RESUMO
Few cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome have been reported in northeastern Argentina. However, neighboring areas show a higher incidence, suggesting underreporting. We evaluated the presence of antibodies against orthohantavirus in small rodents throughout Misiones province. Infected Akodon affinis montensis and Oligoryzomys nigripes native rodents were found in protected areas of Misiones.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Orthohantavírus , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus/imunologia , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Hantavirus/virologia , Roedores/virologia , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/virologia , Humanos , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologiaRESUMO
Orthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans. We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Holochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far. Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.
Assuntos
Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/virologia , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Sigmodontinae/virologia , Adolescente , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Argentina , Feminino , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , Sigmodontinae/sangueRESUMO
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is an, often fatal, emerging zoonotic disease in the Americas caused by hantaviruses (family: Hantaviridae). In Brazil, hantavirus routine diagnosis is based on serology (IgM-ELISA) while RT-PCR is often used to confirm acute infection. A Semi-nested RT-PCR and an internally controlled RT-qPCR assays were developed for detection and quantification of four hantaviruses strains circulating in the Brazilian Amazon: Anajatuba (ANAJV) and Castelo dos Sonhos (CASV) strains of Andes virus (ANDV) species; and Rio Mamoré (RIOMV) and Laguna Negra (LNV) strains of LNV species. A consensus region in the N gene of these hantaviruses was used to design the primer sets and a hydrolysis probe. In vitro transcribed RNA was diluted in standards with known concentration. MS2 bacteriophage RNA was detected together with hantavirus RNA as an exogenous control in a duplex reaction. RT-qPCR efficiency was around 100% and the limit of detection was 0.9 copies/µL of RNA for RT-qPCR and 10 copies/µL of RNA for Semi-nested RT-PCR. There was no amplification of either negative samples or samples positive to other pathogens. To assess the protocol for clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values, both assays were used to test two groups of samples: one comprising patients with disease (n = 50) and other containing samples from healthy individuals (n = 50), according to IgM-ELISA results. A third group of samples (n = 27) infected with other pathogens were tested for specificity analysis. RT-qPCR was more sensitive than semi-nested RT-PCR, being able to detect three samples undetected by conventional RT-PCR. RT-qPCR clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values were 92.5%, 100% and 97.63%, respectively. Thus, the assays developed in this study were able to detect the four Brazilian Amazon hantaviruses with good specificity and sensitivity, and may become powerful tools in diagnostic, surveillance and research applications of these and possibly other hantaviruses.
Assuntos
Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/métodos , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Adulto , Brasil , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/normas , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/normas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/normas , Padrões de Referência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/normas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Several viruses from the genus Orthohantavirus are known to cause lethal disease in humans. Sigmodontinae rodents are the main hosts responsible for hantavirus transmission in the tropical forests, savannas, and wetlands of South America. These rodents can shed different hantaviruses, such as the lethal and emerging Araraquara orthohantavirus. Factors that drive variation in host populations may influence hantavirus transmission dynamics within and between populations. Landscape structure, and particularly areas with a predominance of agricultural land and forest remnants, is expected to influence the proportion of hantavirus rodent hosts in the Atlantic Forest rodent community. Here, we tested this using 283 Atlantic Forest rodent capture records and geographically weighted models that allow us to test if predictors vary spatially. We also assessed the correspondence between proportions of hantavirus hosts in rodent communities and a human vulnerability to hantavirus infection index across the entire Atlantic Forest biome. We found that hantavirus host proportions were more positively influenced by landscape diversity than by a particular habitat or agricultural matrix type. Local small mammal diversity also positively influenced known pathogenic hantavirus host proportions, indicating that a plasticity to habitat quality may be more important for these hosts than competition with