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El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es un problema de salud prevalente y significativo a nivel mundial, especialmente en países desarrollados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la tasa de mortalidad por CCR en Chile en los últimos 25 años. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo ecológico utilizando datos públicos de mortalidad desde 1997 hasta 2022, que incluyeron un total de 50.944 defunciones. Los resultados revelaron que el cáncer de colon representó la mayoría de los casos (72,15%) donde el colon sigmoide fue el sitio más afectado. La tasa de mortalidad promedio fue de 11,19 por cada 100.000 habitantes, mostrando un aumento significativo a lo largo del tiempo. El análisis por edad indicó una mayor carga de mortalidad en individuos de 75 a 90 años. Se observó disparidades de género, con predominio de muertes femeninas hasta el año 2019. El análisis de la tasa ajustada por región reveló diferencias no significativas en las tasas de mortalidad, siendo Valparaíso y Magallanes y Antártica Chilena las regiones con tasas más altas para el cáncer de colon y el cáncer de recto, respectivamente. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a nuestra comprensión de la epidemiología del CCR en Chile y enfatizan la necesidad de intervenciones específicas en prevención primaria y screening para reducir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and significant health problem worldwide, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CRC mortality rate in Chile in the last 25 years. An ecological descriptive study was carried out using public mortality data from 1997 to 2022, which included a total of 50,944 deaths. The results revealed that colon cancer represented the majority of cases (72.15%) where the sigmoid colon was the most affected site. The average mortality rate was 11.19 per 100,000 individuals, showing a significant increase over time. The analysis by age showed a greater burden of mortality in individuals from 75 to 90 years. Gender disparities were observed, with a predominance of female deaths until 2019. The analysis of the rate configured by region revealed non-significant differences in mortality rates, with Valparaíso and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena being the regions with the highest rates for colon and rectal cancer, respectively. These findings contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of CRC in Chile and emphasize the need for specific interventions in primary prevention and screening to reduce mortality from this disease.

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Survival in rectal cancer has been related mainly to clinical and pathological staging. Recurrence is the most challenging issue when surgical treatment of rectal cancer is concerned. This study aims to establish a recurrence pattern for rectal adenocarcinoma submitted to surgical treatment between June 2003 and July 2021. After applying the exclusion criteria to 305 patients, 166 patients were analyzed. Global recurrence was found in 18.7% of them, while 7.8% have had local recurrence. Recurrences were diagnosed from 5 to 92 months after the surgical procedure, with a median of 32.5 months. Follow-up varied from 6 to 115 months. Recurrence, in literature, is usually between 3 and 35% in 5 years and shows a 5-year survival rate of only 5%. In around 50% of cases, recurrence is local, confined to the pelvis. This study was consonant with the literature in most aspects evaluated, although a high rate of local recurrence remains a challenge in seeking better surgical outcomes. (AU)

