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Abstract The association between plasmacytomas and multiple myeloma (MM) is well-described, and in about one third of the cases of plasmacytoma the additional study will lead to the diagnosis of MM. The finding of plasmacytomas in the genital tract is extremely rare, with sparse cases described in the literature, and these cases pose a challenge regarding the optimal guidance and treatment. This paper describes a case of uterine extramedullary plasmacytoma in a 79-year-old woman with complaints of postmenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. The complementary study led to the diagnosis of uterine plasmacytoma and, subsequently, of MM. Despite the unfavorable outcome of this case, we consider pertinent to report it because it constitutes a differential diagnosis to be taken into account in the approach of pelvic masses.

Resumo A associação entre plasmocitomas e mieloma múltiplo (MM) encontra-se bem demonstrada, e em cerca de um terço dos casos de plasmocitoma o estudo adicional conduzirá ao diagnóstico de MM. O achado de plasmocitomas no trato genital é extremamente raro, havendo um número muito limitado de casos descritos na literatura, o que dificulta concluir sobre a melhor forma de orientação e tratamento destes casos. O presente trabalho descreve um caso de plasmocitoma extramedular uterino em mulher de 79 anos estudada por queixas de hemorragia uterina anômala pós-menopáusica. O estudo complementar levou ao diagnóstico de plasmocitoma uterino e, posteriormente, de MM. Apesar do desfecho desfavorável do caso, consideramos pertinente o seu relato por se tratar de um diagnóstico diferencial a levar em consideração na abordagem de massas pélvicas.

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The association between plasmacytomas and multiple myeloma (MM) is well-described, and in about one third of the cases of plasmacytoma the additional study will lead to the diagnosis of MM. The finding of plasmacytomas in the genital tract is extremely rare, with sparse cases described in the literature, and these cases pose a challenge regarding the optimal guidance and treatment. This paper describes a case of uterine extramedullary plasmacytoma in a 79-year-old woman with complaints of postmenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. The complementary study led to the diagnosis of uterine plasmacytoma and, subsequently, of MM. Despite the unfavorable outcome of this case, we consider pertinent to report it because it constitutes a differential diagnosis to be taken into account in the approach of pelvic masses.

A associação entre plasmocitomas e mieloma múltiplo (MM) encontra-se bem demonstrada, e em cerca de um terço dos casos de plasmocitoma o estudo adicional conduzirá ao diagnóstico de MM. O achado de plasmocitomas no trato genital é extremamente raro, havendo um número muito limitado de casos descritos na literatura, o que dificulta concluir sobre a melhor forma de orientação e tratamento destes casos. O presente trabalho descreve um caso de plasmocitoma extramedular uterino em mulher de 79 anos estudada por queixas de hemorragia uterina anômala pós-menopáusica. O estudo complementar levou ao diagnóstico de plasmocitoma uterino e, posteriormente, de MM. Apesar do desfecho desfavorável do caso, consideramos pertinente o seu relato por se tratar de um diagnóstico diferencial a levar em consideração na abordagem de massas pélvicas.

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Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer Syndrome (HLRCC) is a rare disease and since the first report, it has been found in just over 200 families approximately, around the world (Smit et al. in Clin Genet 79:49-59, 2009). Patients in Colombia or in Latin America have not been described, as far as we know. HLRCC is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and it is caused by heterozygous germline mutations in the FH gene, which encodes the fumarate hydratase enzyme. It is characterized mainly by the appearance of cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, and an early-onset, aggressive form of type 2- papillary renal cell carcinoma (Smit et al. in Clin Genet 79:49-59, 2009; Schmidt and Linehan in Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 7:253-260, 2014]. We report a Colombian family with HLRCC syndrome, with a novel mutation in FH gene (c.1349_1352delATGA) in which cutaneous leiomyomas have not been found, but other clinical manifestations such as type 2- papillary renal cell carcinoma, uterine leiomyomas and rare tumors were present. This investigation constitutes the first report of HLRCC syndrome in Colombia, and probably in Latin America.

