RESUMO
Here we describe the current challenges of mucopolysaccharidosis type I: the need for an adequate classification, establishing its relationship to therapeutic indications; an early diagnosis, from neonatal screening, its advantages and barriers, to clinical suspicion of severe and attenuated forms; spinal and eye disease care, from diagnosis to follow-up and treatment; allergic reactions caused by enzyme replacement therapy, their diagnosis and treatment. And lastly, transition to adult care.
Se describen como desafíos actuales en mucopolisacaridosis I la necesidad de una clasificación adecuada, vinculándola a las indicaciones terapéuticas; el diagnóstico temprano desde la pesquisa neonatal, sus ventajas y dificultades hasta la sospecha clínica de las formas grave y atenuada; el cuidado de la patología espinal y oftalmológica, desde el diagnóstico, el seguimiento y el tratamiento; las reacciones alérgicas por terapia de reemplazo enzimático, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Por último, la transición hacia el cuidado adulto.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade , Mucopolissacaridose I , Adulto , Terapia de Reposição de Enzimas , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Mucopolissacaridose I/terapia , Triagem NeonatalRESUMO
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the IDUA gene, that codifies the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme, which deficiency leads to storage of glycosaminoglycans, with multiple clinical manifestations. One of the leading causes of death in MPS I patients are cardiac complications such as cardiac valve thickening, conduction abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, and cardiac hypertrophy. The mechanism leading to cardiac dysfunction in MPS I is not entirely understood. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that losartan and propranolol improved the cardiac function in MPS I mice. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the pathways influenced by these drugs may modulate the cardiac remodeling process in MPS I mice. According to our previous observation, losartan and propranolol restore the heart function, without altering valve thickness. MPS I mice presented reduced activation of AKT and ERK1/2, increased activity of cathepsins, but no alteration in metalloproteinase activity was observed. Animals treated with losartan showed a reduction in cathepsin activity and restored ERK1/2 activation. While both losartan and propranolol improved heart function, no mechanistic evidence was found for propranolol so far. Our results suggest that losartan or propranolol could be used to ameliorate the cardiac disease in MPS I and could be considered as adjuvant treatment candidates for therapy optimization.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias/patologia , Losartan/farmacologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Remodelação Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiopatias/genética , Iduronidase/genética , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucopolissacaridose I/genética , Mucopolissacaridose I/patologia , MutaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by α-L-iduronidase deficiency, resulting in accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Ophthalmological manifestations are common in MPS I patients and often lead to visual impairment. Accumulation of GAG in corneal or retinal tissues reduces vision causing corneal opacity and neurosensory complications. One available treatment for MPS I patients is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), but the results of such treatment on eye disease are still debatable. Therefore, we aimed to determine the progression of ocular manifestations as well as the effectiveness of intravenous ERT in MPS I. METHODS: Corneal and retinal analyses were perform in eyes from 2- to 8-month normal and MPS I mice. Some MPS I mice received ERT (1.2 mg/kg of laronidase) every 2 weeks from 6 to 8 months and histological findings were compared with controls. Additionally, cornea from two MPS I patients under ERT were evaluated. RESULTS: Mouse corneal tissues had GAG accumulation early in life. In the retina, we found a progressive loss of photoreceptor cells, starting at 6 months. ERT did not improve or stabilize the histological abnormalities. MPS I patients, despite being on ERT for over a decade, presented GAG accumulation in the cornea, corneal thickening, visual loss and needed corneal transplantation. CONCLUSION: We provide data on the time course of ocular alteration in MPS I mice. Our results also suggest that ERT is not effective in treating the progressive ocular manifestations in MPS I mice and fails to prevent corneal abnormalities in patients.