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Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la tercera enfermedad maligna más frecuente en el mundo y suele estudiarse como un solo concepto, a pesar de las diferencias entre las neoplasias que lo conforman. Dada la falta de trabajos actualizados, se ha realizado esta revisión epidemiológica para aproximarse a su verdadera magnitud en la población chilena. Materiales y Métodos: Este estudio es de carácter observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo. Analizó las tasas de mortalidad a nivel nacional y regional entre 2016-2021 por cáncer de colon, unión rectosigmoidea y recto, utilizando datos de acceso público. Los criterios de inclusión consideraron todas las defunciones por las neoplasias mencionadas registradas en el DEIS, mientras que los criterios de exclusión corresponden a aquellas que por las mismas causas no fueron registradas o sucedieron fuera del período de estudio. No se requirió consentimiento informado ni revisión por parte de un comité de ética. Resultados: Se evidencia un aumento de las defunciones por cáncer de colon, principalmente en la zona centro-sur del país, sin una predilección significativa de género. Aunque la mortalidad por otras neoplasias estudiadas ha aumentado, no ha sido en igual cuantía. Discusión: La mortalidad por cáncer de colon es superior a la de otras neoplasias estudiadas, destacando la zona centro-sur del país, sin una tendencia específica por sexo en los fallecimientos. Esto podría explicarse por fallas en los mecanismos diagnósticos o diferencias en los hábitos alimenticios. Se necesitarían estudios adicionales para confirmar estas observaciones.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent malignant disease in the world, and although it is usually studied as a single entity (rectum-colon), the differences between both neoplasms are quantitatively significant. Therefore, in view of the lack of updated studies, this epidemiological review has been carried out to approximate its real magnitude in the Chilean population. Materials and Methods: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal, and retrospective study, where mortality rates were analyzed at the national and regional level, between 2016-2021, due to colon cancer. For this, publicly accessible data was used. Therefore, informed consent or review by an ethics committee was not required. Results: During the period studied, there is evidence of a clear rising trend in mortality rates, contributed mainly by the central-southern area of the country, without significant gender predilection. The mortality rate contributed by rectum and union neoplasm isn't significant enough like the colon ones. Discussion: Through this review, the systematic growth that this pathology has experienced in national mortality and its predilection for specific geographical areas are evident. The explanation for this could range from failures in diagnostic care mechanisms to marked differences in diet habits; more studies would be needed to confirm it.

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RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de recto se considera una de las neoplasias más frecuentes del siglo XXI, con elevada mortalidad. Objetivo: caracterizar a los pacientes operados de cáncer rectal en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo. El universo fue de 97 pacientes de ambos sexos, operados de cáncer rectal. Se obtuvieron los datos de las historias clínicas individuales. Se analizaron variables como edad, sexo, localización específica del tumor, manifestaciones clínicas, características anatomopatológicas y estadios de la enfermedad, técnica quirúrgica empleada y complicaciones postoperatorias durante los primeros siete días. El método estadístico utilizado fue la distribución de frecuencia, en valores absolutos y porcentajes. Resultados: entre los pacientes operados de cáncer rectal, predominaron las personas de 70 a 79 años y el sexo masculino. El recto superior fue el sitio de mayor localización. El sangrado rectal, la expulsión de flemas y los cambios del hábito intestinal fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. El adenocarcinoma bien diferenciado fue la variedad histológica de mayor incidencia, y los estadios que prevalecieron fueron el II y el III. La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue la resección anterior, y la complicación más frecuente la infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: prevenir los factores de riesgo, sus causas predisponentes y desencadenantes, utilizar los medios diagnósticos convencionales y de avanzada. Detectar y tratar de forma temprana la enfermedad puede lograr mejor calidad de vida en estos pacientes (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: rectal cancer is considered one of the most frequent neoplasia of the 21st century, with high mortality. Objective: to characterize patients who underwent rectal cancer surgery at the Teaching Clinic-Surgical Hospital Faustino Pérez Hernández, of Matanzas, between January 2015 and December 2018. Materials and methods: a descriptive observational study was carried out. The universe was 97 patients of both sexes, who underwent a rectal cancer surgery. Data were obtained from individual medical records. Variables such as age, sex, specific tumor location, clinical manifestations, anatomopathologic characteristics and stages of the disease, surgical technique used and post-surgery complications during the first seven days were analyzed. The statistical method used was the frequency distribution, in absolute values and percentages. Results: people aged 70-79 years and men predominated among patients with rectal cancer. The upper rectum was the site of most common location. Rectal bleeding, phlegm expulsion, and changes in bowel habit were the most frequent symptoms. Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most prevalent histological variety, and the stages that prevailed were II and III. The most commonly used surgical technique was anterior resection, and the most common complication was surgical site infection. Conclusions: to prevent risk factors, their predisposing causes and triggers; to use conventional and advanced diagnostic means. Early detection and treatment of the disease can achieve better quality of life in these patients (AU).

