RESUMO
Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world. Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way. The fumigant, repellent, and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans, and Murraya koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study. In the experiment, three essential oil concentrations (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were used. Trachyspermum ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity; the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect. Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time. As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time, so does the mortality rate. The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants' greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration. The greatest repellency was found with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil at 10 mg/mL. The essential oil had the greatest anti-oviposition efficacy against whiteflies. Trachyspermum ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent, followed by Withania coagulans in second place. Murraya koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition, which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control. As a consequence, these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B. tabaci.
Assuntos
Ammi , Apiaceae , Hemípteros , Repelentes de Insetos , Inseticidas , Murraya , Óleos Voláteis , Withania , Animais , Repelentes de Insetos/farmacologia , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologiaRESUMO
The study investigated the wound healing effect of medicinal oil (MO) formulation prepared from Murraya koenigii leaves extract (methanolic) incorporated in olive oil. The MO was visually transparent, homogenous, smooth in texture, the viscosity grade was observed as 140 cP and easily spreadable. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly reduced to 82.3 ± 3.5, 156 ± 6.2, 137.3. ± 5.5 pg/ml, respectively after treatment with MO when compared to disease control animals that showed IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α levels of 170 ± 6, 265 ± 7, and 288.6 ± 11, pg/ml respectively. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokine in povidone iodine solution (PIS) group was 95.3 ± 3, 162 ± 6, 177.6 ± 8.9 pg/ml of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α respectively. Interestingly, the wound-healing efficacy of MO was found better as compared to povidone iodine treated standard group and concluded that MO has excellent wound healing effect.
Assuntos
Murraya , Animais , Citocinas , Interleucina-6/farmacologia , Azeite de Oliva/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta , Povidona-Iodo/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
This study aims to investigate chemical composition of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits and determine their in vitro antibacterial activity. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack ripe and unripe fruits collected in the Cerrado, in Rio Verde, southwestern Goiás, Brazil. They were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sesquiterpenes, which represent the most abundant class of compounds in oils, predominated in both ripe and unripe fruits. Major constituents of essential oils extracted from ripe fruits (RF-EO) were (-caryophyllene (21.3%), (-ylangene (13.3%), germacrene-D (10.9%) and (-zingiberene (9.7%) whereas the ones of unripe fruits (UF-EO) were sesquithujene (25.0%), (-zingiberene (18.2%), germacrene-D (13.1%) and (-copaene (12.7%). In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Both essential oils under investigation showed moderate anti-streptococcal activity against the following bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius. MIC values ranged between 100 and 400 µg/mL. Regarding the antimycobacterial activity, essential oils from M. paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits were active against Mycobacterium kansasii (MIC = 250 µg/mL), moderately active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 500 µg/mL) and inactive against M. avium (MIC = 2000 µg/mL). This study was pioneer in revealing similar chemical profiles of both essential oils extracted from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits, besides describing their in vitro anti-streptococcal and antimycobacterial activities.
Assuntos
Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Rutaceae/anatomia & histologia , Murraya/classificação , Frutas/anatomia & histologia , Streptococcus mutans , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Cromatografia Gasosa/instrumentação , Mycobacterium kansasii , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Mycobacterium/classificaçãoRESUMO
Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa are aurantioid hosts of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, the principal vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las). Las is the pathogen associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the Asian form of which is the most devastating disease of Citrus species and cultivars (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae). M. paniculata is a common ornamental and S. glutinosa is grown as an ornamental, a citrus rootstock, and a hedgerow fence plant. Because of the uncertain status of these plants as reservoirs of Las, a series of cross-inoculation bioassays were carried out in different environments, using infected Valencia sweet orange (Citrus × aurantium) infected shoot tops as a source of inoculum and D. citri nymphs and adults reared on M. paniculata and S. glutinosa to inoculate pathogen-free Valencia orange plantlets. In contrast to sweet orange, Las was more unevenly distributed and reached much lower titers in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa. Infections in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were also transient. Very few insects that successfully acquired Las from M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were able to transmit the pathogen to healthy citrus. Transmission rates were low from M. paniculata (1.0%) and S. glutinosa (2.0%) and occurred only in a controlled environment highly favorable to Las and ACP using 10-day-old adults that completed their life cycle on Las-positive plants. Our study showed that in HLB-endemic areas, M. paniculata and S. glutinosa can be deemed as epidemiologically dead-end hosts for Las and are not important alternative hosts of the pathogen for transmission to citrus. However, under a combination of conditions highly favorable to Las infection and transmission and in the absence of effective quarantine procedures, these plants could eventually serve as carriers of Las to regions currently free from HLB.
