RESUMO
Objective: Osteoporosis is under-diagnosed and under-treated worldwide. Information on the burden of osteoporosis in Latin American countries is limited. This study aimed to estimate the economic burden of osteoporosis in adults aged 50-89 years in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. Methods: Analyses were conducted using a burden of illness model. Where possible, country-specific model inputs were informed by a systematic review and expert opinion. Osteoporosis-related fracture costs were calculated for hospitalizations, testing, surgeries, prescription drugs, and patient productivity losses. Costs were expressed in 2018 USD for the annual burden, annual burden per 1,000 at risk, and projected 5-year burden. No discounting was applied. Results: Over 840,000 osteoporosis-related fractures were predicted to occur in 2018, amounting to a total annual cost of â¼1.17 billion USD. The total projected 5-year cost was â¼6.25 billion USD. Annual costs were highest in Mexico (411 million USD), followed by Argentina (360 million USD), Brazil (310 million USD), and Colombia (94 million USD). The average burden per 1,000 at risk was greatest in Argentina (32,583 USD), followed by Mexico (16,671 USD), Colombia (8,240 USD), and Brazil (6,130 USD). Conclusions: Over the next 5 years, â¼4,485,352 fractures are anticipated to occur in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. To control and prevent these fractures, stakeholders must work together to close the care gap. Efforts to identify individuals at high fracture risk, initiate treatment, and improve long-term treatment persistence will be essential in minimizing the financial and patient burden of osteoporosis in Latin America.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Osteoporose/economia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/economia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colômbia , Feminino , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/métodos , Fixação Interna de Fraturas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/terapia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/terapia , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expenditure of the Ministry of Health with osteoporosis treatment in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in 2008-2010 triennium and estimate the influence of demographic, regional and disease related variables on average expenditure per procedures performed. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study based on secondary data from DATASUS related to procedures for the elderly with a diagnosis of osteoporosis and related fractures. For the statistical analysis and multivariate model, Stata 11.0 was used. RESULTS: According to the findings, 3,252,756 procedures related to the osteoporosis treatment among the elderly were carried out in Brazil during the 2008 - 2010 period, totalizing R$ 288,986,335.15. The age group that most had procedures was 60 - 69 years (46.3%); the population of 80 years or older showed the highest spending per procedure, around R$ 106 million in three years. The women were majority in terms of quantity (95.6%) and expense (76%) of procedures. The average cost per procedure showed a large gap between men and women, nearly 7 times (R$ 480.14 versus R$ 70.85, respectively). The ambulatory care procedures predominated in quantity (96.4%) and the hospital procedures predominated in resources (70.4%). It was found that there is no single standard for groups of procedures when these are analyzed separately. CONCLUSION: A disaggregated analysis of expenditure by procedures groups extracted from the SUS Management System of the Table of Procedures, Medicines, Orthotics, Prosthetics and Special Materials allowed a detailed overview of federal spending on the osteoporosis treatment in the elderly from Brazil.
Assuntos
Gastos em Saúde , Osteoporose/economia , Osteoporose/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Objective: To analyze the expenditure of the Ministry of Health with osteoporosis treatment in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in 2008-2010 triennium and estimate the influence of demographic, regional and disease related variables on average expenditure per procedures performed. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study based on secondary data from DATASUS related to procedures for the elderly with a diagnosis of osteoporosis and related fractures. For the statistical analysis and multivariate model, Stata 11.0 was used. Results: According to the findings, 3,252,756 procedures related to the osteoporosis treatment among the elderly were carried out in Brazil during the 2008 - 2010 period, totalizing R$ 288,986,335.15. The age group that most had procedures was 60 - 69 years (46.3%); the population of 80 years or older showed the highest spending per procedure, around R$ 106 million in three years. The women were majority in terms of quantity (95.6%) and expense (76%) of procedures. The average cost per procedure showed a large gap between men and women, nearly 7 times (R$ 480.14 versus R$ 70.85, respectively). The ambulatory care procedures predominated in quantity (96.4%) and the hospital procedures predominated in resources (70.4%). It was found that there is no single standard for groups of procedures when these are analyzed separately. Conclusion: A disaggregated analysis of expenditure by procedures groups extracted from the SUS Management System of the Table of Procedures, Medicines, Orthotics, Prosthetics and Special Materials allowed a detailed overview of federal spending on the osteoporosis treatment in the elderly from Brazil. .