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BACKGROUND: Rectal neuroendocrine tumors (R-NET) represent the most frequent of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN-GEP) according to the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. With an annual percentage of occurrence increasing to 8.2% of all rectal neoplasms, R-NET affect less than 2% and are reported in only 0.05% to 0.07% of patients undergoing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. The primary objective of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with R-NET greater than 10 mm. As a secondary objective, it was also aimed to evaluate the response to endoscopic treatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective study, using data collected through the analysis of medical records of colonoscopies performed from January 2008 to December 2014. Records of polypectomies were identified, and the results were searched for pathological findings of R-NET. We also gathered epidemiological data and outcomes as risk factors for lesions greater than or equal to 10 mm, with local and distant recurrence. RESULTS: During the study period, 18 218 colonoscopies were performed and 10 865 polypoid lesions were detected and removed, 20 with R-NET anatomopathology. The detection rate was 0.1%. The risk factors associated with major lesions were Japanese ethnicity, the lack of previous cancer diagnosis, and a Ki67 index > 2%. The mean follow-up was 56.6 months, and there was no local lymph node recurrence or distant relapse. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that endoscopic resection is a good and effective method for treatment of Grade 1 rectal NET smaller than 11 mm, with high cure rates and low rates of local or distant relapse.

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Resumen Introducción: La resección anterior baja protegida con una ileostomía en asa (IA) luego de neoadyuvancia es el tratamiento estándar del cáncer del recto bajo localmente avanzado. Objetivos: Investigar la incidencia, características clínicas de la disfunción ileostómica (DI) en estos pacientes y, eventualmente, definir un perfil de riesgo. Materiales y Método: Se analizan 103 pacientes consecutivos. La DI se define como la eliminación por la ileostomía de más de 1,5 litros por día durante 3 o más días consecutivos asociado a distensión y dolor abdominal con intolerancia a la alimentación oral en ausencia de una complicación intraabdominal Clavien-Dindo grado III o mayor. Se comparan el grupo con DI del resto (no DI). Resultados: La DI se presentó en el 14,5% de los casos, se resolvió entre 12 y 70 días (en el 50% superó los 30 días), la tasa de reingreso fue 27% y no hubo reoperaciones en este grupo. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos salvo en el tiempo de hospitalizarán y la tasa de reingresos. Discusión: La DI corresponde a un tipo de íleo posoperatorio de gravedad y duración variable que paradojalmente se asocia con la eliminación de altos volúmenes de contenido intestinal por la IA, requiere aporte vigoroso de volumen y electrolitos y en los casos más graves apoyo con nutrición parenteral. El cuadro revierte en plazos variables con manejo conservador. En este estudio no se ha logrado definir un perfil del paciente en riesgo de sufrir esta complicación o factores predictivos de ella.

Background: Diverting loop ileostomy (LI) is commonly performed to protect a distal anastomosis after a low anterior resection. Aim: To investigate the frecuency and clinical features of ileostomic dysfunction (ID) and, eventually, to define a profile of patients at risk of this complicaction. Materials and Method: 103 consecutive patients operated on for rectal cancer were included. ID is defined when the maxime output was more than 1,5 lt/day for three or more consecutive days with biochemical disturbances, associated to abdominal distension and the inability to tolerate oral feeding without postoperative severe complication. Patients with ID were compared with noID group. Results: ID developed in 15 patients, lasting between 12 and 70 days (50% for more then 30 days), the readmission rate was 27% without reoperation in this group. Except for inhospital time and readmission rate, no other difference between both groups were founded. Discussion: ID is a kind of paralitic ileus of variable intensity with paradox high output ileostomy leading to depletion of water and electrolyte imbalance. ID requires reposition of high volumen of fluids and electrolytes and sometimes parenteral nutrition with full recovery in variable periods without invasive treatment. In this study it was not possible to define a patient profile at risk or predictive factores of this complication.

