RESUMO
Dermatophytosis is a common cutaneous mycosis worldwide whose prevalence in Brazil is still unknown. This systematic review has estimated the burden of dermatophytoses from updated literature data reported in the general Brazilian population. We used the following databases: Web of Science, Medline/PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library and Scopus for studies published between 2011 and 2020. Original articles with an emphasis on prevalence data for dermatophytosis in the Brazilian population, and diagnosed by culture exam or molecular biology were eligible. We also assessed the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 24 articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The occurrence of dermatophytoses found in the studies ranged from 4-88.50â%. The pooled prevalence of dermatophytosis for the population studies was 25â% (95â% CI: 24.7-25.3â%). The size of the samples used in the studies ranged from 45 to 36â446 participants, and ages ranged up to 98 years old. The populations studied involved mostly women. The presence of tinea unguium (toenail and fingernail) and tinea pedis were the most frequent dermatophytosis, and we observed a predominance of Trichophyton rubrum, T. interdigitale and T. mentagrophytes. The studies were primarily conducted in patient groups with suspected mycoses and were not entirely representative of the general population. Yet we believe that in the future, more collaborative strategies would improve both diagnostic capacity and epidemiological methodologies, associating the prevalence of dermatophytosis with social and environmental risk factors. This review helps to better understand future epidemiological trends in Brazil and the world.
Assuntos
Tinha/epidemiologia , Arthrodermataceae/classificação , Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Onicomicose/epidemiologia , Onicomicose/etiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Tinha/etiologia , Tinha dos Pés/epidemiologia , Tinha dos Pés/etiologiaRESUMO
El término de onicomicosis se emplea para describir las infecciones de las uñas causadas por diferentes grupos taxonómicos fúngicos ya sea filamentosos como levaduriformes. A pesar de que estas patologías son causadas en los vertebrados principalmente por integrantes de la Familia Artrodermatáceae (Onygenales), la micología médica aplicó para ellos la terminología más específica de dermatofitosis, por ser un grupo ecológico de mayor importancia y presencia clínica. Las dermatomicosis de piel y fanéreos, representan un conjunto de infecciones producidas por especies fúngicas distribuidas en ambientes diversos, capaces de crecer a temperaturas de 37° y que actúan usualmente como patógenos oportunistas cuando existe generalmente un factor predisponente en el huésped. Se destaca la colonización en una uña de los pies en un hombre de 49 años por Neoscytalidium dimidiatum(Penz.) Crous & Slippers, un reconocido fitopatógeno de rápido crecimiento, común en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, que presentó la capacidad de invadir tejidos queratinizados con un aspecto clínico indistinguible de los causadas por dermatofitos. Por la rara presencia de este hongo en nuestra zona geográfica (provincia de Valparaíso, Chile), se aportan los principales datos morfofisiológicos,taxonómicos y moleculares utilizados en su diagnóstico. (AU)
The term onychomycosis is used to describe nail infections caused by different fungal taxonomic groups, either filamentous or yeast. Despite the fact that these pathologies are caused in vertebrates mainly by members of the Artrodermatáceae Family (Onygenales), medical mycology applied the more specific terminology of dermatophytosis for them, as it is an ecological group of greater importance and clinical presence. Skin and pharynx dermatomycosis represent a set of infections produced by fungal species distributed in diverse environments, capable of growing at temperatures of 37° and that usually act as opportunistic pathogens when there is a predisposing factor in the host. The colonization on a toenail in a 49-year-old man by Nesoscytalidium dimidiatumis highlighted (Penz.) Crous & Slippers, a recognized fast-growing phytopathogen, common in tropical and subtropical areas, which presented the ability to invade keratinized tissues with a clinical appearance indistinguishable from those caused by dermatophytes. Due to the rare presence of this fungus in our geographical area (Valparaíso province, Chile), the main morphophysiological, taxonomic and molecular data used in its identificationare provided. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ascomicetos/patogenicidade , Onicomicose/etiologia , Ascomicetos/citologia , Ascomicetos/classificação , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , DNA/análise , Chile , Componentes Genômicos , Dermatomicoses/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Onychomycosis (OM) is one of the commonest superficial fungal infections. Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) treatment and kidney transplant recipients (KTR) are considered at risk of contracting fungal infections, but the few published data do not reach the conclusion of whether they are predisposed to OM. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and etiology of OM in these patients and to determine the antifungal susceptibility profile of the isolated fungal species. METHODS: We recruited 149 HD patients, 187 KTR, and a control group comprising 174 patients attending an internal medicine service with other diseases than renal diseases. All patients underwent an examination of all toenails to check for the presence of OM. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of OM in HD patients (23.4%) and KTR (23.0%) were significantly higher than those in age- and sex-matched control groups (13.2%). In HD patients, OM was associated with diabetes but not with the duration of dialysis. In KTR, OM was more prevalent in those without diabetes and likely also in those using mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine but was not associated with the duration of transplantation. Trichophyton rubrum was the most prevalent species (45.9%) followed by T. mentagrophytes (24.5%) and Candida parapsilosis (18.0%). Fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and terbinafine were all efficient against the isolates of dermatophyte, with terbinafine showing the lowest and fluconazole the highest minimal inhibitory concentrations. All isolates of C. parapsilosis were sensitive to the antifungals according to the CLSI criteria. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of OM in HD and KTR patients and suggest that these conditions should be considered a risk factor of OM. All 4 antifungals evaluated in the study showed good in vitro activity against the etiologic agents.
