RESUMO
Variations in parathyroid gland positions often cause failure in initial parathyroid adenoma surgery, especially when imaging fails to localise the adenoma. This report describes a female patient with primary hyperparathyroidism for which preoperative localisation studies did not determine the position of the hyperfunctioning gland. The initial approach with bilateral cervical exploration and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring was performed unsuccessfully. A mediastinal adenoma was suspected due to meticulous negative neck exploration and repeated negative images for a neck adenoma. Subsequently, a second approach involving mediastinal exploration was performed. After the removal of remnant thymic tissue in the mediastinal space, a significant drop in intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels was achieved. The pathological result confirmed the presence of a tiny pathological parathyroid adenoma within the thymus. At 6 months follow-up, postoperative biochemical assessment was consistent with normal calcium and parathyroid hormone levels.
Assuntos
Adenoma , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário , Neoplasias das Paratireoides , Humanos , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/complicações , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/etiologia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/complicações , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/diagnóstico , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/complicações , Adenoma/cirurgia , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/complicações , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/cirurgia , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândulas Paratireoides/diagnóstico por imagem , ParatireoidectomiaRESUMO
Melanotic schwannoma (MS) is a rare and infrequent subtype of schwannoma characterized by cytoplasmic deposits of melanosomes (melanin). Unlike the other schwannomas, it could have malignant transformation. Due to distinctive characteristics and atypical behavior from classic schwannomas subtypes, MS were renamed and reclassified as "melanocytic malignant neural sheath tumor" in the 5th ed. of the World Health Organization's classification of central nervous system tumors in 2021. We present two cases of MS that underwent complete surgical resection.
El schwannoma melanótico (SM) es una variante rara e infrecuente caracterizada por el depósito citoplasmático de melanosomas (melanina). A diferencia de las otras variantes de schwannomas, tienen capacidad de malignización. Por poseer características y comportamiento distintos al resto de los schwannomas, fue reclasificado como "tumor maligno melanocítico de la vaina neural" en la 5ta edición de la clasificación de los tumores del sistema nervioso central de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 2021. Presentamos dos casos de SM de ubicación mediastinal en los que se realizó una resección quirúrgica completa.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Mediastino , Neurilemoma , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias do Mediastino/patologia , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias de Bainha Neural/patologia , Neoplasias de Bainha Neural/cirurgia , Neoplasias de Bainha Neural/diagnóstico por imagem , Neurilemoma/patologia , Neurilemoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neurilemoma/cirurgiaAssuntos
Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Neoplasias do Mediastino , Neoplasias do Timo , Adulto , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/patologiaRESUMO
Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumour emerging from the syncytiotrophoblast divided into gestational and non-gestational presentations. Primary choriocarcinoma of the mediastinum is rare. Metastases to the brain often occur; however, brainstem involvement has not been reported for non-gestational choriocarcinoma. We described a middle-aged man who developed a complete left oculomotor nerve paralysis secondary to a brainstem tumour at the midbrain. The workup for the primary source of the brainstem tumour included a chest CT scan, which revealed a mediastinal mass. A mediastinal mass needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary mediastinal choriocarcinoma. Despite aggressive chemotherapy, the patient died 6 months after the initial presentation from neurological complications and multiorgan failure.