Objetivo: Analisar o dispêndio do Ministério da Saúde com o tratamento de osteoporose no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no triênio 2008-2010 e estimar a influência de variáveis demográficas, regionais e associadas à doença nos gastos médios por procedimentos realizados. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico com base em dados secundários do DATASUS relacionados a procedimentos para idosos com diagnóstico de osteoporose e de fraturas associadas. Para a análise estatística e para o modelo multivariado, foi utilizado o programa Stata 11.0. Resultados: Foram realizados 3.252.756 procedimentos relacionados ao tratamento de osteoporose em idosos do Brasil no triênio 2008 - 2010, que totalizaram R$ 288.986.335,15. A faixa etária de 60 - 69 anos (46,3%) foi a que mais realizou procedimentos, e a população de 80 ou mais anos foi a que apresentou maior gasto por procedimento, em torno de R$ 106 milhões no triênio. As mulheres foram majoritárias em termos de quantidade (95,6%) e de gastos (76%) com procedimentos. O gasto médio por procedimento apresentou uma grande disparidade entre homens e mulheres, de quase 7 vezes (R$ 480,14 versus R$ 70,85, respectivamente). Os procedimentos ambulatoriais predominaram em quantidade (96,4%) e os hospitalares, em recursos (70,4%). Verificou-se que não há um padrão único para os grupos de procedimentos, quando estes são analisados separadamente. Conclusão: A análise desagregada das despesas por grupos de procedimentos do Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órtese, Prótese e Materiais Especiais do SUS permitiram uma visão mais detalhada dos gastos federais com o tratamento da osteoporose em idosos no Brasil. .
Assuntos
Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gastos em Saúde , Osteoporose/economia , Osteoporose/terapia , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Different sources were used to estimate the 2010 health care costs of managing low bone density (osteopenia/osteoporosis) plus caring fragility fractures in Mexico at 411 million USD. Figures are projected to rise 42 % by 2020. Preventive and timely interventions are required to decrease the financial burden of these entities. INTRODUCTION: Osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures (FF) are a public health concern. The study purpose was to estimate the health care costs of these conditions in Mexico during 2010 and project them to 2015 and 2020. METHODS: Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was derived from international data. The Mexican version of FRAX® algorithm was used to assess risk for a major FF (hip, clinical spine, forearm, and proximal humerus) in osteopenic and osteoporotic population aged over 40 years. The estimates were applied to national demographic projections. Only direct medical costs composed by routine non-pharmacological management of osteopenia/osteoporosis besides the costs owing to medical care of major FF were considered into the analysis. Resource use for managing osteopenia/osteoporosis was defined from local sources (clinical practice guidelines, published literature, and expert opinion); unit costs were gathered from official lists. Costs for medical care of FF were based on diagnosis-related groups. RESULTS: In population aged ≥40 years, prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in 2010 was 32.8 and 8 %, respectively. A total of 75,763 FF occurred that year. Costs of managing osteopenia and osteoporosis were 154.9 million USD, whereas medical costs due to FF reached 256.2 million USD. Therefore, the annual health care costs of these entities in 2010 were 411 million USD. Total costs will be 19.2 % higher in 2015, and by 2020, the figures will have increased by 41.7 %. CONCLUSIONS: Low bone density entails substantial epidemiological and financial burden in Mexico, and their impact will grow considerably during the next years.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Osteoporose/economia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/economia , Adulto , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Introdução: A osteoporose é uma doença comum, caracterizada por um comprometimento sistêmico da massa óssea e da microarquitetura que resulta em fraturas por fragilidade. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil demográfico e epidemiológico e os gastos envolvidos com o tratamento da osteoporose em indivíduos residentes em Minas Gerais, atendidos pelo Programa de Medicamentos Excepcionais do Sistema Único de Saúde, no período de 2000 a 2004. Métodos: Realizou-se pareamento probabilístico-determinístico de dados provenientes de registros de Autorizações de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade/Alto Custo (APAC/SIA) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), do DATASUS, identificando- se os indivíduos com diagnóstico com osteoporose e registro de gastos. Resultados: Foram identificados 6.596 pacientes com osteoporose, predominantemente do sexo feminino, idade igual ou superior a 50 anos. Grande parte dos pacientes atendidos iniciou tratamento medicamentoso após a ocorrência de fraturas osteoporóticas e o medicamento mais utilizado no início do tratamento foi o alendronato de sódio. A média de gastos com medicamentos no primeiro ano de tratamento foi de R$73,60±194,89, sendo maior para pacientes com idades entre 10-14, 20-39 e acima de 80 anos; que iniciaram tratamento em 2000, com fraturas osteoporóticas e utilizaram calcitonina e raloxifeno. Conclusão: Maior ênfase deve ser dada à prevenção de fraturas osteoporóticas, afim de que se inicie o tratamento o mais precocemente possível, auxiliando na redução da morbi-mortalidade e dos custos com o tratamento. Além disso, deve-se priorizar a utilização de medicamentos eficazes, seguros e que apresentem baixo custo de tratamento.(AU)
