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Medical literature shows that the co-infection of syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increasing dramatically worldwide. HIV infection and syphilis have a synergistic relationship. Syphilis increases the risk of HIV transmission and acquisition, while HIV affects the presentation, diagnosis, progression and response to syphilis treatment. The diagnosis of syphilis is made with a non-treponemal reactive test (VDRL or RPR) confirmed with a treponemal test (FTA-ABS or MHA-TP). The opportune diagnosis of neurosyphilis is essential, particularly in the asymptomatic stages, given the high risk of serious sequels and lethality. All patients co-infected with HIV and syphilis with neurological symptoms must be studied with PL and other complementary tests. There is controversy about when to perform a lumbar puncture in co-infected patients who do not have neurological symptoms. However, there is consensus that a CD4 count lower than 350/µl or RPR title greater than 1/32 has indication for the study of cerebrospinal fluid. Therapy with penicillin G in high doses is the treatment of choice, in addition to clinical and serological follow-up that must be done to these patients. (AU)

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Neurosyphilis is the clinical manifestation of syphilis that can arise during either the early or late stages of infection. Even though dedicated treatment for all clinical forms of syphilis has been available for many years, the advanced stages of the disease are still prevalent, with irreversible sequelae. This article reviews the current evidence, diagnostic methods and specific treatment for tertiary syphilis.

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"Neumsyphilis" (NS) refers to infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Treponema pallidum. NS can occur at any time after initial infection (syphilitic chancre). Most common early course of NS involve the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), meninges, vasculature and uvea: asymptomatic meningitis, symptomatic meningitis, meningovascular disease. Late disease after 10 years, generally involves the brain and spinal cord parenchyma as general paralysis of the insane and tabes dorsalis. Each form has characteristic neuropsychiatric syndromes, but in some cases there is overlap between the clinical, and radiologic findings. Other forms such as gummas, diverse psychiatric manifestations and syphilitic amyotrophy, have also been described. Diagnosis and therapy are based on the cytochemical study of CSF, serology plays a key role (non-treponemal and treponemal tests). The most effective treatment is penicillin. This reviews also describes neuropathology and the atypical or masked forms of this complex disease including co-infection by human immunodeficiency virus.

"Neurosífilis" (NS) se refiere a las infecciones del sistema nervioso central (SNC) causadas por Treponema pallidum. La NS puede presentarse en cualquier momento después de la infección primaria o chancro sifilítico. Las formas tempranas implican la invasión del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), las meninges, la vasculatura y la uvea: meningitis asintomática, meningitis sintomática, enfermedad cerebro vascular, uveítis anterior. Las formas tardías después de los 10 años, se caracterizan por la penetración del parénquima cerebral y/o la médula espinal, como demencia paralítica progresiva y tabes dorsal. Cada forma genera síndromes neuropsiquiátricos característicos, pero en algunos casos hay una sobreposición de los hallazgos clínico-radiológicos. Se describe también los gomas, alteraciones psiquiátricas diversas y la amiotrofia. El diagnóstico y la evolución del tratamiento se basan en el estudio citoquímico del LCR, pero la serología juegan un papel muy importante (análisis no-treponémicos y treponémicos). El tratamiento más recomendado son las penicilinas. Esta revisión repasa también la neuropatología, y las formas atípicas o enmascaradas de esta enfermedad compleja, incluyendo la coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

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The aim of this paper is to report two cases of neurosyphilis and uveitis diagnosed by an ophthalmologist in an immunocompetent couple. In addition to reporting cases the authors discuss ethical issues of communication of diagnosis to partners of patients (AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo é relatar dois casos de neurosífilis e uveíte diagnosticados por oftalmologista em casal imunocompetente. Além de relatar os casos, os autores discutem questões éticas da comunicação do diagnóstico aos parceiros dos pacientes (AU)