native forest dwelling species. We found a consistent positive effect of sugarcane and tree plantation on the proportion of rodent hosts, whereas defaunation intensity did not correlate with the proportion of hosts of potentially pathogenic hantavirus genotypes in the community, indicating that non-defaunated areas can also be hotspots for hantavirus disease outbreaks. The spatial match between host hotspots and human disease vulnerability was 17%, while coldspots matched 20%. Overall, we discovered strong spatial and land use change influences on hantavirus hosts at the landscape level across the Atlantic Forest. Our findings suggest disease surveillance must be reinforced in the southern and southeastern regions of the biome where the highest predicted hantavirus host proportion and levels of vulnerability spatially match. Importantly, our analyses suggest there may be more complex rodent community dynamics and interactions with human disease than currently hypothesized.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Florestas , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/virologia , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Roedores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Roedores/virologia , Agricultura/métodos , Animais , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Ecossistema , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Infecções por Hantavirus/transmissão , Humanos , Roedores/classificação , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Análise EspacialRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Oropouche fever is an under-reported and emerging infectious disease caused by Oropouche virus (OROV). Its incidence is under-estimated mainly due to clinical similarities with other endemic arboviral diseases and the lack of specific diagnostic tests. We report the first outbreak of Oropouche fever in a western region of the Peruvian Amazon in Huanuco, Peru. METHODS: A transversal study was carried out during an outbreak in the western Region of Huanuco, Peru between January and July of 2016. Blood samples of 268 patients with acute febrile syndrome were collected and analyzed for OROV via RT- PCR and genetic sequencing. RESULTS: Of all 268 patients, 46 (17%) cases tested positive for OROV. The most common symptoms reported were headache with a frequency of 87% (n = 40) followed by myalgia with 76% (n = 35), arthralgia with 65.2% (n = 30), retro-ocular pain 60.8% (n = 28) and hyporexia with 50% (n = 23). Some patients showed a clinical presentation suggestive of severe OROV infection, of which 4.3% (n = 2) had low platelet count, 8.6% (n = 4) had intense abdominal pain, and 2.1% (n = 1) had a presentation with thoracic pain. CONCLUSION: This study reports an outbreak of OROV in a region where this virus was not previously identified. The disease caused by OROV is an emerging, underdiagnosed infection that requires further research to determine its virulence, pathogenesis, host range and vectors involved in the urban and sylvatic cycles as well as identifying new genotypes to implement sensitive and specific diagnostic tools that can be applied to endemic regions.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/fisiopatologia , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Febre/epidemiologia , Febre/virologia , Genótipo , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/genética , Infecções por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Hantavirus/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Peru/epidemiologia , RNA Viral , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hantaviruses (order Bunyavirales, family Hantaviridae) are important zoonotic pathogens. Because of the great diversity of their reservoir hosts, hantaviruses are excellent models to evaluate the dynamics of virus-host co-evolution. To understand the mechanisms behind the evolutionary history of hantaviruses through virus-reservoir interactions, it is important to know how the radiation and diversity of hantaviruses occurred. In this paper, we evaluate the pattern of hantavirus diversification based on a complete S segment representing major groups of hantaviruses found in the Americas. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a high degree of phylogeographic structure and a surprising pattern of geographical distribution of New World hantaviruses. The available data suggest that hantaviruses related to the Arvicolinae rodent subfamily in North America probably emerged and initially adapted from a shared common ancestor of the Tula virus. The first clade of hantaviruses associated with Neotominae occupied a stem lineage, especially those that emerged in Central America or Mexico. Hantaviruses from Central America and Mexico found in Neotominae rodents spread northward and probably gave rise to the first phylogroup of hantaviruses associated with Sigmodontinae in North America. Two preferential host-switching transmissions in hantaviruses apparently gave rise to two different paraphyletic group in Neotominae and Sigmodontinae. Our study supports a probable epicenter of diversification in Central America and/or Mexico for hantaviruses related to both the Neotominae and Sigmodontinae subfamilies.
