RESUMO
The pesticide azamethiphos used by the salmon industry to treat sea lice, is applied as a bath and subsequently discharged into the sea. The effects of azamethiphos concentration (0, 15 and 100 µg L-1) on the physiology of the Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) at two temperatures (12 and 15 °C) was examined. In all azamethiphos treatments, oysters kept at 15 °C had clearance rates (CR) higher than oysters kept at 12 °C. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased at higher temperatures, except with 100 µg L-1 of azamethiphos, where no changes were observed. Sixty days after the exposure, survival rates of 91 and 79% (15 and 100 µg L-1, respectively), were observed compared to the controls, a situation independent of the experimental temperature. The interaction between temperature and pesticide has detrimental effects on the physiological performance and survival of O. chilensis, and these effects should also be assessed for other non-target species.
Assuntos
Ostrea , Praguicidas , Animais , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Temperatura , Organotiofosfatos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Caligus rogercresseyi is the main ectoparasite that affects the salmon industry in Chile. The mechanisms used by the parasite to support its life strategy are of great interest for developing control strategies. Due to the critical role of insect peritrophins in host-parasite interactions and response to pest control drugs, this study aimed to identify and characterize the peritrophin-like genes present in C. rogercresseyi. Moreover, the expression of peritrophin-like genes was evaluated on parasites exposed to delousing drugs such as pyrethroids and azamethiphos. Peritrophin genes were identified by homology analysis among the sea louse transcriptome database and arthropods peritrophin-protein database obtained from GenBank and UniProt. Moreover, the gene loci in the parasite genome were located. Furthermore, peritrophin gene expression levels were evaluated by RNA-Seq analysis in sea louse developmental stages and sea lice exposed to delousing drugs deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and azamethiphos. Seven putative peritrophin-like genes were identified in C. rogercresseyi with high homology with other crustacean peritrophins. Differences in the presence of signal peptides, the number of chitin-binding domains, and the position of conserved cysteines were found. In addition, seven peritrophin-like gene sequences were identified in the C. rogercresseyi genome. Gene expression analysis revealed a stage-dependent expression profile. Notably, differential regulation of peritrophin genes in resistant and susceptible populations to delousing drugs was found. These data are the first report and characterization of peritrophin genes in the sea louse C. rogercresseyi, representing valuable knowledge to understand sea louse biology. Moreover, this study provides evidence for a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of C. rogercresseyi response to delousing drugs.
Assuntos
Copépodes , Doenças dos Peixes , Ftirápteros , Animais , Copépodes/genética , Organotiofosfatos , Salmão , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologiaRESUMO
Within Industry 4.0, drones appear as intelligent devices that have brought a new range of innovative applications to the industrial sector. The required knowledge and skills to manage and appropriate these technological devices are not being developed in most universities. This paper presents an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based smart educational mechatronics system that makes use of a motion capture (MoCap) laboratory and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) to teach UAV knowledge and skills, within the Educational Mechatronics Conceptual Framework (EMCF). The macro-process learning construction of the EMCF includes concrete, graphic, and abstract levels. The system comprises a DJI Phantom 4, a MoCap laboratory giving the drone location, a Simulink drone model, and an embedded system for performing the HIL simulation. The smart educational mechatronics system strengthens the assimilation of the UAV waypoint navigation concept and the capacity for drone flight since it permits the validation of the physical drone model and testing of the trajectory tracking control. Moreover, it opens up a new range of possibilities in terms of knowledge construction through best practices, activities, and tasks, enriching the university courses.
Assuntos
Aeronaves , Dispositivos Aéreos não Tripulados , Humanos , OrganotiofosfatosRESUMO
The role of miRNAs in pharmacological responses through gene regulation related to drug metabolism and the detoxification system has recently been determined for terrestrial species. However, studies on marine ectoparasites have scarcely been conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance. Herein, we explored the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi miRNome responses exposed to delousing drugs and the interplaying with coding/non-coding RNAs. Drug sensitivity in sea lice was tested by in vitro bioassays for the pesticides azamethiphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. Ectoparasites strains with contrasting susceptibility to these compounds were used. Small-RNA sequencing was conducted, identifying 2776 novel annotated miRNAs, where 163 mature miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to the drug testing. Notably, putative binding sites for miRNAs were found in the ADME genes associated with the drugs' absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Interactions between the miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also found, suggesting putative molecular gene regulation mechanisms. This study reports putative miRNAs correlated to the coding/non-coding RNAs modulation, revealing novel pharmacological mechanisms associated with drug resistance in sea lice species.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Copépodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Animais , Copépodes/metabolismo , Resistência a Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Organotiofosfatos/farmacologia , Piretrinas/farmacologia , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Salmo salar/parasitologiaRESUMO