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In this study, we evaluated the influence of sex, age, clinical stage, and colostomy/ileostomy variables on the quality of life of Mexican patients with colorectal cancer. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, 192 colorectal cancer patients were included in the study. Significant differences were observed in emotional functioning between patients with rectal cancer and those with colon cancer. Presence of colostomy/ileostomy was associated with significantly impaired social functioning. Body image was significantly different based on gender and diagnosis. Likewise, significant differences were observed with respect to symptoms of the general and specific quality of life modules for colorectal cancer: these included significant difference between male and female patients with respect to taste; significant difference between rectal and colon cancer with respect to presence of blood and mucous in stool, urinary incontinence, and buttock pain; and significant difference between patients with and without colostomy/ileostomy with respect to constipation, stool frequency, sore skin, and embarrassment. We observed significant correlation of dimensions of the quality of life with distress, post-traumatic stress, and optimism. Interventions for improving the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer should be individualized based on the specific diagnosis and the presence/absence of colostomy/ileostomy.

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Abstract Background: Anorectal carcinoma includes the anal margin, the anal canal, and the lower rectum. The incidences of anal tumors represent 1.4 % of all gastrointestinal tumors. Patients and methods: Our study is retrospective and was conducted at Baghdad Medical City. Patient's data were collected from the medical records through a predesigned sheet that included the following information: demographic data, medical history, past-history, presenting symptoms, pathological data, and treatment details. Results: The median age was 49 years. As regard tumor extension, 85.71 % of patients had anal disease, while anorectal cancer was encountered in 14.28 % of cases only. Male to female ratio was 1:3. Most of cases were SCC 78.57 %. Only 11 patients (39.28 %) were diagnosed as Stage I, whereas 12 patients (42.85 %) had Stage II-III disease. Moderate differentiated tumors are the most common. The tumor mass located between 5-10 cm das a distance from anal verge in 12 (42.85 %) of patients. We found 6 (21.42 %) patients with positive virology tests with no specificity detected. APR was the mainstay for treatment of stage I disease. Neoadjuvant treatment followed by TME resection was the treatment found in locally advanced tumors. The mean Overall Survival (OS) for patients received neoadjuvant CRT in the study was 43.5 months, while, the mean OS was 45.73 months in the adjuvant setting. Univariate analysis for OS according to prognostic factors revealed that sites of cancer, grades and histopathology were significant independent prognostic factors for OS in this study. The anal canal tumor was associated with shorter OS (33.25) months in comparison to the anorectal cancer (OS = 47.22 months). Based on tumor grade, well and moderate differentiation have better OS (60.21 months) while, poorly grade was associated with shorter OS (43.07 months). On the concern of SCC, it was associated with shorter OS (37 months) in comparison to higher survival in patients with adenocarcinoma (46.13 months). Conclusion: Anal canal cancer has poorer prognosis than anorectal. The early-stage has a better OS that needs more effort for early diagnosis and treatment.

