RESUMO
The success of chemotherapy regimens in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) could be restricted at least in part by cancer stem cells (CSC) niches within the tumor microenvironment (TME). CSC express CD133, CD44, CD47, and SOX2, among other markers and factors. Analysis of public data revealed that high expression of hyaluronan (HA), the main glycosaminoglycan of TME, correlated positively with CSC phenotype and decreased disease-free interval in NSCLC patients. We aimed to cross-validate these findings on human and murine lung cancer cells and observed that CD133 + CSC differentially expressed higher levels of HA, HAS3, ABCC5, SOX2, and CD47 (p < 0.01). We modulated HA expression with 4-methylumbelliferone (4Mu) and detected an increase in sensitivity to paclitaxel (Pa). We evaluated the effect of 4Mu + chemotherapy on survival, HA metabolism, and CSC profile. The combination of 4Mu with Pa reduced the clonogenic and tumor-forming ability of CSC. Pa-induced HAS3, ABCC5, SOX2, and CD47 expression was mitigated by 4Mu. Pa + 4Mu combination significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth, enhancing animal survival and restoring the CSC profile in the TME to basal levels. Our results suggest that HA is involved in lung CSC phenotype and chemosensitivity, and its modulation by 4Mu improves treatment efficacy to inhibit tumor progression.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Ácido Hialurônico , Himecromona , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Paclitaxel , Microambiente Tumoral , Ácido Hialurônico/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Animais , Camundongos , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Himecromona/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologiaRESUMO
We recently discovered a putative paclitaxel response predictive biomarker for glioblastoma and breast cancer using the whole genome CRISPR knockout screen. The biomarker candidate was validated in two independent breast cancer patient cohorts that received taxane treatment. To further evaluate the potential application of this biomarker in the clinic for patients with glioblastoma, a prospective validation in cohorts of patients with glioblastoma is essential and will be performed as part of our ongoing phase II clinical trial (NCT04528680). The validation of novel biomarkers of susceptibility to therapy is critical to elucidate the efficacy signal of therapeutic agents. This is especially important in the context of glioblastoma, where therapeutic benefit is variable and unpredictable, leading to negative trials, yet the outcome of subset of patients has outperformed expectations.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Glioblastoma , Feminino , Humanos , Biomarcadores , Mama , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of taxanes following the first trimester of pregnancy is endorsed by current clinical guidelines. However, evidence regarding their safety in terms of obstetric and neonatal outcomes is limited. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using the MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Web of Sciences databases from their inception up to 12/16/2022. Eligibility criteria included gestational taxane use, presentation of original findings, and individual case data presented. A descriptive statistical analysis was undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients treated with taxane-containing regimens during pregnancy were identified, resulting in 162 fetuses exposed in utero. The majority of patients had breast cancer (n = 88; 55.3%) or cervical cancer (n = 45; 28.3%). The most commonly employed taxane was paclitaxel (n = 131; 82.4%). A total of 111 (69.8%) patients were also treated with other cytotoxic drugs during pregnancy, including platinum salts (n = 70; 63.0%) and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (n = 20; 18.0%). While most patients received taxanes during the second trimester of pregnancy (n = 79; 70.0%), two were exposed to taxanes in the first trimester. Obstetric outcomes were reported in 105 (66.0%) cases, with the most frequent adverse events being preterm contractions or premature rupture of membranes (n = 12; 11.4%), pre-eclampsia/HELLP syndrome (n = 6; 5.7%), and oligohydramnios/anhydramnios (n = 6; 5.7%). All cases with pregnancy outcome available resulted in live births (n = 132). Overall, 72 (54.5%) neonates were delivered preterm, 40 (30.3%) were classified as small for gestational age (SGA), and 2 (1.5%) had an Apgar score of < 7 at 5 min. Perinatal complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 14; 10.6%), hyperbilirubinemia (n = 5; 3.8%), and hypoglycemia (n = 2; 1.5%). In addition, 7 (5.3%) cases of congenital malformations were reported. At a median follow-up of 16 months, offspring health status was available for 86 (65.2%), of which 13 (15.1%) had a documented complication, including delayed speech development, recurrent otitis media, and acute myeloid leukemia. CONCLUSIONS: Taxanes appear to be safe following the first trimester of pregnancy, with obstetric and fetal outcomes being similar to those observed in the general obstetric population. Future studies should aim to determine the most effective taxane regimen and dosage for use during gestation, with a specific focus on treatment safety.
