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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this commentary is to advocate for a holistic, ontology-based definition of bruxism. The intention is to synthesise the best aspects of current definitions into a structured ontological model, thereby refining and enhancing a comprehensive understanding of the full spectrum of bruxism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The commentary elaborates on the process of integrating these insights into a hierarchical ontology that aligns with ontological principles. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Not directly applicable as this is a commentary. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The proposed ontology-based definition of bruxism aims to clarify communication within the medical community and advance research by enabling a comprehensive ontology-based classification of bruxism. By aligning with ontological principles, this approach aspires to act as a catalyst for further research, discussion and consensus in the field.

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BACKGROUND: Biomedical computational systems benefit from ontologies and their associated mappings. Indeed, aligned ontologies in life sciences play a central role in several semantic-enabled tasks, especially in data exchange. It is crucial to maintain up-to-date alignments according to new knowledge inserted in novel ontology releases. Refining ontology mappings in place, based on adding concepts, demands further research. RESULTS: This article studies the mapping refinement phenomenon by proposing techniques to refine a set of established mappings based on the evolution of biomedical ontologies. In our first analysis, we investigate ways of suggesting correspondences with the new ontology version without applying a matching operation to the whole set of ontology entities. In the second analysis, the refinement technique enables deriving new mappings and updating the semantic type of the mapping beyond equivalence. Our study explores the neighborhood of concepts in the alignment process to refine mapping sets. CONCLUSION: Experimental evaluations with several versions of aligned biomedical ontologies were conducted. Those experiments demonstrated the usefulness of ontology evolution changes to support the process of mapping refinement. Furthermore, using context in ontological concepts was effective in our techniques.

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O uso da Tecnologia da Informação está presente nos mais diversos domínios, inclusive no da saúde, ao utilizar várias metodologias e ferramentas computacionais. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o modelo conceitual baseado em ontologia sobre o domínio HIV/aids denominado OntoHI. No processo para desenvol-ver a OntoHI adotam-se a metodologia SABiO e a ontologia de fundamentação UFO, além do conhecimento de especialistas da área da saúde, o que garante a representação da realidade. Artefatos da ontologia aqui apresentados: representação gráfica, glossário de termos, questões de competência. O controle de qualidade se dá através dos processos de validação e verificação das questões de competências. A OntoHI possibilita a integração com representações de outros domínios. Pode ser utilizado como artefato para a construção de ferramentas computacionais, principalmente sistemas de informações e aplicativos móveis para acompanhar o tratamento de pacientes, além de poder ser expandida para se adaptar a novas situações

The use of Information Technology is present in the most diverse domains, including health care, using various methodologies and computational tools. The goal of this work is to present an ontology-driven con-ceptual model on the HIV/AIDS domain called OntoHI. In the process of developing OntoHI, the SABiO methodology and the UFO foundational ontology are adopted, in addition to the specialist's knowledge in the field of health care, which guarantees a consistent representation of reality. Ontology artifacts that are presented here: graphical representation, glossary of terms, validation of competence questions. Quality control happens in the process of validation and verification of competency questions. OntoHI enables in-tegration with representations from other domains. It can be used as an artifact for building computational tools, mainly information systems and mobile applications to monitor patient treatment, in addition to being able to be expanded to adapt to new situations

El uso de las Tecnologías de la Información ocurre en los más diversos dominios, incluido el de la salud, uti-lizando diversas metodologías y herramientas computacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el modelo conceptual basado en ontologías sobre el dominio del VIH/sida denominado OntoHI. En el proceso de desarrollo de OntoHI se adoptan la metodología SABiO y la ontología de fundamentos OVNI, además del conocimiento de especialistas en el campo de la salud, lo que garantiza la representación de la realidad. Artefactos ontológicos presentados: representación gráfica, glosario, temas competenciales. El control de calidad se lleva a cabo a través del proceso de validación y verificación de problemas de competencia. Onto-HI permite la integración con representaciones de otros dominios. Puede usarse como artefacto para cons-truir herramientas computacionales, principalmente sistemas de información y aplicaciones móviles para monitorear el tratamiento del paciente, además de poder expandirse para adaptarse a nuevas situaciones

