RESUMO
Diagnosticado com dislexia na infância, Andrew Solomon conta que a superação dessa deficiência só foi possível porque ele pôde contar com a paciente dedicação dos pais, em especial de sua mãe, num lar estruturado. Criado num ambiente privilegiado - a culta classe média judaica de Nova York -, Solomon sempre teve acesso a todo afeto e atenção terapêutica necessários ao tratamento. Entretanto, quando sua homossexualidade latente transpareceu na adolescência, os mesmos pais que sempre o haviam cercado de carinho e compreensão reagiram com intolerância e vergonha. Ele teve de se afastar traumaticamente da família para conseguir vivenciar a plenitude de sua identidade sexual. Muitos anos depois, para tentar entender as relações entre essas duas identidades divergentes das expectativas dos pais, e como elas puderam provocar sentimentos tão antagônicos, o autor realizou uma abrangente pesquisa sobre o universo da diversidade em famílias com filhos marcados pela excepcionalidade. Surdos, anões, portadores de síndrome de Down, autistas, esquizofrênicos, portadores de deficiências múltiplas, crianças prodígios, filhos concebidos por estupro, transgêneros e menores infratores: dez identidades horizontais (isto é, divergentes dos padrões familiares, linguísticos e sociais predeterminados), sujeitas em graus distintos a influências genéticas e ambientais, compõem a constelação de temas deste magnífico tour de force sobre os sentidos de ser diferente e, principalmente, de aprender a amar e respeitar as diferenças.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Criança com Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Crianças com Deficiência/psicologia , Relações Pai-Filho , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Crime/psicologia , Síndrome de Down/psicologia , Nanismo/psicologia , Perda Auditiva/psicologia , Relações Pais-Filho , Estupro , Esquizofrenia , Pessoas Transgênero/psicologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In order to examine the mechanism whereby stunted children have poor developmental levels, we compared the behaviour of stunted (N = 78) and nonstunted (N = 26) children aged 12 to 24 months, and examined the relationship of their behaviour to their developmental levels. The effect of nutritional supplementation with or without psychosocial stimulation on the stunted children's behaviour was also examined. The children were observed at home during 4 days over a period of 6 months. The stunted children showed significantly more apathy, and less enthusiasm and variety in exploring, were less happy and more fussy. Caretakers' vocalisations to them were less warm or instructive. Stunted children's activity level, exploratory and happy behaviours were predictive of change in developmental levels measured on the Griffiths Scales, from enrolment to 12 and 24 months later. Supplementation predicted mental age at 12 and 24 months after enrolment, however, it had no significant effect on behaviour.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Nanismo/psicologia , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/psicologia , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Jamaica , Masculino , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Determinação da Personalidade , Carência PsicossocialRESUMO
In order to examine the mechanism whereby stunted children have poor developmental levels, we compared the behaviour of stunted (N = 78) and nonstunted (N = 26) children aged 12 to 24 months, and examined the relationship of their behaviour to their developmental levels. The effect of nutritional supplementation with or without psychosocial stimulation on the stunted children's behaviour was also examined. The children were observed at home during 4 days over a period of 6 months. The children significantly showed more apathy, and less enthusiasm and variety in exploring, were less happy and more fussy. Caretakers' vocalisations to them were less warm or instructive. Stunted children's activity level, exploratory and happy behaviours were predictive of change in developmental levels measured on the Griffiths Scales, from enrolment to 12 and 24 months later. Supplementation predicted mental age at 12 and 24 months later enrolment, however, it had no significant effect on behaviour (Au)
Assuntos
Criança , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Nanismo/psicologia , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/psicologia , Jamaica , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Determinação da Personalidade , Carência Psicossocial , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/diagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of behavioral and learning problems among children with short stature and to assess the effect of growth hormone (GH) treatment on such problems. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 195 children with short stature (age range 5 to 16 years, mean age 11.2 years) were tested for intelligence, academic achievement, social competence, and behavior problems before beginning GH therapy and yearly during 3 years of treatment. Children were classified as having growth hormone deficiency (GHD) when GH responses to provocative stimuli were <10 ng/mL (n = 109) and as having idiopathic short stature (ISS) when >10 ng/mL (n = 86). A normal-statured matched comparison group was tested at the baseline only. RESULTS: Seventy-two children in the GHD group and 59 children in the ISS group completed 3 years of GH therapy and psychometric testing. Mean IQs of the children with short stature were near average. IQs and achievement scores did not change with GH therapy. Child Behavior Checklist scores for total behavior problems were higher (P < .001) in the children with short stature than in the normal-statured children. After 3 years of GH therapy these scores were improved in patients with GHD (P < .001) and ISS (P < .003). Also, there was improvement in the scores of children in the GHD group in the internalizing subscales (withdrawn: P < .007; somatic complications, P < .001; anxious/depressed, P < .001) and on the 3 components of the ungrouped subscales (attention, social problems, and thought problems, each P = .001). Larger effects were observed in the GHD group than in the ISS group. CONCLUSIONS: Many referred children with short stature have problems in behavior, some of which ameliorate during treatment with GH.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Comportamento Infantil , Nanismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/uso terapêutico , Logro , Adolescente , Análise de Variância , Ansiedade/psicologia , Atenção , Atitude , Estatura , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Depressão/psicologia , Nanismo/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/deficiência , Humanos , Inteligência , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Ajustamento Social , Transtornos Somatoformes/psicologiaRESUMO
It is frequently assumed that undernutrition in young children leads to poor development through reduced activity. 3 groups of 26 1-year-old stunted children were studied: nutritional supplementation, supplementation with psychosocial stimulation, and controls. 26 nonstunted comparison children were also studied. Activity levels were measured by extensive observation in the homes, and development using 4 subscales of the Griffith's Mental Development Scales. Initially, stunted children were less active than nonstunted ones (p < .01), but after 6 months they caught up regardless of treatment. The mental ages of the stunted children were lower than those of the nonstunted children initially, and improved with either treatment. Initially, activity levels made a significant contribution to the variance in the locomotor subscale only, but not 6 months later. Activity did not predict change in development over 6 or 12 months, nor did change in activity over 6 months predict change in development over 12 months.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Nanismo/psicologia , Alimentos Fortificados , Atividade Motora , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/psicologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/dietoterapia , Terapia Combinada , Nanismo/dietoterapia , Intervenção Educacional Precoce , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Jamaica , Masculino , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Meio SocialRESUMO
It is frequently assumed that undernutrition in young children leads to poor development through reduced activity. Three groups of 26 1-year-old stunted children were studied: nutritional supplementation, supplementation with psychosocial stimulation, and controls. 26 nonstunted comparison children were also studied. Activity levels were measured by extensive observations in the homes, and development using 4 subscales of the Griffith's Mental Development Scales. Initially, stunted children were less active than nonstunted ones (p<.01), but after 6 months they caught up regardless of treatment. The mental ages of the stunted children were lower than those of the nonstunted children initially, and improved with either treatment. Initially activity levels made a significant contribution to the variance in the locomotor subscale only, but not 6 months later. Activity did not predict change in development over 6 or 12 months, nor did change in activity over 6 months predict change in development over 12 months (AU)