Assuntos
Doenças da Córnea , Mucopolissacaridose I , Animais , Doenças da Córnea/complicações , Terapia de Reposição de Enzimas , Glicosaminoglicanos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Iduronidase/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Mucopolissacaridose I/complicações , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To report the stabilization of urinary glycosaminoglicans (GAG) excretion and clinical improvements in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) under an alternative dose regimen of laronidase of 1.2 mg/kg every other week. Methods: We participated in a dose-optimization trial for laronidase in MPS-I patients using four alternative regimens: 0.58 mg/kg every week, 1.2 mg/kg every two weeks, 1.2 mg/kg every week and 1.8 mg/kg every other week (EOW). After the trial ended, the patients resumed the recommended dose and regimen of 0.58 mg/kg every week. Under this regimen, some patients presented difficulties in venous access and were unable to commute weekly to the treatment center. Therefore, we used an alternative regimen that consisted of 1.2 mg/kg EOW in eight patients. A retrospective study of medical records of MPS-I patients who underwent both enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) regimens, of 0.58 mg/kg every week and 1.2 mg/kg EOW, was done. Results: Patients remained clinically stable under the alternative regimen, did not present elevation of urinary GAG nor any adverse event. Conclusions: The switch of dose regimen to 1.2 mg/kg EOW of laronidase was safe, and did not cause any clinical worsening in patients who had been previously under standard dose ERT.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a manutenção dos níveis de glicosaminoglicano (GAG) excretados na urina e da estabilização clínica em pacientes com mucopolissacaridose do tipo I (MPS I) com o uso da laronidase num regime de dose alternativo de 1,2 mg/kg a cada duas semanas. Método: Alguns pacientes do nosso serviço participaram de um estudo de otimização de dose da laronidase para o tratamento da MPS I no qual foram comparados quatro esquemas terapêuticos: 0,58 mg/kg/semana, 1,2 mg/kg a cada duas semanas, 1,2 mg/kg/semana e 1,8 mg/kg a cada duas semanas. Após o término do estudo, todos os pacientes passaram a receber a terapia de reposição enzimática (TRE) na dose padrão de bula, que é de 0,58 mg/kg/semana, e nesse regime alguns pais se queixaram da dificuldade em comparecer ao centro todas as semanas, além da dificuldade de se obter acesso para punção venosa. Com base nessas queixas, oito pacientes passaram a receber a TRE no regime alternativo de 1,2 mg/kg a cada duas semanas. Foi feito o estudo retrospectivo de dados de prontuário de pacientes com MPS I que fizeram TRE com laronidase nas doses 0,58 mg/kg/semana e 1,2 mg/kg a cada duas semanas. Resultados: Os pacientes mantiveram-se clinicamente estáveis, não apresentaram aumento dos níveis de GAG urinários nem eventos adversos durante o regime alternativo de dose. Conclusões: A mudança para o esquema de 1,2 mg/kg de laronidase a cada duas semanas foi segura e não acarretou piora clínica nos pacientes que já estavam em TRE na dose padrão.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia de Reposição de Enzimas/métodos , Iduronidase/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Mucopolissacaridose I/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report the stabilization of urinary glycosaminoglicans (GAG) excretion and clinical improvements in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) under an alternative dose regimen of laronidase of 1.2 mg/kg every other week. METHODS: We participated in a dose-optimization trial for laronidase in MPS-I patients using four alternative regimens: 0.58 mg/kg every week, 1.2 mg/kg every two weeks, 1.2 mg/kg every week and 1.8 mg/kg every other week (EOW). After the trial ended, the patients resumed the recommended dose and regimen of 0.58 mg/kg every week. Under this regimen, some patients presented difficulties in venous access and were unable to commute weekly to the treatment center. Therefore, we used an alternative regimen that consisted of 1.2 mg/kg EOW in eight patients. A retrospective study of medical records of MPS-I patients who underwent both enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) regimens, of 0.58 mg/kg every week and 1.2 mg/kg EOW, was done. RESULTS: Patients remained clinically stable under the alternative regimen, did not present elevation of urinary GAG nor any adverse event.Conclusions: The switch of dose regimen to 1.2 mg/kg EOW of laronidase was safe, and did not cause any clinical worsening in patients who had been previously under standard dose ERT.