A magnetic mesoporous molecularly imprinted polymers was synthesized on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles silanized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate to introduce reactive methacrylate groups. Subsequently, methacrylic acid monomers were grafted onto the surface of this adsorbent functionalized via polymerization by precipitation. Magnetic mesoporous molecularly imprinted polymer was properly characterized by different techniques and applied as adsorbent in magnetic solid phase extraction for selective determination of two organophosphorus pesticides, azamethiphos and chlorpyrifos, in mineral water and grape samples. After sample preparation optimization, recoveries of 99.56% and 98.86% were obtained for azamethiphos and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The magnetic solid phase extraction coupled to HPLC-UV presented limit of quantification of 5 ng mL-1, linearity ranged of 5 to 1000 ng mL-1, in addition to adequate accuracy, precision and robustness. The pesticides showed stability in the matrix and were satisfactorily quantified in real mineral water and grape samples.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos/química , Águas Minerais , Vitis/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Magnetismo , Impressão Molecular , Polímeros Molecularmente Impressos/química , Organotiofosfatos/química , Organotiofosfatos/isolamento & purificação , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/química , Porosidade , Extração em Fase SólidaRESUMO
The indiscriminate use of organophosphate pesticides causes serious environmental and human health problems. This study aims the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion and profenofos with the proposal of new biodegradation pathways employing marine-derived fungi as biocatalysts. Firstly, a growth screening was carried out with seven fungi strains and Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935 was selected. For chlorpyrifos, 32% biodegradation was observed and the metabolites tetraethyl dithiodiphosphate, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, 2,3,5-trichloro-6-methoxypyridine, and 3,5,6-trichloro-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one were identified. Whereas 80% methyl parathion was biodegraded with the identification of isoparathion, methyl paraoxon, trimethyl phosphate, O,O,O-trimethyl phosphorothioate, O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate, 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene, and 4-nitrophenol. For profenofos, 52% biodegradation was determined and the identified metabolites were 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol, 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-methoxybenzene and O,O-diethyl S-propylphosphorothioate. Moreover, A. sydowii CBMAI 935 methylated different phenolic substrates (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 6-chloropyridin-3-ol, and pentachlorophenol). Therefore, the knowledge about the fate of these compounds in the sea was expanded, and the marine-derived fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 935 showed potential for biotransformation reactions.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Metil Paration , Praguicidas , Aspergillus , Biodegradação Ambiental , Fungos , Humanos , Metilação , Organotiofosfatos , FenóisRESUMO
Acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning, particularly by suicide attempts, generates high mortality and morbidity. Few studies have systematically addressed the consequences of acute OP intoxication on cognition and memory of survivors. Preclinical evidence suggests that acute OP-induced effects are associated with inhibiting the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The OP triazophos has been used worldwide, although its effects on mnemonic processing are yet to be investigated. Based on the above, the present study investigated whether acute triazophos intoxication interferes with the expression and extinction of contextual fear memory in rats. Hippocampal and amygdalar AChE activity and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were measured at the end of the experiment to confirm the cholinergic overstimulation. Independent cohorts of animals intoxicated with triazophos were evaluated in the novel object recognition (NOR) test, a less aversive associative memory task. At the dose of 15 mg/kg, triazophos administered immediately after contextual fear conditioning impaired the extinction but not the expression of freezing behavior. Triazophos poisoning induced no changes in the discrimination index in the NOR test. Triazophos inhibited the AChE activity in a time- and brain region-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that fear memory extinction deficits induced by acute triazophos intoxication are accompanied by hippocampal AChE inhibition. The deficient fear extinction associated with acute OP poisoning may represent a behavioral and biochemical phenotype helpful to study mechanisms of neurotoxicity and treatment approach of OP suicide survivors.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Colinesterase/toxicidade , Extinção Psicológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Medo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Organofosfatos/toxicidade , Organotiofosfatos/toxicidade , Triazóis/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Condicionamento Clássico/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/enzimologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate what toxicological interactions occur when binary combinations of azamethiphos and botanical monoterpenes (eugenol, menthol or menthyl acetate) are applied to Triatoma infestans. METHODS: The toxicity of binary mixtures of azamethiphos and sublethal doses of a monoterpene (eugenol, menthol or menthyl acetate) was evaluated in nymphs of the first stage of T. infestans. Experiments using exposure to filter papers and topical application were carried out. Values of Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50) were calculated in the first case, and values of Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) in the second. RESULTS: The LC50 of azamethiphos applied on filter paper was 50.3 µg/cm2 . However, when it was simultaneously applied with a sublethal concentration of monoterpene, its toxicity increased (LC50 with eugenol = 11.20 µg/cm2 , LC50 with menthyl acetate = 5.30 µg/cm2 , LC50 with menthol = 7.26 µg/cm2 ). When applied topically, the LD50 of azamethiphos was 7.85 µg/insect, but its toxicity drastically increased when it was applied together with sublethal doses of menthol (LD50 = 0.00016 µg/insect) or menthyl acetate (LD50 = 0.00051 µg/insect). The simultaneous application with eugenol did not significantly change azamethiphos toxicity (LD50 = 12.79 µg/insect). CONCLUSIONS: The toxicity of azamethiphos in T. infestans was synergised when it was applied together with eugenol, menthol or menthyl acetate on a filter paper. However, only menthol and menthyl acetate synergysed azamethiphos when mixtures were topically applied. The drastic effects of menthol and menthyl acetate in topical application experiments should be further studied as they could be the basis for developing more efficient triatomicidal products with a lower content of conventional insecticides than those currently used for controlling T. infestans.