Assuntos
Dermatoses do Pé/etiologia , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Onicomicose/etiologia , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida parapsilosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Candidíase/etiologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Dermatoses do Pé/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatoses do Pé/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Onicomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Onicomicose/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Tinha/tratamento farmacológico , Tinha/etiologia , Tinha/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mexican diabetic population frequently presents mycosis under foot hyperkeratosis; however, in another type of onychomycosis as the ones that is assumed Candida albicans is the causal agent, it is unknown the frequency, the prevalence and if another Candida species or other yeasts are found. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the frequency of yeasts causing onychomycosis in diabetic patients looked after in public institutions of health of the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, and its association with clinical epidemiological variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive and transversal study was made on 261 patients, from which one nail sample of each one was obtained, used to isolate and identify dermatophytes and yeasts; the results were statistically correlated with 24 epidemiological parameters. The clinical study was done through interrogation and by medical exploration in order to evaluate Tinea pedis and onychomycosis. RESULTS: Onychomycosis were caused by Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida spp., Kodamaea ohmeri, Prototheca wickerhamii and unidentified yeasts. The prevalence for general onychomycosis, by dermatophytes, mixed onychomycosis and by yeasts were: 24.1, 19.5, 2.3 and 14.6%, respectively. Patients with significant probability to be diagnosed as having onychomycosis by yeasts are those wearing open shoes (2.59%); technicians and professionals (10.49%) and alcohol drinkers (3.72%). CONCLUSION: The fact that Candida albicans is not present in this study as causal agent of onychomycosis, and emerging and non-common yeasts were indeed isolated, creates new challenges. It is remarked the clinical criterion that when onychomycosis is suspected in diabetics, the diagnosis for culturing dermatophytes and yeasts should be included.
Assuntos
Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Dermatomicoses/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Dermatoses do Pé/microbiologia , Onicomicose/microbiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Arthrodermataceae/classificação , Candida/classificação , Candidíase/diagnóstico , Candidíase/epidemiologia , Candidíase/etiologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Dermatomicoses/diagnóstico , Dermatomicoses/epidemiologia , Dermatomicoses/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Feminino , Dermatoses do Pé/diagnóstico , Dermatoses do Pé/epidemiologia , Dermatoses do Pé/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Onicomicose/diagnóstico , Onicomicose/epidemiologia , Onicomicose/etiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The changes in psoriatic nails can closely resemble an onychomycosis. Therefore, the fungal infection may be underdiagnosed. It was investigated the frequency of mycosis in fingernails and toenails in 150 patients with psoriasis in a dermatology department. METHODS: The clinical data suggestive of onychomycosis were investigated. Nail scales were obtained and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with and without antibiotic. A direct examination with KOH was also performed. RESULTS: Out of 150 patients, 67 (45 %) had healthy nails; 42 (28 %) presented onychomycosis and 41 (27 %) showed nail changes without infection. Fingernail changes were more associated with psoriatic onychopathy (82.5 %), unlike toenail changes that were more frequently caused by fungal infection (26.4 % vs. 9.45 % in psoriasis). Out of 20 positive cultures, 22 fungi were isolated, of which 11 belonged to Candida spp. (50 %). As risk factor to develope an onychomycosis, only the psoriasis evolution time showed a significant difference (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with psoriasis, fingernail disorders are mainly due to the own disease, while toenail disorders changes can be associated with onychomycosis. The main etiological agents were yeasts from the genus Candida. The only factor associated with a higher incidence of onychomycosis in these patients was a long lasting psoriasis.
