of promoting spheroid formation. We then investigated whether sodium chlorate, a general sulfation inhibitor, interfered with spheroid formation by RWPE1 cells and acinar morphogenesis in ex vivo ventral prostate (VP) organ culture. As expected, treatment with sodium chlorate inhibited spheroid formation by RWPE1 cells in 3D culture. Chlorate also inhibited ex vivo VP epithelial branching and canalization, resulting in long branchless epithelial structures. We then investigated whether the HS-binding factors, FGF10, TGFß1, and SDF1, could reverse the effect of sodium chlorate. Although no effect was seen in the FGF10- and TGFß1-treated samples, SDF1 promoted epithelial canalization in the low sulfated environment, highlighting its specific role in lumen formation. Altogether, the results show that sodium chlorate perturbed prostate morphogenesis and allowed investigation of factors involved in branching and/or canalization, implicating SDF1 signaling in epithelial canalization.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL12/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Morfogênese/fisiologia , Próstata/metabolismo , Próstata/fisiologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Colágeno/metabolismo , Combinação de Medicamentos , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Epitélio/metabolismo , Epitélio/fisiologia , Fator 10 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Proteoglicanas de Heparan Sulfato/metabolismo , Heparitina Sulfato/metabolismo , Humanos , Laminina/metabolismo , Masculino , Técnicas de Cultura de Órgãos/métodos , Organogênese/fisiologia , Proteoglicanas/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismoRESUMO
Organogenesis is one of the most striking process during development. During this period, organ primordia pass throughout several stages in which the level of organisation increases in complexity to achieve the final organ architecture. Organ culture, a method in which an isolated organ is explanted and maintained ex-vivo, is an excellent tool for following the morphological dynamics during development. While most of the work has been made in early stages of development, culturing organs in mid-late stages is needed to understand the achievement of the final organ anatomy in the new-born. Here, we investigated the possibility of following morphological changes of the mice heart, lung, kidney and intestine using a filter-grid culture method for 7â¯days starting at E14.5. We observed that the anatomy, histology and survival of the cultured organs were indicative of a continuity of the developmental processes: they survived and morphodifferentiated during 5-7â¯days in culture. The exception was the heart, which started to die after 4â¯days. Using a second approach, we demonstrated that heart tissue can be easily cultured in body slices, together with other tissues such as the lung, with a healthier differentiation and longer survival. The culture method used here, permits a high-resolution imaging to identify the dynamic of organ architecture ex-vivo using morphovideos. We also confirmed the suitability of this system to perform lineage tracing using a vital dye in branching organs. In summary, this work tested the feasibility of monitoring and recording the anatomical changes that establish the final organ structure of the heart, lung, kidney and intestine. Additionally, this strategy allows the morphological study of organ development including fate maps with a relative long-term survival up to the onset of differentiation. This work contributes to elucidating how organs are formed, promoting the understanding of congenital malformations and to design organ replacement therapies.