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This case report describes how an erratic specimen of Ascaridia galli in the adult phase was recovered in an unusual way from a hen's egg intended for human consumption. Although the literature on similar events is limited, this appears to be the first case reported in Bucaramanga, Colombia. The parasite was identified directly under a light microscope as an adult female A. galli, 6.5-cm long with 3 trilobed lips. In addition, the remaining eggs of the same group were examined to determine if there were more cases of erratic migration in that same batch. This nematode can cause various pathological conditions, including enteritis, hemorrhage, diarrhea, anemia, weakness, and emaciation, that can lead to huge economic and production losses in the poultry industry.

Este relato de caso descreve como um exemplar errático de Ascaridia galli na fase adulta foi recuperado de uma forma incomum em um ovo de galinha destinado ao consumo humano. Embora a literatura sobre eventos similares seja limitada, este parece ser o primeiro caso relatado em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. O parasita foi identificado diretamente sob um microscópio leve como uma fêmea adulta A. galli, com 6,5 cm de comprimento e 3 lábios trilobados. Além disso, os ovos restantes do mesmo grupo foram examinados para determinar se existiam mais casos de migração errática nesse mesmo lote. Este nemátodo pode causar várias condições patológicas, incluindo enterite, hemorragia, diarréia, anemia, fraqueza e emaciação, que podem levar a enormes perdas econômicas e de produção na indústria avícola.

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This study presents the first report of Aedes aegypti laying eggs on the water surface of an artificial breeding site in the field. This report occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro inside a white bucket containing 11 liters of rainwater. Conspecific larvae had previously been found in this bucket. From the 219 eggs obtained, 135 (61.6%) were laid on the water and 84 (38.3%) on the border of the bucket. Larvae (4th instar) and adults obtained from the eggs were identified as A. aegypti. This behavior may influence the population dynamics of A. aegypti and expands the knowledge about the species adaptation. This report confirms the species' ability to lay eggs on the water surface of artificial breeding sites in the field and suggests the hypothesis that pheromones in the water may influence the females to lay eggs on water.

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Fasciola hepatica has a heteroxenous complex life cycle that alternates between an invertebrate intermediate and a mammalian definitive host. The life cycle has five well-defined phases within their hosts and the environment: (1) eggs released from the vertebrate host to the environment and its subsequent development; (2) emergence of miracidia and their search and penetration into an intermediate snail host; (3) development and multiplication of larval stages within the snail; (4) emergence of cercariae and the encystment in metacercariae; and (5) ingestion of infective metacercariae by the definitive host and development to its adult form. Here we describe some protocols to obtain and maintain different developmental stages of F. hepatica in the laboratory for different applications (molecular/cellular biology studies, vaccination trials, etc.).

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The egg development test is a useful in vitro tool to detect albendazole (ABZ) resistance in Fasciola hepatica. ABZ is the only flukicidal compound with ovicidal activity. The described test is based on the ABZ capacity to affect parasite egg development and hatching in susceptible parasites, while this effect is lost in ABZ-resistant liver fluke isolates. Among many advantages, it is noted that the diagnostic test can be performed on eggs isolated from fecal samples (sheep and cattle), avoiding the sacrifice of animals necessary in controlled efficacy trials. The egg development test described here is a simple, inexpensive, and accessible method, previously employed for diagnosis of ABZ resistance in F. hepatica.

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INTRODUCTION: Malaria and leishmaniases are transmitted by vectors during blood-feeding. Vector-infected animals develop antibodies against the vector's saliva. This study evaluated IgY antibody detection in the chicken eggs exposed to bites from Migonemyia migonei, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Anopheles aquasalis. METHODS: We used ELISA to quantify the antibody levels in the sera and exposed chicken eggs. RESULTS: High IgY levels were observed following immunization; furthermore, higher reactivity was observed in the eggs and species-specific immune response was observed post final immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Chicken eggs can be used as sentinels to surveil vector saliva antibodies.

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Monogeneans are a diverse group of parasites that are commonly found on fish. Some monogenean species are highly pathogenic to cultured fish. The present study aimed to determine the in vitro anthelmintic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against adults and eggs of monogeneans in freshwater using Cichlidogyrus spp. as a model organism. We tested two types of AgNPs with different synthesis methodologies and size diameters: ARGOVIT (35 nm) and UTSA (1-3 nm) nanoparticles. Damage to the parasite tegument was observed by scanning electron microscopy. UTSA AgNPs were more effective than ARGOVIT; in both cases, there was a concentration-dependent effect. A concentration of 36 µg/L UTSA AgNPs for 1 h was 100% effective against eggs and adult parasites, causing swelling, loss of corrugations, and disruption of the parasite's tegument. This is an interesting result considering that monogenean eggs are typically tolerant to antiparasite drugs and chemical agents. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reports have assessed the effect of AgNPs on any metazoan parasites of fish. Therefore, the present work provides a basis for future research on the control of fish parasite diseases.