Assuntos
Coriocarcinoma não Gestacional , Coriocarcinoma , Neoplasias do Mediastino , Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Coriocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Coriocarcinoma não Gestacional/tratamento farmacológico , Coriocarcinoma não Gestacional/secundário , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/tratamento farmacológico , Mediastino/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Mediastinal schwannomas are sometimes confused with other neoplasms during initial radiological studies, especially when there is a history of cancer in another area. In these cases, a more accurate analysis using computed tomography (CT) or even magnetic resonance (MRI) is required. Our study aimed to perform a retrospective analysis of the clinical and imaging features for a series of patients with mediastinal schwannomas that were confirmed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We found eight patients, five men and three women, with an average age of 51 years for this study. The main signs and symptoms at diagnosis were chest pain, dyspnea, cough, and dysphagia. CT showed that the tumor was located in the posterior compartment of the chest in 7/8 cases. Tumors > 10 cm were more heterogeneous and showed cystic changes. All patients underwent posterolateral thoracotomy, and radiological follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence. Histological analysis was considered the gold standard to confirm diagnosis, along with at least one neurogenic IHC marker. In conclusion, mediastinal schwannomas are benign encapsulated tumors. According to CT, schwannomas > 10 cm show cystic degeneration more frequently. Posterolateral thoracotomy allows complete resection and is considered the surgical approach of choice.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Mediastino , Neurilemoma , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Neurilemoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neurilemoma/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , ToracotomiaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los tumores de mediastino constituyen una entidad clínica poco frecuente, generalmente asintomática. Se pueden desarrollar desde estructuras que se ubican en el compartimento anterior, medio y posterior, siendo la primera, la ubicación más usual. En los adultos, timomas y linfomas (Hodgkin y no Hodgkin) son las masas más comunes del mediastino anterior, junto al bocio endotorácico y los teratomas; todas en su conjunto son conocidas como las "4 T del Mediastino Anterior". Casos clínicos: Se exponen tres casos clínicos de tumores de mediastino anterior, intervenidos en nuestro centro. Discusión: Las masas mediastínicas constituyen una entidad clínica infrecuente. La tomografía computada de tórax con y sin contraste intravenoso es utilizada para evaluar estas anormalidades descubiertas radiográficamente. El diagnóstico definitivo generalmente requiere una muestra de tejido que se obtiene mediante biopsia antes del tratamiento o como parte de una resección terapéutica planificada de toda la masa. En Chile, existen pocos trabajos recientes que muestren las características clínicas de pacientes que presentan timomas o linfomas; es por esto que se hace importante la presentación de estos casos que constituyen un aporte al conocimiento nacional.
INTRODUCTION: Mediastinal tumours constitute a clinical entity infrequent, generally asymptomatic. It can develop from structures localized on anterior compartment, middle and posterior, where structure localized on anterior compartment is usual. Adults tend to have thymomas and lymphomas more common in anterior mediastinal within intrathoracic goiter and teratomas. They are known as a "4T of anterior mediastinal mass". Clinical cases: Three clinical cases of anterior mediastinal tumours are exposed in our centre. Discussion: Mediastinal mass constitutes a clinical entity infrequent. The computed Tomography of the thorax with intravenous contrast and without intravenous contrast are used to evaluate abnormalities discover by radiography. The final diagnosis requires a fabric sample which is obtained by a biopsy before the treatment or as a part of a planned therapeutic recession. In Chile exist a few recently studies that shows clinical characteristics of patients which presents thymus and lymphomas as a result is important to present this kind of cases due to these cases constitute to the national knowledge.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Timoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Hodgkin , Toracotomia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Hospitais Públicos , Linfoma/terapia , Neoplasias do Mediastino/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Accurate mediastinal staging is mandatory in order to assess prognosis and to select patients for surgical treatment. EBUS-TBNA is a minimally invasive procedure that allows sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs). Some studies have suggested that EBUS-TBNA is preferable to surgical mediastinoscopy for mediastinal staging of LC. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy in terms of their effectiveness for mediastinal LN staging in potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis, in which we searched various databases. We included studies comparing the accuracy of EBUS-TBNA with that of mediastinoscopy for mediastinal LN staging in patients with NSCLC. In the meta-analysis, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratios, and negative likelihood ratios. We also analyzed the risk difference for the reported complications associated with each procedure. RESULTS: The search identified 4,201 articles, 5 of which (with a combined total of 532 patients) were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy in terms of the sensitivity (81% vs. 75%), specificity (100% for both), positive likelihood ratio (101.03 vs. 95.70), or negative likelihood ratio (0.21 vs. 0.23). The area under the summary ROC curve was 0.9881 and 0.9895 for EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy, respectively. Although the number of complications was higher for mediastinoscopy, the difference was not significant (risk difference: -0.03; 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.01; I2 = 76%). CONCLUSIONS: EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy produced similar results for mediastinal staging of NSCLC. EBUS-TBNA can be the procedure of first choice for LN staging in patients with NSCLC.