Assuntos
Terapia de Reposição de Enzimas/métodos , Iduronidase/uso terapêutico , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mucopolissacaridose I/fisiopatologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: a) Cuadro clínico: La mucopolisacaridosis tipo I (MPS I) es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva dentro del grupo de errores innatos del metabolismo con depósito lisosomal de diversos tipos de glucosaminoglucanos (GAG). Este cúmulo de GAG (dermatán sulfato y heparan sulfato) puede darse en cualquier órgano y es provocado por la deficiencia de la enzima ï¡-L-iduronidasa, conllevando a síntomas progresivos multisistémicos y potencialmente mortales. b) Tecnología sanitaria: Laronidasa (Aldurazyme®, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc) es una variante polimórfica de la enzima humana ï¡-L-iduronidasa que se produce mediante tecnología de ADN recombinante. Su objetivo es sustituir la ï¡-L-iduronidasa ausente en MPS I proporcionando una enzima exógena para la absorción en los lisosomas. De esta forma aumenta el catabolismo de GAG y disminuye su acumulación. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad, así como documentos relacionados a la decisión de cobertura de laronidasa para pacientes con mucopolisacaridosis tipo I. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas: MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS, COCHRANE, así como en buscadores genéricos de Internet incluyendo Google Scholar y TRIPDATABASE. En primer lugar se seleccionaron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECAs) y revisiones sistemáticas (RS) que evalúen la eficacia y seguridad de la tecnología. Debido a la escasez de estudios, se incluyen también estudios observacionales. Adicionalmente, se hizo una búsqueda dentro de la información generada por las principales instituciones internacionales de enfermedades raras; y agencias que realizan RS, evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias (ETS) y guías de práctica clínica (GPC). RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron dos RS, dos GPC, un consenso y cinco ETS. Una RS publicada en el año 2017, incluyó dos ECAs y siete estudios no aleatorizados que incluyeran más de cinco pacientes. El primer ECA seleccionado compara laronidasa en dosis de 100 U/kg (0,58 mg/kg) endovenosa y placebo en niños de con una edad promedio de 15,5 años (rango: 6 a 43 años) teniendo como desenlaces primarios a la capacidad vital forzada (CVF) y la prueba de caminata de 6 minutos (PC6m). Los autores reportan que después de 26 semanas, los pacientes que recibieron laronidasa mostraron mejoras estadísticamente significativas en la CVF, mas no en la distancia de PC6m. También redujo significativamente la hepatomegalia y los niveles de GAG urinarios y, en pacientes más gravemente afectados, mejoró la apnea/hipopnea del sueño y la flexión del hombro. En el segundo ECA se compararon distintas dosis de laronidasa, no encontrando diferencias significativas en la reducción de la excreción urinaria de GAG o el volumen hepático. En ambos estudios laronidasa tuvo un perfil de seguridad aceptable. Debido a la heterogeneidad de estos dos ECAs, no se pudo realizar un meta-análisis. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de laronidasa en MPS-I es escasa y de baja calidad metodológica; se basa en dos ECAs comparando laronidasa frente a placebo o distintas dosis de laronidasa entre sí. Si bien se ha intentado analizar los desenlaces clínicos combinando los resultados de los ECAs y estudios observacionales, la calidad de estos resultados es cuestionable y tiene que ser tomada con precaución. Los beneficios demostrados con la evidencia disponible son moderados, sin incluir un beneficio en desenlaces primordiales como mortalidad o calidad de vida. La mayoría de GPC y consensos consideran el uso de laronidasa después del trasplante de células hematopoyéticas. No existe consenso en las recomendaciones de las ETS seleccionadas, dos de ellas consideran justificable el reembolso de laronidasa después de la evaluación de la evidencia y análisis presupuestarios. Las cinco ETS coinciden en que la evidencia disponible es de baja calidad metodológica.