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Release of egg parasitoids for biological control of pests is a promising technique in integrated pest management (IPM). However, there is a lack of information on the performance of parasitoid females of different ages, and specifically on the behavior of the parasitoid Telenomus remus towards pest eggs at different stages of embryonic development. Thus, the relationships between host age, parasitoid age, and parasitism by T. remus on Spodoptera frugiperda eggs were evaluated. Three separate bioassays were performed, each in a completely randomized design. In the first bioassay, T. remus females grouped by age in days (ranging from 1 to 10 days old) were offered 100 ± 20 eggs of S. frugiperda for 24 hours. In the second bioassay, 100 ± 20 eggs of S. frugiperda (24, 48 or 72 hours old) were offered to females of T. remus for 24 hours. In the third bioassay, 24, 48- and 72-hour-old host eggs of S. frugiperda were offered to T. remus females in a choice test. The variables evaluated were: number of parasitized eggs, parasitoid emergence (%), and sex ratio of progeny in bioassays 1 and 2, and the number of eggs parasitized in bioassay 3. The age of T. remus females did not affect the number of S. frugiperda eggs parasitized or emergence of the progeny. However, the sex ratio was more male-biased in the progeny of 1- and 2-day-old females compared to older wasps. In bioassay 2, the highest parasitism was observed in 24- and 48-hour-old eggs. Percentage emergence and sex ratios were not influenced by the ages of the eggs tested. Telenomus remus preferred to parasitize 24-hour-old eggs in bioassays 3. Overall, the age of T. remus females tested did not affect the parasitism of S. frugiperda eggs, but the number of eggs parasitized decreased with increasing host age.(AU)

A liberação de parasitoides de ovos para o controle biológico de pragas é uma técnica promissora no manejo integrado de pragas (IPM). Entretanto, há uma carência de informações sobre o desempenho de fêmeas do parasitoide em suas diferentes idades assim como do comportamento e parasitismo de Telenomus remus em ovos da praga em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento embrionário. Avaliou-se a relação entre idade do hospedeiro, idade do parasitoide e parasitismo de T. remus em ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda. Três bioensaios separados foram realizados, cada um em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro bioensaio, as fêmeas de T. remus agrupadas por idade em dias (variando de 1 a 10 dias de idade) foram oferecidas 100 ± 20 ovos de S. frugiperda por 24 horas. No segundo bioensaio, 100 ± 20 ovos de S. frugiperda (24, 48 ou 72 horas de idade) foram oferecidos às fêmeas de T. remus por 24 horas. No terceiro bioensaio, ovos hospedeiros de 24, 48 e 72 horas de idade de S. frugiperda foram oferecidos para fêmeas de T. remus em teste de escolha. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número de ovos parasitados, emergência do parasitoide (%) e razão sexual da progênie nos bioensaios 1 e 2 e o número de ovos parasitados no bioensaio 3. A idade das fêmeas de T. remus não afetou o número de ovos de S. frugiperda parasitados ou a emergência da progênie. No entanto, a razão sexual foi mais tendenciosa no sexo masculino na progênie de fêmeas de 1 e 2 dias de idade em comparação com as vespas mais velhas. In bioassay 2, the highest parasitism was observed in 24- and 48-hour-old eggs. A porcentagem de emergência e a razão sexual não foram influenciadas pela idade dos ovos testados. Telenomus remus preferiu parasitar ovos de 24 horas no bioensaios 3. No geral, a idade das fêmeas de T. remus testadas não afetou o parasitismo dos ovos de S. frugiperda, mas o número de ovos parasitados diminuiu com o aumento da idade do hospedeiro.(AU)

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Malaria and leishmaniases are transmitted by vectors during blood-feeding. Vector-infected animals develop antibodies against the vector's saliva. This study evaluated IgY antibody detection in the chicken eggs exposed to bites from Migonemyia migonei, Lutzomyia longipalpis and Anopheles aquasalis. METHODS: We used ELISA to quantify the antibody levels in the sera and exposed chicken eggs. RESULTS: High IgY levels were observed following immunization; furthermore, higher reactivity was observed in the eggs and species-specific immune response was observed post final immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Chicken eggs can be used as sentinels to surveil vector saliva antibodies.