Introducción: los cambios ungueales en los pacientes con psoriasis pueden ser muy parecidos a la onicomicosis y, por lo tanto, las infecciones fúngicas pueden ser subdiagnosticadas. Se investigó la frecuencia de onicomicosis en manos y pies de 150 pacientes con psoriasis de un servicio de dermatología. Métodos: se obtuvieron los datos clínicos de la psoriasis. Se cultivaron escamas de las uñas en agar dextrosa Sabouraud con y sin antibióticos y se hizo un examen directo con KOH. Resultados: de los 150 pacientes, 67 (45 %) presentaron uñas sanas; 42 (28 %) tuvieron onicomicosis, y 41 (27 %) onicopatía sin infección. Las alteraciones ungueales en las manos estuvieron más asociadas con onicopatía psoriásica (82.5 %); los cambios de las uñas de los pies se asociaron más frecuentemente a infección fúngica (26.4 frente a 9.45 % en psoriasis). De 20 cultivos positivos, se aislaron 22 agentes: 11 Candida spp. (50 %). Como factor de riesgo para desarrollar onicomicosis, el tiempo de evolución de la psoriasis mostró una diferencia significativa (p = 0.03). Conclusión: en los pacientes con psoriasis, las alteraciones ungueales de manos se deben principalmente a psoriasis, mientras que los cambios ungueales en los pies se asocian a onicomicosis. Esta fue causada principalmente por Candida sp. El único factor de riesgo asociado para onicomicosis fue la larga evolución de la psoriasis.
Assuntos
Dermatoses do Pé/etiologia , Dermatoses da Mão/etiologia , Onicomicose/etiologia , Psoríase/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Dermatoses do Pé/epidemiologia , Dermatoses da Mão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Onicomicose/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
Na infecção pelo HIV, a pele pode ser tanto um indicador precoce de doença quanto de gravidade. Este estudo analisou a frequência e a apresentação clínica de manifestações dermatológicas em pacientes portadores de HIV, destacando as lesões mais encontradas, e correlacionou suas características com o estado imunológico. Foram encontradas 129 lesões mucocutâneas dentre os 57 pacientes portadores de HIV examinados, havendo em média 2,25 lesões por paciente. As dermatoses mais comuns, em ordem decrescente de frequência, foram candidíase oral, onicomicose e dermatite seborreica. As lesões oportunistas mostraram relação significativa com deficiência imunológica, e as afecções de pele mais encontradas mostraram-se bons indicadores do estado imunológico do paciente e da progressão da doença.
In the HIV infection the skin can be either an early indicator of disease and severity. This study examined the frequency and clinical presentation of skin manifestations in patients with HIV, highlighting the most frequent injuries, and correlated their characteristics with the immune status. We found 129 mucocutaneous lesions among 57 patients with HIV, with an average of 2.25 lesions per patient. The most common skin diseases in descending order of frequency were oral candidiasis, onychomycosis and seborrheic dermatitis. Opportunistic lesions showed significant relationship with immune deficiency and the most frequent skin diseases proved to be good indicators of the immune status of the patient and disease progression.
Assuntos
Humanos , Dermatopatias/etiologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/etiologia , Candidíase Bucal/etiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Onicomicose/etiologia , Dermatite Seborreica/etiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Nails have a limited number of reactive patterns to disease. Accordingly, toenail changes of different etiologies may mimic onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of toenail onychomycosis among patients with leg ulcer and toenail abnormalities attending a dermatology clinic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of clinical records and results of mycological examination. RESULTS A total of 81 patients were included, with a median age of 76.0 years. Most ulcers were of venous etiology, followed by those of mixed and arterial pathogenesis. The mycological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of onychomycosis in 27.2% of the patients. The etiologic agent was a dermatophyte in 59.1% of isolates in nail samples, while Trichophyton interdigitale was the most frequent fungal species (40.9%). CONCLUSIONS Most toenail abnormalities in patients with chronic leg ulcer were not onychomycosis. This study highlights the importance of systematic mycological examination in these patients, in order to avoid overtreatment with systemic antifungals, unnecessary costs and side effects.