Assuntos
Citrus , Hemípteros , Murraya , Rhizobiaceae , Rutaceae , Animais , Citrus/microbiologia , Hemípteros/microbiologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Murraya/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Rutaceae/microbiologiaRESUMO
Novel, suitable and sustainable alternative control tactics that have the potential to reduce migration of Diaphorina citri into commercial citrus orchards are essential to improve management of huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, the effect of orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) as a border trap crop on psyllid settlement and dispersal was assessed in citrus orchards. Furthermore, volatile emission profiles and relative attractiveness of both orange jasmine and sweet orange (Citrus × aurantium L., syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) nursery flushes to D. citri were investigated. In newly established citrus orchards, the trap crop reduced the capture of psyllids in yellow sticky traps and the number of psyllids that settled on citrus trees compared to fallow mowed grass fields by 40% and 83%, respectively. Psyllids were attracted and killed by thiamethoxam-treated orange jasmine suggesting that the trap crop could act as a 'sink' for D. citri. Additionally, the presence of the trap crop reduced HLB incidence by 43%. Olfactometer experiments showed that orange jasmine plays an attractive role on psyllid behavior and that this attractiveness may be associated with differences in the volatile profiles emitted by orange jasmine in comparison with sweet orange. Results indicated that insecticide-treated M. paniculata may act as a trap crop to attract and kill D. citri before they settled on the edges of citrus orchards, which significantly contributes to the reduction of HLB primary spread.
Assuntos
Citrus sinensis/parasitologia , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Hemípteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Jasminum/parasitologia , Animais , Citrus/parasitologia , Murraya/parasitologiaRESUMO
This study presents and discusses the results of a survey for the presence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its natural enemies in Citrus spp. citrus and Murraya sp. myrtle plants in Pará State, Brazil. From 2013 to 2017, observations were made in five mesoregions of the State, and where D. citri was present, branches were examined to quantify eggs, nymphs and mummies with parasitoid emergence holes and to obtain parasitoids. D. citri adults were used to detected the bacterium through nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). Psyllids were found in citrus and myrtle plants. A total of 583 parasitoid specimens of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) were obtained. The bacterial detection test was negative for Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Psyllids and parasitoids were present in the Lower Amazon, Metropolitan area, Northeastern Pará, Southeastern Pará and Southwestern Pará mesoregions. The presence of D. citri in citrus, with was previously absent in this host, alters the risk situation for Huanglongbing (HLB) in the State. These results will aid in developing preventive or containment measures through phytosanitary protection.(AU)
No presente estudo, são apresentados e discutidos os resultados de levantamento para a presença de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama e inimigos naturais em plantas de citros Citrus spp. e murta Murraya sp. no estado do Pará. No período de 2013 a 2017 foram realizadas observações em cinco mesorregiões do estado. Na presença de D. citri, ramos foram coletados com a quantificação de ovos, ninfas, múmias com orifício de emergência de parasitoide e obtenção de parasitoides. Adultos de D. citri foram analisados para a detecção da bactéria por meio de nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). O psilídeo foi constatado em citros e murta. Foram obtidos 583 exemplares do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). O teste de detecção da bactéria foi negativo, indicando ausência de Candidatus Liberibacter spp. O psilídeo e o parasitoide estão presentes nas mesorregiões do Baixo Amazonas, Metropolitana, Nordeste Paraense, Sudeste Paraense e Sudoeste Paraense. A presença de D. citri em citros, até então ausente nesse hospedeiro, altera a situação de risco do Huanglongbing (HLB) para o Estado. Esses resultados auxiliarão na formulação de medidas preventivas ou de contenção pela defesa fitossanitária.(AU)
Assuntos
Citrus , Murraya , Hemípteros , Parasitos , Doenças das Plantas , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodosRESUMO
This study presents and discusses the results of a survey for the presence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its natural enemies in Citrus spp. citrus and Murraya sp. myrtle plants in Pará State, Brazil. From 2013 to 2017, observations were made in five mesoregions of the State, and where D. citri was present, branches were examined to quantify eggs, nymphs and mummies with parasitoid emergence holes and to obtain parasitoids. D. citri adults were used to detected the bacterium through nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). Psyllids were found in citrus and myrtle plants. A total of 583 parasitoid specimens of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) were obtained. The bacterial detection test was negative for Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Psyllids and parasitoids were present in the Lower Amazon, Metropolitan area, Northeastern Pará, Southeastern Pará and Southwestern Pará mesoregions. The presence of D. citri in citrus, with was previously absent in this host, alters the risk situation for Huanglongbing (HLB) in the State. These results will aid in developing preventive or containment measures through phytosanitary protection.(AU)
