RESUMO
Tacuarembó is a department located in northeastern Uruguay, whose population is the result of several migration waves from Europe and Near East, as well as Africans and Afro-descents mostly from Brazil; these waves settled with the territory's various Native ethnic groups (Charrúa, Minuán, and Guaraní). In the past, this population has been the focus of genetic studies showing this trihybrid origin, with greater contributions of Natives and Africans than in other Uruguayan regions. In this study we analyzed eight Alu insertions (A25, ACE, APOA1, B65, D1, F13B, PV92, TPA25) to provide valuable information for ancestrality and genetic differentiation and to compare with both previous studies on the Tacuarembó population and Alu frequencies in other Uruguayan populations. The European contribution to Alu and classical markers was almost equal to that of a previous study using 22 classical markers (63% vs. 65%), while African contribution was higher (30% vs. 15%), and Native American contribution shows an important difference in Alu: 7% versus 20%. We found no significant differences in genetic differentiation between Tacuarembó and Montevideo but significant differences between Tacuarembó and Basque descendants from Trinidad. Our results support previous findings obtained with classical markers that demonstrate the trihybrid composition of the Tacuarembó population, correlated with historical records. Thus, Alu insertions provide interesting information in light of the admixture process in the Uruguayan population.
Assuntos
Elementos Alu/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Brasil/etnologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/genética , Espanha/etnologia , Uruguai/etnologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the adaptation process of international medical school students to university life in Turkey. METHODS: The mixed method design study, including all the international students (n=127) studying at Ege University School of Medicine, is employed. Qualitative data were collected from 23 students selected by purposive sampling technique. Two instruments were utilized for collecting data: Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) and Brief COPE. Focus group interviews were performed for qualitative data collection. RESULTS: The mean SACQ score of the medical students was found to be 407.44 (SD=68.29). The Academic Adjustment category included the themes of educational goals, different studying habits, accommodation, academic advisor, and scholarship. The Social Adjustment category included the themes of social interaction and support, differences, longing for family, discrimination and its effects on social life. The Personal/Emotional adjustment category included themes of psychological and physiological health problems. The Goal Commitment/Institutional Attachment category included themes of academic and social adaptation as well as the student' communication with education management. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies to light critical issues in supporting international students with adaptation problems to university life in Turkey. It is clear that revising the content of education programs to enable international exchange is not sufficient enough by itself to meet the needs of international students.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Intercâmbio Educacional Internacional , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Universidades , Aculturação , Adolescente , Adulto , África/etnologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Família , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Habitação , Humanos , Masculino , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Preconceito , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Faculdades de Medicina , Ajustamento Social , América do Sul/etnologia , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Turquia , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Exposição à Violência , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Cooperação Internacional , Refugiados , Direito à Saúde , Migrantes , Adolescente , Saúde do Adolescente/legislação & jurisprudência , América Central/etnologia , Criança , Saúde da Criança/legislação & jurisprudência , Pré-Escolar , Europa (Continente) , Exposição à Violência/legislação & jurisprudência , Exposição à Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Separação da Família , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Saúde do Lactente/legislação & jurisprudência , México/etnologia , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Pediatras , Papel do Médico , Refugiados/legislação & jurisprudência , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Direito à Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Migrantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Nações Unidas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Purpose: Vitamin D deficiency is a complex topic in human health and ill-health and has been studied in a variety of contexts and populations. Few studies examine Vitamin D deficiency among non-western immigrant women and even fewer examine women's perspective on daily life while living with low vitamin D levels after childbirth and undergoing vitamin D treatment. The aim was, therefore, to explore health and ill-health among non-western immigrant women living with low vitamin D levels after childbirth and reaching normalized levels after one year of vitamin D treatment. Method: An explorative qualitative study using qualitative content analysis. Six women aged 25 to 38 years, diagnosed with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during pregnancy, were recruited after having undergone vitamin D treatment. Results: The women told about living a restrained life which gradually transformed into an experience of recaptured vitality. They also experienced a need for continuity in medication, as an interruption of treatment meant returning symptoms. Conclusion: In this study, non-western immigrant women described benefits in everyday life, increased strength, relieved pain and improved sleep quality. The findings can provide valuable knowledge for healthcare providers meeting women with physical weakness, musculoskeletal pain and/or poor sleep quality after childbirth. Further studies using a longitudinal design and larger samples are warranted.