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BACKGROUND: Medical experts in the domain of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) acquire specific knowledge from diabetic patients through monitoring and interaction. This allows them to know the disease and information about other conditions or comorbidities, treatments, and typical consequences of the Mexican population. This indicates that an expert in a domain knows technical information about the domain and contextual factors that interact with it in the real world, contributing to new knowledge generation. For capturing and managing information about the DM, it is necessary to design and implement techniques and methods that allow: determining the most relevant conceptual dimensions and their correct organization, the integration of existing medical and clinical information from different resources, and the generation of structures that represent the deduction process of the doctor. An Ontology Network is a collection of ontologies of diverse knowledge domains which can be interconnected by meta-relations. This article describes an Ontology Network for representing DM in Mexico, designed by a proposed methodology. The information used for Ontology Network building include the ontological resource reuse and non-ontological resource transformation for ontology design and ontology extending by natural language processing techniques. These are medical information extracted from vocabularies, taxonomies, medical dictionaries, ontologies, among others. Additionally, a set of semantic rules has been defined within the Ontology Network to derive new knowledge. RESULTS: An Ontology Network for DM in Mexico has been built from six well-defined domains, resulting in new classes, using ontological and non-ontological resources to offer a semantic structure for assisting in the medical diagnosis process. The network comprises 1367 classes, 20 object properties, 63 data properties, and 4268 individuals from seven different ontologies. Ontology Network evaluation was carried out by verifying the purpose for its design and some quality criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The composition of the Ontology Network offers a set of well-defined ontological modules facilitating the reuse of one or more of them. The inclusion of international vocabularies as SNOMED CT or ICD-10 reinforces the representation by international standards. It increases the semantic interoperability of the network, providing the opportunity to integrate other ontologies with the same vocabularies. The ontology network design methodology offers a guide for ontology developers about how to use ontological and non-ontological resources in order to exploit the maximum of information and knowledge from a set of domains that share or not information.

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We recently published a method to infer ancestral landmark-based shape ontogenies that takes into account the possible existence of changes in developmental timing. Here we describe SPASOS, a software to perform that analysis. SPASOS is an open-source Windows program written in C. Input data include landmark coordinates for each specimen -with the corresponding information about developmental timing- and a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among the species sampled. As output, the program produces image files for an easy visualization of the results and data files useful for post-processing. The program incorporates an interpolating function, based on weighting moving averages, which allows analysis of data with scarce information along the ontogenetic trajectory. An empirical evaluation of this function showed its suitability to fill in incomplete ontogenetic trajectories. Finally, we present the results of a reanalysis in SPASOS of a published dataset, where changes in developmental timing were originally inferred by considering PCA scores as shape variables. Both approaches retrieved the same four largest changes in developmental timing, but differed in the ancestral shapes inferred.

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The Baja California Peninsula has over 250 islands and islets with many endemic species. Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30-35% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects.

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BACKGROUND: Knowledge is often produced from data generated in scientific investigations. An ever-growing number of scientific studies in several domains result into a massive amount of data, from which obtaining new knowledge requires computational help. For example, Alzheimer's Disease, a life-threatening degenerative disease that is not yet curable. As the scientific community strives to better understand it and find a cure, great amounts of data have been generated, and new knowledge can be produced. A proper representation of such knowledge brings great benefits to researchers, to the scientific community, and consequently, to society. METHODS: In this article, we study and evaluate a semi-automatic method that generates knowledge graphs (KGs) from biomedical texts in the scientific literature. Our solution explores natural language processing techniques with the aim of extracting and representing scientific literature knowledge encoded in KGs. Our method links entities and relations represented in KGs to concepts from existing biomedical ontologies available on the Web. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by generating KGs from unstructured texts obtained from a set of abstracts taken from scientific papers on the Alzheimer's Disease. We involve physicians to compare our extracted triples from their manual extraction via their analysis of the abstracts. The evaluation further concerned a qualitative analysis by the physicians of the generated KGs with our software tool. RESULTS: The experimental results indicate the quality of the generated KGs. The proposed method extracts a great amount of triples, showing the effectiveness of our rule-based method employed in the identification of relations in texts. In addition, ontology links are successfully obtained, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the ontology linking method proposed in this investigation. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that our proposal is effective on building ontology-linked KGs representing the knowledge obtained from biomedical scientific texts. Such representation can add value to the research in various domains, enabling researchers to compare the occurrence of concepts from different studies. The KGs generated may pave the way to potential proposal of new theories based on data analysis to advance the state of the art in their research domains.