No presente estudo, são apresentados e discutidos os resultados de levantamento para a presença de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama e inimigos naturais em plantas de citros Citrus spp. e murta Murraya sp. no estado do Pará. No período de 2013 a 2017 foram realizadas observações em cinco mesorregiões do estado. Na presença de D. citri, ramos foram coletados com a quantificação de ovos, ninfas, múmias com orifício de emergência de parasitoide e obtenção de parasitoides. Adultos de D. citri foram analisados para a detecção da bactéria por meio de nested polymerase chain reaction (NESTED-PCR). O psilídeo foi constatado em citros e murta. Foram obtidos 583 exemplares do parasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). O teste de detecção da bactéria foi negativo, indicando ausência de Candidatus Liberibacter spp. O psilídeo e o parasitoide estão presentes nas mesorregiões do Baixo Amazonas, Metropolitana, Nordeste Paraense, Sudeste Paraense e Sudoeste Paraense. A presença de D. citri em citros, até então ausente nesse hospedeiro, altera a situação de risco do Huanglongbing (HLB) para o Estado. Esses resultados auxiliarão na formulação de medidas preventivas ou de contenção pela defesa fitossanitária.(AU)
Assuntos
Citrus , Murraya , Hemípteros , Parasitos , Doenças das Plantas , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodosRESUMO
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), the putative causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), is controlled by application of insecticides, which, although effective, has resulted in serious biological imbalances. New management tools are needed, and the technique known as "trap crop" has been attracting attention. A potential plant for use as a trap crop in the management of the ACP is Murraya koenigii (curry leaf). However, for this plant to be used in the field, it needs to be attractive for the vector and must not harbor CLas. To verify the potential of curry leaf as trap crop for the management of HLB, we investigated the ability of D. citri to transmit CLas to M. koenigii, and to other test plants, including M. paniculata (orange jasmine) and cultivar Valencia sweet-orange seedlings. For the tests, the insects were reared on a symptomatic CLas-infected plant and allowed to feed on the three test plant species. The overall maximum transmission rate for the citrus seedlings was 83.3%, and for orange jasmine was 33.3%. Successful transmission of CLas by ACP to the curry-leaf seedlings was not observed, and it was treated as immune to CLas. Supported by the previous results that M. koenigii is attractive for ACP, these results indicate that curry leaf is an excellent candidate for use as a trap crop, to improve the management of the insect vector and consequently of HLB.
Assuntos
Citrus sinensis/imunologia , Citrus/imunologia , Hemípteros/microbiologia , Murraya/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Rhizobiaceae/patogenicidade , Animais , Citrus/microbiologia , Citrus sinensis/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores/microbiologia , Murraya/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Plântula/imunologia , Plântula/microbiologiaRESUMO
Orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), is a plant from India widely used in folk medicine as antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant. Although oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin are the mainstays of treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), there is a significant demand for new natural products to reduce the development of diabetic complications. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were treated for 60 days with a hydroalcoholic extract of M. paniculata (MPE), at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. MPE decreased glycemia and also cholesterol and triglyceride levels, starting 1 week after treatments, as compared with the same group before treatments. Glucose values were reduced toward normality after 1 week of treatment. MPE hypoglycemic effects were potentiated by glibenclamide and metformin. MPE also decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin values. MPE reduced diabetes-induced morphological alterations of the kidney, pancreas, and liver. MPE acts similarly to glibenclamide and metformin, and its glucose-lowering action is partly a consequence of ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition. MPE may be a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Murraya/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Aloxano , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Glibureto/farmacologia , Índia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Metformina/farmacologia , Pâncreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
CONTEXT: Orange Jessamine [Murraya paniculata L. (Rutaceae)] has been used worldwide in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and analgesic. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activity and the time-kill curve studies of orange jessamine essential oil and ß-caryophyllene, as well as the chemical composition of the essential oil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The cytotoxic activity of M. paniculata and ß-caryophyllene (7.8-500 µg/mL) was evaluated using the MTT assay on normal fibroblasts and hepatoma cells. The minimal inhibitory concentration and time-kill curves (24 h) were evaluated against those of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecallis, Aspergillus (niger, fumigates and parasiticum) and F. solani by the broth microdilution method. The antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Chemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS analyses. RESULTS: GC/MS analyses identified 13 compounds, with ß-caryophyllene as the major compound. The oil exhibited moderate antibacterial activity (MIC <1.0 mg/mL) and strong antifungal activity. Time-kill curve studies showed that either the essential oil or ß-caryophyllene presented rapid bacterial killing (4 h for S. aureus) and fungicidal effect (2-4 h for F. solani); however, both displayed weak free radical scavenger capacity. The cytotoxic activity exhibited a prominent selective effect against hepatoma cancer cells (IC50 value =63.7 µg/mL) compared with normal fibroblasts (IC50 value =195.0 µg/mL), whereas the ß-caryophyllene showed low cytotoxicity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The experimental data suggest that the activities of M. paniculata essential oil are due to the synergistic action among its components.