Assuntos
Úlcera da Perna/epidemiologia , Unhas Malformadas/epidemiologia , Onicomicose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Arthrodermataceae/isolamento & purificação , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Onicomicose/etiologia , Portugal/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Contexo: O trabalhador em sua atividade laboral está em contato frequente com diversos agentes que em determinadas situações podem comprometer as unhas, a eficiência e produtividade do trabalho exercido. Objetivos: Este estudo constitui-se de uma revisão da literatura com uma breve discussão acerca da distrofia ungueal ocupacional, abordando etiologias, tratamento e prevenção. Métodos: Foi realizada uma consulta por normas e artigos científicos selecionados através de busca no banco de dados do SciELO e da Bireme, a partir das fontes Medline e Lilacs, entre dezembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014. Resultados: Distrofias são alterações ungueais e em seus anexos, causadas ou agravadas por agentes biológicos, químicos e/ou físicos presentes no ambiente de trabalho. O diagnóstico se baseia em uma anamnese minuciosa, a qual é passível de elucidar a etiologia da doença, e a terapêutica da mesma pode exigir o afastamento do trabalho. A retirada do agente causal e o uso correto dos equipamentos de proteção individual são as melhores formas de prevenção de tal doença ocupacional. Conclusões: O médico do trabalho, detendo condições de observação e avaliação do ambiente de trabalho, deve reconhecer riscos potenciais e reais para o empregado e propor medidas que neutralizem esses riscos.
Context: Worker in their labor activity is in frequent contact with many agents in certain situations that may affect the nails and the efficiency and productivity of their occupation. Objectives: This study consisted of a literature review with a brief discussion of occupational nail dystrophy, addressing causes, treatment and prevention. Methods: A query for standards and selected by searching the database SciELO/Bireme and scientific articles from Medline and Lilacs sources between December 2013 and January 2014. Results: Dystrophies are nail changes and its annexes, caused or aggravated by biological, chemical and/or physical agents in the workplace. The diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history, which is likely to elucidate the etiology of the disease, and its therapy may require absence from work. The withdrawal of the causative agent and the correct use of personal protective equipment are the best ways to care involvement. Conclusions: The occupational physician, in conditions of observation and evaluation of the work environment should know actual and potential risks to the employee and propose measures to neutralize these risks.
Assuntos
Condições de Trabalho/legislação & jurisprudência , Onicomicose/etiologia , Dermatoses da Mão , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Se informa para Chile el aislamiento de S. pallida complex desde muestras médicas y del suelo del hogar de una paciente. Los hongos del complejo Sporothrix schenckii pueden causar distintas infecciones. En Chile, los aislamientos médicos y ambientales de este complejo son poco frecuentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar un agente atípico en un caso de onicomicosis y detectar su presencia en el suelo del jardín del hogar de la paciente. Para esto, las muestras clínicas se obtuvieron por raspado subungueal del primer dedo del pie derecho, y las muestras de suelo, de diferentes sectores del jardín. La identificación de las especies se realizó por morfofisiología y para la confirmación molecular se envió una de las cepas aisladas de la uña de la paciente al CBS (14.062). Se identificó S. pallida complex tanto de las muestras de uña como de aquellas provenientes del suelo del jardín
The isolation of S. pallida complex from medical samples and home garden soil of a patient in Chile is here in reported. Fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex can cause various infections. In Chile, the medical and environmental isolates of these this complex are rare. The aim of this study was to identify an unusual agent in a case of onychomycosis and to detect its presence in the patient's home garden. For this purpose, clinical samples were obtained by scraping the patient's subungueal first right toe nail as well as by taking soil samples from different areas of her home garden. Species identification was performed by morphophysiology and one of the strains isolated from the patient's toe nail was sent to CBS for molecular confirmation (14.062). S. pallida complex was identified both from the patient's toe nail and samples taken from her home garden