OBJECTIF: Etudier les interactions toxicologiques qui se produisent lorsque des combinaisons binaires d'azaméthiphos et de monoterpènes botaniques (eugénol, menthol ou acétate de menthyle) sont appliquées à Triatoma infestans. MÉTHODES: La toxicité de mélanges binaires d'azaméthiphos et de doses sublétales d'un monoterpène (eugénol, menthol ou acétate de menthyle) a été évaluée sur les nymphes du premier stade de T. infestans. Des expériences utilisant une exposition à des papiers filtres et une application topique ont été réalisées. Les valeurs de concentration létale à 50% (CL50) ont été calculées dans le premier cas et les valeurs de dose létale à 50% (DL50) dans le second. RÉSULTATS: La CL50 de l'azaméthiphos appliqué sur papier filtre était de 50,3 µg/cm2 . Cependant, lorsqu'il était appliqué simultanément avec une concentration sublétale de monoterpène, sa toxicité augmentait (CL50 avec eugénol = 11,20 µg/cm2 , CL50 avec acétate de menthyle = 5,30 µg/cm2 , CL50 avec menthol = 7,26 µg/cm2 ). Lorsqu'il était appliqué localement, la DL50 de l'azaméthiphos était de 7,85 µg/insecte, mais sa toxicité augmentait considérablement lorsqu'il était appliqué avec des doses sublétales de menthol (DL50 = 0,00016 µg/insecte) ou d' acétate de menthyle (DL50 = 0,00051 µg/insecte). L'application simultanée d'eugénol n'a pas modifié de manière significative la toxicité de l'azaméthiphos (DL50 = 12,79 µg/insecte). CONCLUSIONS: La toxicité de l'azaméthiphos chez T. infestans a été mise en synergie lorsqu'il a été appliqué avec de l'eugénol, du menthol ou de l' acétate de menthyle sur un papier filtre. Cependant, seuls le menthol et l' acétate de menthyle ont eu un effet synergique avec l'azaméthiphos lorsque les mélanges étaient appliqués localement. Les effets drastiques du menthol et de l' acétate de menthyle dans les expériences d'application topique devraient être plus étudiés car ils pourraient être la base du développement de produits triatomicides plus efficaces avec une teneur inférieure en insecticides conventionnels que ceux actuellement utilisés pour lutter contre T. infestans.
Assuntos
Repelentes de Insetos/farmacologia , Insetos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Triatoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Repelentes de Insetos/química , Dose Letal Mediana , Monoterpenos/química , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Ninfa/efeitos dos fármacos , Organotiofosfatos/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
This study explored the potential association between chronic exposure to pesticide mixtures including paraquat and respiratory outcomes among Colombian farmers. Sociodemographic and occupational data, respiratory symptoms and spirometric data were collected. Paraquat in spot urine samples were quantified with solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography. Multiple Poisson regressions with robust variance were used to determine factors associated with respiratory outcomes. Profiles of pesticide mixtures used were identified among 217 farmworkers, but profenofos and methamidophos-based mixtures were more frequent. Chronic paraquat exposure was slightly associated with self-reported asthma (PR: 1.06; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.13). Different pesticide mixtures were associated with flu, thoracic pain, allergic rhinitis, and obstructive pattern in spirometry. Although acute exposure to paraquat is low among Colombian farmers participating in the study, associations between respiratory outcomes and chronic pesticide mixtures exposure including profenofos, methamidophos or glyphosate require further specific studies.
Assuntos
Fazendeiros , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Paraquat/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Dor no Peito/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Organotiofosfatos/efeitos adversos , Compostos Organotiofosforados/efeitos adversos , Paraquat/urina , Rinite Alérgica , EspirometriaRESUMO
Biomarkers are frequently used in ecotoxicology as they allow to study toxicant effects happening at low concentrations of exposure. However, most sublethal studies only evaluate cellular biomarkers which lack evident ecological relevance. We used a multibiomarker approach to estimate the toxic effects of ethoprophos, an organophosphate insecticide commonly used in banana plantations, on the tropical fish Astyanax aeneus (Characidae). We measured biomarkers at sub-individual (cellular) and individual (metabolism, behavior) levels and examined relationships among these responses. A sublethal exposure to ethoprophos caused a significant (54%) reduction of brain Cholinesterase (ChE) activity, reflecting the pesticide's high neurotoxicity. However, other biomarkers like oxidative stress, biotransformation reactions, and resting metabolic rate were not affected. Exposure to ethoprophos modified antipredator behaviors such as escape response and detection avoidance (light/dark preference): exposed fish escaped slower from a simulated attack and preferred brighter areas in a novel tank. The relationship between ChE activity and reaction time suggests that pesticide-induced ChE inhibition reduces escape ability in fish. Our results provide evidence that impacts of organophosphate pesticides on fish ecological fitness can occur even with short exposures at very low concentrations.