Assuntos
Parto Obstétrico/reabilitação , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto , África/etnologia , Europa Oriental/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , América do Sul/etnologia , Suécia , Vitamina D/administração & dosagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess the pregnancy outcome of low-risk pregnancies for women originating from non-Western countries compared with ethnic Norwegian women. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective population-based observational cohort study with prospectively registered data. Conducted at Stavanger University Hospital, Norway, with approximately 4800 deliveries annually, from 2009 to 2015. We included women with low-risk pregnancies of non-Western origin (nâ¯=â¯1413), born in Africa (nâ¯=â¯224), Asia (nâ¯=â¯439), Eastern Europe (nâ¯=â¯499), Middle East (nâ¯=â¯138), South America (nâ¯=â¯85), Western (nâ¯=â¯979), and ethnic Norwegian women (nâ¯=â¯7028). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The relative risk of emergency cesarean section or postpartum hemorrhage by country of origin was estimated by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals using logistic multiple regression. RESULTS: In total, the pregnancy outcomes of 9392 women were analyzed. Risk of emergency cesarean section was significantly higher for women originating from Asia (aOR: 1.887), followed by Africans (aOR: 1.705). Lowest risk was found in women originating from South America (aOR: 0.480). Risk of postpartum hemorrhage was significantly higher in women originating from Asia (aOR: 1.744) compared to Norwegians. CONCLUSION: Even in a low-risk population, women originating from Asia and Africa had an elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcome compared to the Norwegian group. The elevated risk should be considered by obstetric care providers, and we suggest that women originating from Asia and Africa would benefit from a targeted care during pregnancy and childbirth.
Assuntos
Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações do Trabalho de Parto/etnologia , Hemorragia Pós-Parto/etnologia , Resultado da Gravidez/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , África/etnologia , Europa Oriental/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Povos Indígenas/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Noruega/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , América do Sul/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The mutation age and local ancestry of chromosomal segments harbouring mutations associated with autosomal recessive (AR) disorders in Brazilian admixed populations remain unknown; additionally, inbreeding levels for these affected individuals continue to be estimated based on genealogical information. Here, we calculated inbreeding levels using a runs of homozygosity approach, mutation age and local ancestry to infer the origin of each chromosomal segments containing disorder-causing mutations in KLC2, IMPA1, MED25 and WNT7A. Genotyped data were generated from 18 patients affected by AR diseases and combined to the 1000 genome project (1KGP) and Simons genome diversity project (SGDP) databases to infer local ancestry. We found a major European contribution for mutated haplotypes with recent mutation age and inbreeding values found only in Native American and Middle East individuals. These results contribute to identifying the origin of and to understanding how these diseases are maintained and spread in Brazilian and world populations.