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Release of egg parasitoids for biological control of pests is a promising technique in integrated pest management (IPM). However, there is a lack of information on the performance of parasitoid females of different ages, and specifically on the behavior of the parasitoid Telenomus remus towards pest eggs at different stages of embryonic development. Thus, the relationships between host age, parasitoid age, and parasitism by T. remus on Spodoptera frugiperda eggs were evaluated. Three separate bioassays were performed, each in a completely randomized design. In the first bioassay, T. remus females grouped by age in days (ranging from 1 to 10 days old) were offered 100 ± 20 eggs of S. frugiperda for 24 hours. In the second bioassay, 100 ± 20 eggs of S. frugiperda (24, 48 or 72 hours old) were offered to females of T. remus for 24 hours. In the third bioassay, 24, 48- and 72-hour-old host eggs of S. frugiperda were offered to T. remus females in a choice test. The variables evaluated were: number of parasitized eggs, parasitoid emergence (%), and sex ratio of progeny in bioassays 1 and 2, and the number of eggs parasitized in bioassay 3. The age of T. remus females did not affect the number of S. frugiperda eggs parasitized or emergence of the progeny. However, the sex ratio was more male-biased in the progeny of 1- and 2-day-old females compared to older wasps. In bioassay 2, the highest parasitism was observed in 24- and 48-hour-old eggs. Percentage emergence and sex ratios were not influenced by the ages of the eggs tested. Telenomus remus preferred to parasitize 24-hour-old eggs in bioassays 3. Overall, the age of T. remus females tested did not affect the parasitism of S. frugiperda eggs, but the number of eggs parasitized decreased with increasing host age.

A liberação de parasitoides de ovos para o controle biológico de pragas é uma técnica promissora no manejo integrado de pragas (IPM). Entretanto, há uma carência de informações sobre o desempenho de fêmeas do parasitoide em suas diferentes idades assim como do comportamento e parasitismo de Telenomus remus em ovos da praga em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento embrionário. Avaliou-se a relação entre idade do hospedeiro, idade do parasitoide e parasitismo de T. remus em ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda. Três bioensaios separados foram realizados, cada um em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro bioensaio, as fêmeas de T. remus agrupadas por idade em dias (variando de 1 a 10 dias de idade) foram oferecidas 100 ± 20 ovos de S. frugiperda por 24 horas. No segundo bioensaio, 100 ± 20 ovos de S. frugiperda (24, 48 ou 72 horas de idade) foram oferecidos às fêmeas de T. remus por 24 horas. No terceiro bioensaio, ovos hospedeiros de 24, 48 e 72 horas de idade de S. frugiperda foram oferecidos para fêmeas de T. remus em teste de escolha. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número de ovos parasitados, emergência do parasitoide (%) e razão sexual da progênie nos bioensaios 1 e 2 e o número de ovos parasitados no bioensaio 3. A idade das fêmeas de T. remus não afetou o número de ovos de S. frugiperda parasitados ou a emergência da progênie. No entanto, a razão sexual foi mais tendenciosa no sexo masculino na progênie de fêmeas de 1 e 2 dias de idade em comparação com as vespas mais velhas. In bioassay 2, the highest parasitism was observed in 24- and 48-hour-old eggs. A porcentagem de emergência e a razão sexual não foram influenciadas pela idade dos ovos testados. Telenomus remus preferiu parasitar ovos de 24 horas no bioensaios 3. No geral, a idade das fêmeas de T. remus testadas não afetou o parasitismo dos ovos de S. frugiperda, mas o número de ovos parasitados diminuiu com o aumento da idade do hospedeiro.

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INTRODUCTION: Immunogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni egg surface was examined to determine whether intact eggshells have lower antigenicity than ruptured eggs. METHODS: Swiss Webster mice were inoculated with intact or ultrasonicated S. mansoni eggs isolated from infected human feces. Mice were separated into four groups of six animals each and immunizations were performed approximately every 20 days during a 60-day period. Groups 1-4 were administered with saline solution, sonicated eggs with Freund's adjuvant, sonicated eggs without Freund's adjuvant, and intact eggs, respectively. IgG humoral immune response was assessed by ELISA using Soluble Egg Antigen produced from eggs isolated from the livers of infected mice. RESULTS: Sonicated eggs co-administered with adjuvant induced the highest humoral response at 58 days, which was 11.9-fold (95% CI 6.2-17.5) greater than the response induced by saline solution. Sonicated eggs without adjuvant induced a 4.3-fold stronger response (95% CI 2.4-6.2) than normal saline. Intact eggs induced humoral response that was nominally twice stronger (95% CI 0.8-3.2) than that induced by normal saline but the effect did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Soluble antigens are not abundant on the surface of S. mansoni eggs and/or are not secreted in sufficient quantities to induce a significant immune response to intact eggs. Assuming that isolation procedures had not damaged the eggs used for inoculation, our observations suggest that intact eggs either do not induce a significant immune response or, if they do, the mechanism involves insoluble antigens from the egg surface.

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