Assuntos
Humanos , DNA Recombinante , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Iduronidase/uso terapêutico , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica , Análise Custo-EficiênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Type I (MPSI) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme, α-L-iduronidase (IDUA), and a majority of patients present with severe neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Recombinant IDUA does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To enable BBB transport, IDUA was re-engineered as an IgG-IDUA fusion protein, valanafusp alpha, where the IgG domain targets the BBB human insulin receptor to enable transport of the enzyme into the brain. We report the results of a 52-week clinical trial on the safety and efficacy of valanafusp alpha in pediatric MPSI patients with cognitive impairment. In the phase I trial, 6 adults with attenuated MPSI were administered 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg doses of valanafusp alpha by intravenous (IV) infusion. In the phase II trial, 11 pediatric subjects, 2-15 years of age, were treated for 52 weeks with weekly IV infusions of valanafusp alpha at 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg. Assessments of adverse events, cognitive stabilization, and somatic stabilization were made. Outcomes at 52 weeks were compared to baseline. RESULTS: Drug related adverse events included infusion related reactions, with an incidence of 1.7%, and transient hypoglycemia, with an incidence of 6.4%. The pediatric subjects had CNS involvement with a mean enrollment Development Quotient (DQ) of 36.1±7.1. The DQ, and the cortical grey matter volume of brain, were stabilized by valanafusp alpha treatment. Somatic manifestations were stabilized, or improved, based on urinary glycosaminoglycan levels, hepatic and spleen volumes, and shoulder range of motion. CONCLUSION: Clinical evidence of the cognitive and somatic stabilization indicates that valanafusp alpha is transported into both the CNS and into peripheral organs due to its dual targeting mechanism via the insulin receptor and the mannose 6-phosphate receptor. This novel fusion protein offers a pharmacologic approach to the stabilization of cognitive function in MPSI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.Gov, NCT03053089 . Retrospectively registered 9 February, 2017; Clinical Trials.Gov, NCT03071341 . Registered 6 March, 2017.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Iduronidase/uso terapêutico , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais/efeitos adversos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Iduronidase/administração & dosagem , Iduronidase/efeitos adversos , Infusões Intravenosas , Masculino , Receptor de Insulina/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder with multisystemic features, including heart enlargement, heart valve dysfunction, and aortic stiffness and dilatation. Previous studies have shown that MPS I mice overexpress cathepsin B (CtsB) in multiple tissues, including those from the cardiovascular system. Here, we hypothesized that inhibition of CtsB could ameliorate cardiac function parameters, as well as aorta and valve abnormalities found in MPS I. First, we found that total elastase activity in an MPS I aorta is elevated. Following that, we demonstrated that CtsB leaks from the lysosome in MPS I human fibroblasts, possibly acting as a degradative agent of extracellular matrix components from the aorta, cardiac muscle, and heart valves. We then used a CtsB inhibitor in vivo in the MPS I mouse model. After 4â¯months of treatment, partial inhibition of CtsB activity in treated mice reduced aortic dilatation, as well as heart valve thickening, and led to improvements in cardiac function parameters, although none of these were completely normalized. Based on these results, we conclude that lysosomal alterations in this disease promote leakage of CtsB to outside the organelle, where this protein can have multiple pathological roles. CtsB inhibition improved cardiovascular parameters in MPS I mice and can have a potential benefit in this disease.
Assuntos
Sistema Cardiovascular/patologia , Catepsina B/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/uso terapêutico , Dipeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Mucopolissacaridose I/diagnóstico por imagem , Mucopolissacaridose I/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Aorta/patologia , Aorta/fisiopatologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/diagnóstico por imagem , Catepsina B/metabolismo , Colagenases/metabolismo , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Testes de Função Cardíaca , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas/patologia , Humanos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucopolissacaridose I/patologia , Elastase Pancreática/metabolismoRESUMO
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency of α-l-iduronidase (IDUA), which results in the lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) leading to widespread clinical manifestations. The microencapsulation of IDUA overexpressing recombinant cells has been considered as a promising strategy for the treatment of MPS I. This study aimed at the optimization of alginate microcapsules containing recombinant BHK (Baby Hamster Kidney) cells (rBHK) overexpressing IDUA produced by electrostatic extrusion technique. The alginate microcapsule (MC-A) optimization study was carried out by means of an experimental Box-Behnken Design that allowed the simultaneous evaluation of the influence of voltage (kV), alginate/cell suspension flow (mL/h), and alginate concentration (%) on size and IDUA activity. The optimal conditions of voltage (10kV), flow (25mL/h), and alginate concentration (1.3%) made possible to obtain the smallest microcapsules showing the highest IDUA activity. After optimization, the microcapsules were sequentially coated with PLL and alginate (MC-APA) to increase their stability. MC-A and MC-APA presented monodisperse populations (span<1.22) with an average diameter of less than 350µm. The coating increased the mechanical stability of MC-APA by about 6-fold and modulated the permeability to the enzyme. Surface analyzes of MC-APA showed the presence of PLL bands, suggesting that the last alginate layer appears to have only partially coated the PLL. After 30days of subcutaneous implantation of the MC-APA microcapsules containing rBHK cells in a MPS I murine model, a significant increase in IDUA activity was observed in the skin near the implant. Histological analysis revealed an inflammatory infiltrate at the application site, which did not prevent the release of the enzyme under the conditions evaluated. Taken together, the overall results demonstrate the feasibility of MC-APA as a potential alternative for local treatment of MPS I.