Assuntos
Complexo Mediador/genética , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Mutação , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolases/genética , Proteínas Wnt/genética , Fatores Etários , Brasil/etnologia , Consanguinidade , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Cinesinas , Masculino , Oriente Médio/etnologia , FilogeografiaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Marriage before the age of 18, commonly referred to as child marriage, is legal under varying conditions across the United States. The prevalence of child marriage among recent cohorts is unknown. METHODS: American Community Survey data for 2010-2014 were used to estimate the average national and state-level proportions of children who had ever been married. Prevalence was calculated by gender, race and ethnicity, and birthplace, and the living arrangements of currently married children were examined. RESULTS: Approximately 6.2 of every 1,000 children surveyed had ever been married. Prevalence varied from more than 10 per 1,000 in West Virginia, Hawaii and North Dakota to less than four per 1,000 in Maine, Rhode Island and Wyoming. It was higher among girls than among boys (6.8 vs. 5.7 per 1,000), and was lower among white non-Hispanic children (5.0 per 1,000) than among almost every other racial or ethnic group studied; it was especially high among children of American Indian or Chinese descent (10.3 and 14.2, respectively). Immigrant children were more likely than U.S.-born children to have been married; prevalence among children from Mexico, Central America and the Middle East was 2-4 times that of children born in the United States. Only 20% of married children were living with their spouses; the majority of the rest were living with their parents. CONCLUSIONS: Child marriage occurs throughout the country. Research on the social forces that perpetuate child marriage is needed to inform efforts to prevent it.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Etnicidade , Casamento , Grupos Raciais , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , América Central/etnologia , China/etnologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Casamento/etnologia , Casamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , México/etnologia , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors including hypertension, overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia are high among United States ethnic minorities, and the immigrant population continues to burgeon. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hypothesizing that acculturation (length of residence) would be associated with a higher prevalence of CMR factors, the authors analyzed data on 54, 984 US immigrants in the 2010-2014 National Health Interview Surveys. The main predictor was length of residence. The outcomes were hypertension, overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. The authors used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between length of US residence and these CMR factors.The mean (SE) age of the patients was 43 (0.12) years and half were women. Participants residing in the United States for ≥10 years were more likely to have health insurance than those with <10 years of residence (70% versus 54%, P<0.001). After adjusting for region of birth, poverty income ratio, age, and sex, immigrants residing in the United States for ≥10 years were more likely to be overweight/obese (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10-1.29), diabetic (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.17-1.73), and hypertensive (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.32) than those residing in the United States for <10 years. CONCLUSIONS: In an ethnically diverse sample of US immigrants, acculturation was associated with CMR factors. Culturally tailored public health strategies should be developed in US immigrant populations to reduce CMR.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Hiperlipidemias/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto , África/etnologia , Idoso , Ásia/etnologia , Sudeste Asiático/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oriente Médio/etnologia , Análise Multivariada , Razão de Chances , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , América do Sul/etnologia , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Preference for sons in India has resulted in a skewed sex ratio at live birth, probably as a consequence of female feticide. However, it is unclear if these cultural preferences are also currently present in communities who have emigrated from India to England and Wales. METHODS: Data of all live births in England and Wales from 2007-2011 were obtained from the Office of National Statistics. A logistic regression analysis was used to compare the probability of having a male infant in mothers born inside the United Kingdom (UK) to those born outside the UK, stratified by mothers' region and country of birth. RESULTS: Mothers born in India were not observed to be giving birth to disproportionately more boys than mothers that were born in the UK (Odds Ratio OR: 1.00, 95% Confidence Interval CI: 0.98-1.02), although an excess of male births were observed in mothers born in South-East Asia (OR 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.005), the Middle East (OR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.05, p = 0.047), and South America (1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.07, p = 0.025). Mothers who were born in Africa were found to be less likely to give birth to boys than girls when compared to mothers born in the UK (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), and this observation was attributable to women born in East and West Africa. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence of an excess of males born to women from India in England and Wales. An excess of males were observed in mothers born in South-East Asia, the Middle East and South America. Women born in Africa are less likely to give birth to boys than UK born mothers, an observation that is consistent with previous data.
Assuntos
Nascido Vivo , Razão de Masculinidade , África Oriental/etnologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Sudeste Asiático/etnologia , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Oriente Médio/etnologia , América do Sul/etnologia , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to compare objectively recorded physical activity (PA) levels and walking steps among pregnant women. Cross-sectional data from a multiethnic cohort (n = 823) of pregnant women consisting of 44% from Western countries, 24% from South Asia, 14% from Middle East, and 18% from other countries. PA and steps were recorded by the activity monitor SenseWear™ Pro3 Armband. A total of 678 women were included in the analysis. Western women walked significantly more steps and had higher moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) levels compared with South Asian women per weekday and weekend day. Interaction terms (P = 0.008) between ethnicity (Western vs South Asian) and parity, and education, respectively, were identified: having ≥ 1 children was positively associated with steps during weekends in South Asians in contrast to Western women. Having <12 years education was associated with more MVPA time among South Asians in contrast to Western women. South Asian women are prone to low levels of PA during pregnancy and South Asian women without children and with higher education may have an elevated risk for an inactive lifestyle during pregnancy.