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Introduction: Malariotherapy was a treatment to cure neurosyphilis developed in 1917 by Wagner-Jauregg, by inoculating blood infected with malaria in patients with neurosyphilis. The patient had febrile episodes that often cured him of the syphilitic infection. This treatment won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1927 and it was introduced in Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro (HPSP) in 1929. Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study with collection of historical secondary data. Data were collected from a sample of 19 medical records of patients treated with malariotherapy in HPSP, in 1929 and 1930. Results: Most patients were white men aged from 25 to 40 years. The mean length of hospital stay was 1.4 year and the outcomes at this early application of malariotherapy were mostly negative (63.2% died). Discussion: The 19 cases evaluated in this study refer to the first year of application of malariotherapy in HPSP. The statistics available on the total number of dead and cured people over the 10 years this therapy was deployed suggest that the outcomes were better in the subsequent years, possibly due to improvement of technique. As a consequence of this innovative research, which had as its principle reorganizing the central nervous system by using the seizure triggered by malaria fever, other forms of shock therapies were developed, such as insulin therapy, cardiazol shock therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (AU)

Introdução: A malarioterapia foi um tratamento para a cura da neurossífilis desenvolvido em 1917 por Wagner-Jauregg, através da inoculação de sangue contaminado pela malária em pacientes com neurossífilis. O paciente apresentava episódios febris que, muitas vezes, curavam-no da infecção sifilítica. Esse tratamento recebeu o Prêmio Nobel de Medicina em 1927 e foi introduzido no Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro (HPSP) em 1929. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal retrospectivo descritivo com coleta de dados secundários históricos. Foram coletados dados de uma amostra de 19 prontuários médicos de pacientes tratados com malarioterapia no HPSP, em 1929 e 1930. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes eram homens brancos com idades entre 25 e 40 anos. O tempo médio de internação foi de 1,4 ano e os desfechos nesse início de aplicação da malarioterapia foram majoritariamente negativos (63,2% foram a óbito). Discussão: Os 19 casos avaliados neste estudo referem-se ao primeiro ano de aplicação da malarioterapia no HPSP. As estatísticas existentes sobre o total de curados e mortos ao longo dos 10 anos de implantação dessa terapêutica sugerem que os desfechos dos anos seguintes foram melhores, possivelmente pelo aprimoramento da técnica. Como consequência dessa pesquisa inovadora, que tinha como princípio reorganizar o sistema nervoso central por meio da convulsão desencadeada pela febre da malária, outras formas de terapias de choque foram desenvolvidas, tais como a insulinoterapia, o choque por cardiazol e a eletroconvulsoterapia (AU)

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A neurossífilis (NS) designa todas as formas de comprometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) causadas pela bactéria Treponema pallidum. Em pacientes imunocompetentes, ocorre principalmente no estádio terciário da sífilis (embora suceda em outros estádios), acometendo apenas 10 porcento dos pacientes com infecção primária não tratada. Apesar de um decréscimo significativo na incidência de neurossífilis nas últimas três décadas, a invasão do sistema nervoso humano ainda ocorre e a apresentação clínica não segue a evolução tradicional da era pré-antibiótica. Observa-se, atualmente, que a NS pode apresentar quadros clínicos muito similares aos de outras enfermidades do sistema nervoso, podendo ser confundida, mesmo após anos de acompanhamento, com doenças neurológicas ou psiquiátricas. Neste trabalho, fizemos uma revisão histórica, conceitual, epidemiológica, clínica e diagnóstica com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre esta doença e melhorar a sua compreensão...

Neurosyphilis (NS) designates all the adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) caused by Treponema pallidum. It occurs at the third stage of syphilis in about 10 percent of patients with untreated primary infection. Despite a significant decrease in the incidence of neurosyphilis during the last three decades, the invasion of the human nervous system still takes place and the clinical presentation does not follow the traditional evolution of the pre-antibiotic era. At present, it is observed that NS may present clinical features very similar to those of other illnesses of the nervous system, and can be mistaken, even after years of follow-up, for neurological or psychiatric illnesses. In this work, we conducted an historical, epidemiological, conceptual, clinical and diagnostic review, with the purpose of expanding the knowledge and improving the understanding of this disease...

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