Assuntos
Orthohantavírus/classificação , Filogeografia , Roedores/virologia , Animais , América Central , Infecções por Hantavirus/virologia , México , Filogenia , Recombinação Genética/genéticaRESUMO
Bats (Order: Chiroptera) harbor a high diversity of emerging pathogens presumably because their ability to fly and social behavior favor the maintenance, evolution, and dissemination of these pathogens. Until 2012, there was only one report of the presence of Hantavirus in bats. Historically, it was thought that these viruses were harbored primarily by rodent and insectivore small mammals. Recently, new species of hantaviruses have been identified in bats from Africa and Asia continents expanding the potential reservoirs and range of these viruses. To assess the potential of Neotropical bats as hosts for hantaviruses and its transmission dynamics in nature, we tested 53 bats for active hantaviral infection from specimens collected in Southeastern Brazil. Part of the hantaviral S segment was amplified from the frugivorous Carollia perspicillata and the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. DNA sequencing showed high similarity with the genome of Araraquara orthohantavirus (ARQV), which belongs to one of the more lethal hantavirus clades (Andes orthohantavirus). ARQV-like infection was detected in the blood, urine, and organs of D. rotundus. Therefore, we describe a systemic infection in Neotropical bats by a human pathogenic Hantavirus. We also propose here a schematic transmission dynamics of hantavirus in the study region. Our results give insights to new, under-appreciated questions that need to be addressed in future studies to clarify hantavirus transmission in nature and avoid hantavirus outbreaks.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/virologia , Orthohantavírus/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , Quirópteros/sangue , Quirópteros/classificação , Variação Genética , Geografia , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/genética , Infecções por Hantavirus/sangue , Infecções por Hantavirus/transmissão , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is an emerging serious disease in the Americas, transmitted from wild rodents to humans through inhalation of aerosol containing virus. Herein, we characterized two distinct hantaviruses circulating in rodent species form Central Plateau, Midwestern region of Brazil in the Cerrado (savanna-like) biome, an area characterized by small trees and grasses adapted to climates with long dry periods. In this study, we identified the co-circulation of the Araraquara virus and a possible new lineage of the Juquitiba virus (JUQV) in Oligoryzomys nigripes. The implications of co-circulation are still unknown, but it can be the key for increasing viral diversity or emergence of new species through spillover or host switching events leading to co-infection and consequently recombination or reassortment between different virus species. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete S segment indicated that, alongside with Oligoryzomys mattogrossae rodents, O. nigripes species could also have a whole as JUQV reservoir in the Cerrado biome. Although these rodents' species are common in the Cerrado biome, they are not abundant demonstrating how complex and different hantavirus enzootic cycles can be in this particular biome.
Assuntos
Coinfecção/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Infecções por Hantavirus/transmissão , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Filogenia , Sigmodontinae/virologia , Animais , Brasil , Coinfecção/genética , Doenças Transmissíveis/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Ecossistema , Genoma Viral , Orthohantavírus/genética , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Orthohantavírus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Humanos , Recombinação Genética , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Roedores/virologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
We report 5 human cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome found during surveillance in French Guiana in 2008-2016; of the 5 patients, 4 died. This pathogen should continue to be monitored in humans and rodents in effort to reduce the occurrence of these lethal infections in humans stemming from ecosystem disturbances.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Roedores/virologia , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Ecossistema , Guiana Francesa/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus/classificação , Orthohantavírus/genética , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/mortalidade , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/patologia , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/virologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Andes virus is the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Argentina and neighboring countries. In our country four different areas are affected: Northwest, Southwest, Central and Northeast, where distinct Andes virus genotypes were characterized. Three genotypes were described in Buenos Aires province (Central area): AND-Buenos Aires, AND-Lechiguanas and AND-Plata. In this work, we considered all HPS cases confirmed by ELISA and real time RT-PCR during the period 2009-2014 in Buenos Aires province. The annual distribution, fatality rate and geographic distribution were analyzed. We also analyzed the genotypes involved by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Finally we evaluated epidemiological data in order to establish the route of transmission. We analyzed 1386 suspect cases of hantavirus infection from Buenos Aires province and we confirmed 88 cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome during 2009-2014. The overall average was 14.3 cases per year. The occurrence of a HPS outbreak was confirmed in Buenos Aires province during 2013, showing a 3 fold increase in case number compared to the annual average between 2009 and 2012, tending to normalize during 2014. The overall lethality was 25.6%, with a maximum value of 45.5% in 2011. Genotype analysis was performed in 30.7% of confirmed cases, AND-BsAs show the highest incidence, it was characterized in 72% of the studied cases. Epidemiological data and results of viral genome comparison strongly suggest person-to-person transmission in the three clusters of two cases described in our study.