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In Yucatan, Mexico, chronic exposure of Mayan population to pesticides is expected as about 30 per cent are drinking polluted water. Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were monitored in 18 municipalities of Yucatan with high mortality rates due to uterine cervix cancer. 70 blood samples collected from Mayan women living in livestock, agricultural and metropolitan area were analyzed for OCP. Solid Phase Extraction was performed on C18 cartridges and analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector. The results showed that the highest OCP levels were detected in blood of women living in the livestock area. OCP detected were endosulfan I (7.35 µg/mL), aldrin (3.69 µg/mL), 4,4' DDD (2.33 µg/mL), 1.39 and 1.46 µg/mL of δ-HCH. Women from the agricultural area had high concentrations of OCP in their blood, particularly dieldrin (1.19 µg/mL), and 1.26 µg/mL of 4,4' DDE. In the metropolitan area, 0.080 µg/mL of γ-HCH and 0.064 µg/mL of heptachlore were detected. This monitoring study was also based on epidemiological data of uterine cervical cancer. It was found that environmental factors may have facilitated the infiltration of OCP to the aquifer used for potable water supply. These factors in addition to poverty can have impacts on public health. This first exploratory study suggests that monitoring of OCP in human is important for the establishment of health promotion programs. The integrative analysis of both, environmental and social factors would be helpful to characterize the bioaccumulation of pesticides in humans.

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A correlação entre Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) e o desenvolvimento do câncer cervical foi estabelecida. Uma revisão sistemática baseada em artigos originais (padrão ouro) foi conduzida a partir de duas importantes bases eletrônicas: PubMed e MEDLINE. A partir das bases de dados Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) os seguintes termos "T. vaginalis & uterine cervical neoplasms" e "T. vaginalis & signal transduction" foram buscados. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram estabelecidos considerando as características específicas de cada artigo visando garantir a qualidade dos artigos selecionados (testes de relevância 1 e 2). Com relação aos efeitos patogênicos de T. vaginalis, o teste de relevância 1 selecionou 13 artigos de ambas as bases, PubMed e MEDLINE, enquanto o teste de relevância 2 finalizou com 8 artigos. Os estudos selecionados demonstraram correlação entre T. vaginalis e neoplasia cervical, apontando os efeitos citopatogênicos do parasito e enfatizando a importância das vias de sinalização, tais como as proteínas mitógenoativadas (MAPK).(AU)

A correlation between Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) and the development of cervical cancerwas investigated. A systematic review based on original articles (the gold standard) was conducted by performing a search of two major electronic databases, PubMed and MEDLINE. The search was performed by using the exploded MeSH and DeCS terms "T. vaginalis & uterine cervical neoplasms" and "T. vaginalis & signal transduction". Inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed using specific characteristics to determine whether the quality of each article was high enough to warrant selection (the first and second tests of relevance). With reference to the cytopathogenic effects of T. vaginalis, the first test of relevance selected13 articles from both databases, PubMed and MEDLINE, whereas the second test of relevance selected8 articles. The studies selected showed a correlation between T. vaginalis and cervical neoplasia, demonstrating the cytopathogenic effects of the parasite and highlighting the importance of cell signaling pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Isoflavones and lignans are phytoestrogens, and therefore, are able to bind to and activate estrogen receptors. The resultant estrogenic or antiestrogenic effect is dependent on the concentration of these phytoestrogens relative to endogenous estrogens and the site of their action, among others. Thus, isoflavones and lignans act as selective estrogen receptor modulators; having a beneficial effect in some tissues while simultaneously causing deleterious changes in others. OBJECTIVE: This case-control study investigates the relationship between urinary concentrations of genistein, daidzein, equol, and enterolactone, and the presence of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) in Jamaican women. DESIGN: Phytoestrogen concentration in spot urine samples from 157 uterine fibroid cases and 171 fibroid-free controls diagnosed by ultrasonography, were assessed by Time-resolved Fluoroimmnoassay. Statistical evaluations were performed using SPSS 12.0. RESULTS: The median concentration of urinary enterolactone was significantly different between uterine fibroid cases and controls (p=0.029). However, this was not observed to affect risk of uterine fibroid, as trends across quartiles of urine enterolactone did not differ significantly between cases and controls. Median urinary genistein (p=0.510), daidzein (p=0.838), equol (p=0.621), total isoflavones (0.510) and total phytoestrogens (p=0.084) were similar for both groups. Binary logistic regression analysis of quartiles of urine genistein, daidzein, equol, enterolactone, total isoflavones, and total phytoestrogens showed no association with uterine fibroid. CONCLUSIONS: Uterine fibroid cases had a higher median urine concentration of enterolactone compared with controls. However, this was not observed to affect ones risk of fibroid. Neither was urine genistein, daidzein, equol total isoflavones, and total phytoestrogens observed to be associated with risk of uterine fibroid.