Assuntos
Aspiração por Agulha Fina Guiada por Ultrassom Endoscópico/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/patologia , Mediastinoscopia/métodos , Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Broncoscopia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Endoscopia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Linfonodos/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfonodos/patologia , Neoplasias do Mediastino/cirurgia , Mediastino/cirurgia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Los linfomas son el conjunto de enfermedades neoplásicas de los linfocitos. El diagnóstico se fundamenta en la anamnesis, examen físico, biopsia ganglionar y estudios imagenológicos que permiten valorar la enfermedad para su estadiación y tratamiento. Objetivo: Caracterizar a partir de indicadores clínico-histo-imagenológico en casos con linfomas de localización mediastinal atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de Septiembre de 2017 a Diciembre de 2019. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio preliminar, descriptivo, prospectivo en una población de 167 casos y una muestra de 43 pacientes con linfomas de localización mediastinal. Se estudiaron las variables: sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, síntomas y signos, tipo de tumor, subtipo histológico, estadiación por criterios de Ann-Arbor, tamaño ganglionar y localización mediastinal. Resultados: El pico de incidencia se observó entre los 25-35 años. La mayor cantidad de casos presentaron sobrepeso (n=10; 23,3%). Predominaron los Linfomas de Hodgkin (n=31; 71,8%) subtipo Esclerosis Nodular (n=22; 51,2%) con estadio IA (LH=14; 32,6%). El tamaño promedio de los ganglios fue de 25,1±17,3 mm. En todos los niveles de la anatomía mediastínica se observaron lesiones ganglionares, a predominio del mediastino superior. Otras características predominantes observadas por TC incluyeron ganglios hipodensos homogéneos (n=34; 79,07%), realce postcontraste con captación homogénea (n=24; 55,81), invasión de estructuras vecinas (n=18; 41,8%) y densidades entre 32-108 UH. Conclusiones: En la valoración de los indicadores imagenológicos por tomografía computarizada contrastada se detectan cambios morfológicos, al tomar como criterio fundamental la afectación ganglionar y el tamaño de las adenopatías en el diagnóstico, estadiamiento y reevaluación de casos con linfomas. (AU)
Lymphomas are the group of neoplastic diseases of lymphocytes. The diagnosis is based on the anamnesis, physical examination, lymph node biopsy and imaging studies that allow the disease to be assessed for its statistics and treatment. Objective: To characterize, with clinical-histological-imaging indicators, cases with lymphomas of mediastinal location treated at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology from September 2017 to December 2019. Materials and methods: A preliminary, descriptive, prospective study was conducted in a population of 167 cases and a sample of 43 patients with lymphomas of mediastinal location. Variables were studied: sex, age, body mass index, symptoms and signs, tumor type, histological subtype, statistics by Ann-Arbor criteria, lymph node size and mediastinal location. Results: The peak incidence was recorded between 25-35 years. The highest number of specific cases of overweight (n = 10; 23.3%). Hodgkin lymphomas (n = 31, 71.8%), Nodular sclerosis subtype (n = 22, 51.2%) with stage IA (LH = 14, 32.6%) predominated. The average size of the nodes was 25.1 ± 17.3 mm. Nodal lesions were observed at all levels of the mediastinal anatomy, a predominance of the upper mediastinum. Other predominant features observed by CT include homogeneous hypodense nodes (n = 34; 79.07%), post-contrast enhancement with homogeneous uptake (n = 24; 55.81), invasion of neighboring structures (n = 18; 41.8%) and densities between 32-108 UH. Conclusions: Morphological changes were detected in the evaluation of the imaging indicators by contrast computed tomography, taking lymph node involvement and the size of lymphadenopathy as a fundamental criterion in the diagnosis, staging and reevaluation of cases with lymphomas. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Excisão de Linfonodo , Linfoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe two cases of mediastinal lipoblastoma, an infrequent and little-known patho logy, which is extremely rare in the mediastinum, with no cases reported in our country. CLINICAL CASES: Two case reports. Both patients were boys younger than three years, in which a mediastinal mass was found incidentally on a chest x-ray. The study was complemented with a CT scan and with a thoracoscopic biopsy in one of the cases. Complete resection of the tumor was achieved in both patients through thoracotomy. One of the patients presented Claude Bernard Horner syndrome as a complication from surgery, which resolved spontaneously after two years and the second case had no complications. CONCLUSION: Mediastinal lipoblastoma is a very rare pathology. Descriptions found in existing literature are similar to the cases presented in this article. We can conclude that mediastinal lipoblastomas in pediatrics present a very similar pattern and presentation, having a good prognosis if complete resection is achieved. Also, it is essential to distinguish it from its differential diagnoses in order to rule out malignancy.