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a common disease characterised by a systemic impairment of bone mass and microarchitecture that results in fragility fractures. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and demographic profile of patients with osteoporosis enrolled at the High Cost Medicines Program and their treatment expenditures, in Minas Gerais, from 2000 to 2004. Methods: We conducted a data probabilistic-deterministic linkage from records of Ministry of Health's databases (DATASUS): Outpatient Information System (APAC/SIA) and Mortality Information System (SIM), identifying individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis and related drug expenditures. Results: We identified 6596 patients with osteoporosis, most of them were female, aged 50 years or more. Most patients started drug treatment after the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures and the drug used was alendronate sodium. The average cost of medication in the first year of treatment was R$73,60±194,89. The higher expenditures were observed for patients aged 10-14, 20-39 and 80 years or more, who started treatment in 2000, with osteoporotic fractures and were treated with calcitonin and raloxifene. Conclusion: Increased emphasis should be placed for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Treatment must begin as early as possible, helping to reduce morbidity and mortality and treatment costs. In addition, the use of effective and low cost drugs should be prioritized.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Osteoporose/economia , Custos de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicamentos do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Sistema Único de Saúde , Perfil de Saúde , Brasil , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Cooperação e Adesão ao TratamentoRESUMO
Breve presentación de un estudio realizado para conocer la actualidad de la osteoporosis, el número de enfermos, los equipamientos en Argentina, los costos individuales del estudio y el tratamiento.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Argentina , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Osteoporose/economia , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Osteoporose/terapiaRESUMO
Osteoporosis is a growing disease in Latin America, rates of fractures actually in LA are quite similar to the ones in Southern Europe and slightly lower than USA and Northern Europe. According to the population projection of the WHO subjects over 65 of age will increase significantly in the next 50 years in LA and the number of hip fractures in this area will equal the numbers in Europe and USA. Unfortunately, in LA there are not adequate resources in terms of medical facilities for osteoporosis diagnosis, treatment or rehabilitation. Moreover, there are no policies of reimbursement for osteoporosis densitometry, bone markers measurements or medications in many countries or it is very limited in the ones who have started some kind of specific program for this matters. Thus, we have to face this public health problem by increasing the awareness of the disease in the general population, specific risk groups, schools, journalists or politicians. Improve medical education at different levels: Medical students, General Practitioners, Specialists, Nurses, and Social Workers. And, we have to develop enough influence to Public and Private Health Systems in order to make them to develop specific osteoporosis programs to cover a wide range of the population in LA, who actually is absolutely abandon of this kind of support.
Assuntos
Fraturas do Quadril/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/epidemiologia , Idoso , Densidade Óssea , Transição Epidemiológica , Fraturas do Quadril/economia , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/economia , Prevalência , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/economiaRESUMO
Osteoporosis is a growing disease in Latin America, rates of fractures actually in LA are quite similar to the ones in Southern Europe and slightly lower than USA and Northern Europe. According to the population projection of the WHO subjects over 65 of age will increase significantly in the next 50 years in LA and the number of hip fractures in this area will equal the numbers in Europe and USA. Unfortunately, in LA there are not adequate resources in terms of medical facilities for osteoporosis diagnosis, treatment or rehabilitation. Moreover, there are no policies of reimbursement for osteoporosis densitometry, bone markers measurements or medications in many countries or it is very limited in the ones who have started some kind of specific program for this matters. Thus, we have to face this public health problem by increasing the awareness of the disease in the general population, specific risk groups, schools, journalists or politicians. Improve medical education at different levels: Medical students, General Practitioners, Specialists, Nurses, and Social Workers. And, we have to develop enough influence to Public and Private Health Systems in order to make them to develop specific osteoporosis programs to cover a wide range of the population in LA, who actually is absolutely abandon of this kind of support.