Resumo Antecedentes: O carcinoma anorretal inclui a margem anal, o canal anal e o reto inferior. A incidência de tumores anais representa 1.4 % de todos os tumores gastrointestinais. Pacientes e métodos: Nosso estudo é retrospectivo e foi realizado no Baghdad Medical City. Os dados do paciente foram coletados dos registros médicos por meio de uma folha pré-projetada que incluía as seguintes informações: dados demográficos, histórico médico, histórico anterior, sintomas de apresentação, dados patológicos e detalhes do tratamento. Resultados: A idade média foi de 49 anos. Quanto à extensão do tumor; 85,71 % dos pacientes apresentavam doença anal, enquanto o câncer anorretal foi encontrado em 14,28 % dos casos. A proporção homem/mulher foi de 1:3. A maioria dos casos foi de CEC 78,57 %. Apenas 11 pacientes (39,28 %) foram diagnosticados como Estágio I, enquanto 12 pacientes (42,85 %) apresentavam doença em Estágio II?III. Tumores diferenciados moderados são os mais comuns. A massa tumoral localizada entre 5-10 cm das distâncias da margem anal em 12 (42,85 %) dos pacientes. Foram encontrados 6 (21,42 % pacientes com testes virológicos positivos sem especificidade detectada. A TAEG foi a base para o tratamento da doença em Estágio I. O tratamento neoadjuvante seguido pela ressecção do TME foi o tratamento encontrado em tumores localmente avançados. A sobrevida global média OS dos pacientes que receberam TRC neoadjuvante no estudo foi de 43,5 meses, enquanto a OS média foi de 45,73 meses no cenário adjuvante. A análise univariada para OS de acordo com fatores prognósticos revelou que locais de câncer, notas e histopatologia foram fatores prognósticos independentes significativos para OS neste estudo. O tumor do canal anal foi associado a SG mais curtos 33,25 meses em comparação ao câncer anorretal OS = 47,22 meses. Com base no grau do tumor, a diferenciação boa e moderada apresenta melhor OS 60,21 meses, enquanto o grau ruim foi associado a um OS mais curto 43,07 meses. No que diz respeito ao CEC, este foi associado a uma OS mais curta 37 meses em comparação à maior sobrevida em pacientes com adenocarcinoma 46,13 meses. Conclusão: O câncer de canal anal tem pior prognóstico que o anorretal. O estágio inicial tem um sistema operacional melhor que precisa de mais esforço para diagnóstico e tratamento precoces.

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RESUMEN Se actualizó la clasificación anatómica del tumor de recto, con la revisión de varios tratados sobre anatomía. El estudio de la morfología interna del recto reconoce la formación de anchos pliegues. La formación de anchos pliegues de mucosas transversales, denominadas válvulas: una válvula inferior a 7 cm del ano, otra a 2 cm. Más arriba con una forma de media luna y la tercera a 11 cm del ano. Como estas válvulas son pliegues mucosos sin localización precisa no pueden ser consideradas como puntos anatómicos para segmentación del recto. De esta manera, la segmentación rectal como el límite entre recto superior e inferior se sitúa en la reflexión peritoneal; en el diagnóstico de tumores rectales la definición de su situación anatómica es importante para la conducta terapéutica, ya que el recto inferior tiene su origen embriológico en el proctodeo (ectoblástica) y puede ser más sensible a las radiaciones y los tumores del recto superior son tumores que se originan de tejido de formación entoblástica, las radiaciones producen lesiones del peritoneo y de otros órganos de la cavidad pelviana. La segmentación rectal es importante para el estadio locorregional del tumor y para la definición de un esquema de tratamiento adecuado. En primer lugar, establece el concepto anatómico de localización de un tumor de recto inferior, se diagnóstica con un tacto rectal, si es tocable es del recto inferior. En segundo lugar, define cuáles son los estudios complementarios para saber el estadio de la enfermedad y establece los parámetros anatómicos necesarios para la indicación del tratamiento neoadyuvante (AU).

SUMMARY To present a recent an anatomic classification of rectal tumor localization. Review of many anatomy treaties. The rectal internal morphology studies recognize the formation of thick folds of transversal mucosa thick folds named valves: a low valve to 7 cm from anus. Another is to 2 cm upper with a half moon form, a third one to 11 cm from anus. As this valves are mucosal folds without a clear localization they can't be consider as anatomical points to the rectum segment. Therefore, the rectal segmentation as the limit between up and low rectum, is located in the peritoneal reflection. In the rectal tumors diagnosis definition of it's anatomic situation is important for the therapeutic behavior, because the low rectum has its embryologic origin in the Proctodeum (ectoblastic). It can be more sensitive to the radiation the up rectum tumors are originated from the formation entoblast tissue (endoblast) the radiations cause peritoneal injuries and other pelvic cavity organs. The rectal segmentation is important for the locate-regional tumor stadium and for the appropriate treatment definition. In first place, establish the anatomic concept of the low rectal tumor localization. In second place defines which are the complementary for the new adjuvant indication (AU).

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