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Trata-se de um ensaio que analisa como a filosofia de Paulo Freire, apropriada pelos autores da Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS), possibilita uma ressignificação do cuidado. Em diálogo com a literatura sobre o tema, partimos de uma reflexão sobre noções que fundamentam a ontologia freiriana, como a valorização dos saberes e culturas populares, o diálogo, o respeito e a amorosidade, para, em seguida, buscar nas produções sobre EPS a compreensão de cuidado, seus pressupostos e caminhos para enfrentar a hegemonia da biomedicina, concepção que situa o cuidado como um conjunto de procedimentos técnicos centrado na doença. A análise aponta o cuidado como um ato político que, por diferentes vias, deve estar comprometido com a construção do mundo, o que implica a construção de uma vida autêntica capaz de superar a opressão.(AU)

Se trata de un ensayo que analiza cómo la filosofía de Paulo Freire, apropiada por los autores de la Educación Popular en Salud (EPS), posibilita una resignificación del cuidado. En diálogo con la literatura sobre el tema, partimos de una reflexión sobre nociones que fundamentan la ontología freiriana, como la valoración de los saberes y culturas populares, el diálogo, el respeto y el amor para, enseguida, buscar en las producciones sobre EPS la comprensión de cuidado, sus presuposiciones y caminos para enfrentar la hegemonía de la biomedicina, concepción que sitúa el cuidado como un conjunto de procedimientos técnicos centrado en la enfermedad. El análisis señala el cuidado como un acto político que, por diferentes vías, debe estar comprometido con la construcción del mundo, lo que implica en la construcción de una vida auténtica capaz de superar la opresión. Para la pedagogía freiriana adjetivamos la palabra-acción cuidado.(AU)

The essay analyses how Paulo Freire's philosophy and its appropriation by authors from Popular Education in Health (PEH) re-signify care while dialoguing with the literature regarding this thematic. Firstly, we reflected on the notions underlying the Freirean ontology: valorization of popular knowledge and cultures, dialogue, respect, and lovingness. Next, we presented the comprehensions and assumptions of care in the literature from PEH, also highlighting the proposed ways to confront the hegemony of biomedicine, a conception that reduces care to a set of technical procedures centered in the disease. The analysis showed that care is assumed as a political act that through different ways must have a commitment with the world construction that implies building an authentic life that allows overcoming the oppressions. Finally, we added to the Freirean approach as word-action of care.(AU)

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O status ontológico das representações sociais (RS) tem seus próprios fundamentos filosóficos, o que indica sua origem e identidade. Moscovici (1925–2014), idealizador da teoria das representações sociais (TRS), recorreu a diferentes pensadores para demonstrar como se dá a formação das representações sociais nos seres humanos. Entre estes destacam-se Durkheim, Lévy-Bruhl, Piaget e Freud. Significa que o status ontológico das representações sociais encontra fundamentos nos aspectos sociológicos, antropológicos, cognitivos e psicanalíticos. O objetivo deste artigo consiste em mostrar como esses pensadores influenciaram na criação do status ontológico das representações sociais. Para alcançar essa finalidade, o estudo valeu-se do método dedutivo como base lógica de raciocínio, da pesquisa bibliográfica como técnica de investigação e realizaram-se diversas análises das obras, em diferentes etapas, pela utilização de fichas de documentação. A conclusão a que chegamos é que as representações sociais não são apenas ideias filosóficas, mas especialmente práticas vivenciais transmitidas por meio da comunicação.

The ontological status of social representations (SR) has its own philosophical fundaments, which indicate its origin and identity. Moscovici (1925 – 2014), founder of the Social Representation Theory (SRT), turned to different thinkers to demonstrate how the formation of social representations in humans is. Among them are: Durkheim, Lévy-Bruhl, Piaget and Freud. It means that the ontological status of social representations are grounded on sociological, anthropological, cognitive and psychoanalytical aspects. The aim of this article is to show how these thinkers have influenced the creation of the ontological status of social representations. In order to achieve this goal, the present study was based on the deductive method as a logical basis for reasoning, bibliographical research as a technique and several analyzes of the works were carried out, at different stages, using documentation sheets. The conclusion we have come to is that social representations are not only philosophical ideas, but are, especially, living practices broadcast by communication.

El status ontológico de las Representaciones Sociales (RS) tiene sus propios fundamentos filosóficos, que indican su origen e identidad. El idealizador de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS), Moscovici (1925 – 2014), al exponer cómo se forman las representaciones sociales en los seres humanos, se remite a diferentes pensadores, entre ellos Durkheim, Lévy-Bruhl, Piaget y Freud. Esto significa que el status ontológico de las representaciones sociales encuentra fundamentos en los aspectos sociológicos, antropológicos, cognitivos y psicológicos. Este artículo propone demostrar cómo determinados pensadores influyeron en la creación del status ontológico de las representaciones sociales. Para alcanzar su objetivo fue utilizado el método deductivo como base lógica del razonamiento y de la pesquisa bibliográfica como técnica de investigación. También, en diferentes etapas, fueron realizados diversos análisis de obras, utilizando hojas de documentación. La conclusión obtenida es que las representaciones sociales no solo son ideas filosóficas, sino, especialmente, prácticas existenciales transmitidas a través de la comunicación.

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