La osteoporosis es una enfermedad que se vuelve cada vez más frecuente en América Latina. Su prevalencia es muy parecida a la encontrada en Europa del Sur y ligeramente más baja que en Europa del Norte y en la población blanca de los EUA. De acuerdo a las proyecciones de población de la OMS, el número de fracturas que se registrarán en la región de Latino América en los próximos 50 años casi igualará los números encontrados en EUA y Europa. Desafortunadamente en Latino América no hay recursos médicos suficientes para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación de la osteoporosis. En muchos países no existen leyes (o son muy limitadas) que garanticen el pago de los estudios de densitometría ósea, las medidas de prevención o los medicamentos para tratarla. Actualmente, es posible enfrentar este problema de salud pública generando conciencia de la enfermedad en el público general, en los grupos de riesgo y en las escuelas, con el apoyo de periodistas y sensibilizando a los políticos. También se debe mejorar la educación médica a nivel de las escuelas de medicina, entre los médicos generales, los especialistas, las enfermeras y los trabajadores sociales; se debe lograr suficiente influencia en el sistema de salud pública y privada para hacer que se desarrollen programas específicos contra la osteoporosis, que cubran al amplio rango de población Latinoamericana que actualmente no tiene ninguna clase de apoyo.
Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fraturas do Quadril/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/epidemiologia , Densidade Óssea , Transição Epidemiológica , Fraturas do Quadril/economia , América Latina/epidemiologia , Osteoporose/economia , Prevalência , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/economiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: This study reports the direct costs related to osteoporosis and hip fractures paid for governmental and private institutions in the Mexican health system and estimates the impact of these entities on Mexico. We conclude that the economic burden due to the direct costs of hip fracture justifies wide-scale prevention programs for osteoporosis (OP). METHODS: To estimate the total direct costs of OP and hip fractures in the Mexican Health care system, a sample of governmental and private institutions were studied. Information was gathered through direct questionnaires in 275 OP patients and 218 hip fracture cases. Additionally, a chart review was conducted and experts' opinions obtained to get accurate protocol scenarios for diagnoses and treatment of OP with no fracture. Microcosting and activity-based costing techniques were used to yield unit costs. RESULTS: The total direct costs for OP and hip fracture were estimated for 2006 based on the projected annual incidence of hip fractures in Mexico. A total of 22,233 hip fracture cases were estimated for 2006 with a total cost to the healthcare system of US$ 97,058,159 for the acute treatment alone ($4,365.50 per case). We found considerable differences in costs and the way the patients were treated across the different health sectors within the country. CONCLUSION: Costs of the acute treatment of hip fractures in Mexico are high and are expected to increase with the predicted increment of life expectancy and the number of elderly in our population.
Assuntos
Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Fraturas do Quadril/economia , Osteoporose/economia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Custos de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Fraturas do Quadril/etiologia , Fraturas do Quadril/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoporose/complicações , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/complicações , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/diagnóstico , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/economia , Setor Privado/economia , Medicina Estatal/economiaRESUMO
The frequency of osteoporosis and fragility fractures has been studied to a very limited extent in few developing countries. The aim of this paper is to review briefly the burden of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in these countries and to propose some strategies for the prevention and control of those conditions, considering barriers and facilitators for their implementation. The evolution of the demographic composition in most regions with developing countries shows a considerable increase in life expectancy and therefore, a significant growth in elderly population can be expected. Reports on the incidence of fragility fractures show figures in many of those countries that are comparable to those found in developed nations. Health resources (for acute treatment of fractures, their rehabilitation and chronic management, for diagnostic centers and drug therapy for osteoporosis) are limited in most of those regions and are allocated to other health priorities. Internationally accepted guidelines can be adapted to the realities of developing nations and may be promoted by organizations of health professionals and patients, but require endorsement and support by health authorities. The steps should include: (a) campaigns to increase awareness, both among the population at risk and relevant health workers; (b) the promotion of a preventive lifestyle in the general population; (c) the development of national or regional, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis; (d) development and implementation of guidelines for the treatment of fragility fractures, their rehabilitation and prevention of falls; (e) collection of economic data on fractures and osteoporosis; and (f) development of country-specific fracture databases. These steps may help in reducing the increasing burden of osteoporotic fractures. Their implementation will require solid scientific basis and commitment from policy makers, health professionals, patient organizations, and ultimately the general population.