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Los tumores müllerianos mixtos malignos o carcinosarcomas son neoplasias poco frecuentes y altamente agresivas que suelen presentarse en pacientes mayores de 60 años, generalmente en forma de metrorragia posmenopáusica y/o presencia de masas uterinas. Entre los factores de riesgo reconocidos está descrita la historia de irradiación previa del área pélvica. Presentamos 3 casos clínicos de pacientes diagnosticadas y tratadas de tumores müllerianos mixtos uterinos malignos, existiendo en todos ellos el antecedente de neoplasias que habían precisado radioterapia pélvica como parte de su tratamiento.

The malignant Mullerian mixed tumors are rare and highly aggressive, these tumors usually occur in women over 60 years and the most common clinical appearance is that of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding or the presence of uterine mass. As a risk factor is described the history of prior irradiation of the pelvic area. We reported the case of three patients with mullerian mixed tumors, in all these cases the patients have a history of cancer who required pelvic radiation as part of their treatment.

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OBJETIVO: Verificar a mudança na qualidade de vida de pacientes portadoras de miomatose uterina sintomática submetidas a tratamento por embolização. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Quarenta mulheres portadoras de miomatose uterina sintomática que foram tratadas com a técnica de embolização responderam a um questionário de qualidade de vida antes e 12 semanas após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que o escore médio relacionado com a gravidade dos sintomas nas 40 pacientes antes da embolização foi de 62,07 ± 6,34 e se modificou, com significância estatística após o tratamento, quando se verificou escore médio de 20,42 ± 3,81. Da mesma forma, comprovou-se a melhora na qualidade de vida pela modificação dos escores antes e depois do tratamento, o que também apresentou significância estatística, passando de 40,26 ± 2,98 para 85,06 ± 2,57. CONCLUSÃO: A embolização uterina provoca alívio evidente dos sintomas relacionados com a miomatose e proporciona melhora substancial da qualidade de vida das pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact on the quality of life in patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids submitted to uterine artery embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with symptomatic fibroids submitted to embolization have answered a quality-of-life questionnaire before and 12 weeks after the procedure. RESULTS: Mean score for symptoms severity before the procedure was 62.07 ± 6.34 and decreased with statistical significance to 20.42 ± 3.81 after the procedure. Similarly, scores for quality of life have improved from 40.26 ± 2.98 before the procedure to 85.06 ± 2.57 after the procedure, which again was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Uterine embolization results in evident symptoms relief and significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with symptomatic fibroids.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish the association between high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cervical-uterine-cancer, and the infection by human papillomavirus, genetic antecedents, socioeconomics, sexual behavior and gynecology and obstetrics factors in women of the State of Nayarit, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With a case-control design were studied 66 cases of high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cervical-uterine-cancer, and 132 controls. The information upon the risk factors was obtained by the application of a structured questionnaire. Polymerase Chain Reaction executed the virus identification. In the statistical analysis the association was obtained by odds ratio. The statistical significance was evaluated by the chi-square-Fisher and Student t tests, and multivariate logistic regression was used to explain the factors' influence. RESULTS: In women with high-risk squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical-uterine-cancer, the most frequently high-risk human papillomavirus found were: 18, 35, 58, 16, 31, 33 and 51. CONCLUSIONS: Familial data of cervical-uterine-cancer, socioeconomic level, number of sexual partners, data of sexual transmitted diseases, and infection due to human papillomavirus 18 and 35 are the factors related to high-risk squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical-uterine-cancer.

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