Assuntos
Oligo-Hidrâmnio , Taxoides , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Taxoides/efeitos adversos , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Resultado da Gravidez , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a potent anticancer drug. In the present study, PTX was loaded in poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalarate (PHBV) to fabricate the PTX/PHBV (drug-loaded) nanoparticles via the nanoprecipitation method. Blank PHBV nanoparticles were also prepared. The drug-encapsulation efficiency of PTX/PHBV nanoparticles was 45±0.4%. The PTX/PHBV nanoparticles exhibited a pH-sensitive release profile and followed a quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Cytotoxic properties of PHBV and PTX/PHBV nanoparticles were checked against the MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines. The PHBV nanoparticle did not inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines, thus depicting their non-toxic and biocompatible nature. On the other hand, the PTX/PHBV nanoparticles demonstrated 1.03-fold higher cytotoxicity and 1.61-fold enhanced apoptosis after treatment with the PTX/PHBV nanoparticles versus free PTX. In summary, the PHBV nanoparticles could be a potential candidate for the delivery of PTX for cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Nanopartículas , Humanos , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Células CACO-2 , Poliésteres/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Epothilone is a natural 16-membered macrolide cytotoxic compound produced by the metabolism of the cellulose-degrading myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. This review summarizes results in the study of epothilones against cancer with preclinical results and clinical studies from 2010-2022. Epothilone have mechanisms of action similar to paclitaxel by inducing tubulin polymerization and apoptosis with low susceptibility to tumor resistance mechanisms. It is active against refractory tumors, being superior to paclitaxel in many respects. Since the discovery of epothilones, several derivatives have been synthesized, and most of them have failed in Phases II and III in clinical trials; however, ixabepilone and utidelone are currently used in clinical practice. There is robust evidence that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment improves using ixabepilone plus capecitabine or utidelone in combination with capecitabine. In recent years innovative synthetic strategies resulted in the synthesis of new epothilone derivatives with improved activity against refractory tumors with better activities when compared to ixabepilone or taxol. These compounds together with specific delivery mechanisms could be developed in anti-cancer drugs.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Epotilonas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Epotilonas/farmacologia , Epotilonas/uso terapêutico , Capecitabina/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacologia , Moduladores de Tubulina/uso terapêutico , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on type 4 Toll-like receptors (TLR4), glial cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines during the neuropathic pain induced by the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel (PTX), as well as the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in this process. METHODS: Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to PTX-induced neuropathic pain. To evaluate the involvement of the TLR4, glial cells and cannabinoid CB2 receptor, specific inhibitors or antagonists were intrathecally administered. The western blotting and immunofluorescence assay was performed to evaluate the spinal expression of TLR4, microglia, astrocytes and cannabinoid CB2 receptor. The levels of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and endocannabinoids were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, respectively. KEY FINDINGS: CBD prevented PTX-induced neuropathic pain, and the cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 reversed this effect. In addition, CBD treatment inhibited the spinal expression of TLR4 and Iba1 in mice with neuropathic pain. CBD also increased spinal levels of endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and reduced levels of cytokines in mice with neuropathic pain. CONCLUSIONS: CBD was efficient in preventing PTX-induced neuropathic pain, and this effect may involve inhibition of the TLR4 on microglia spinal with activation of the endocannabinoid system.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Canabidiol , Canabinoides , Neuralgia , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Canabidiol/farmacologia , Canabidiol/uso terapêutico , Receptor 4 Toll-Like , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neuralgia/induzido quimicamente , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Neuralgia/prevenção & controle , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Citocinas , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Cuadro clínico: El cáncer de pulmón es una neoplasia maligna que se origina en las vías respiratorias o el parénquima pulmonar siendo la primera causa de muertes por cáncer a nivel mundial. El cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas (CPCNP) es el subtipo histológico más frecuente (entre el 80 % al 90 %). La tasa de sobrevida general a 5 años para el CPCNP es de 0 % al 10 % en pacientes con estadio avanzado (estadio IVA-IVB). Cerca del 70% de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón presentan enfermedad localmente avanzada o metastásica en el momento del diagnóstico. El CPCNP consta de diferentes subtipos histológicos, entre ellos el carcinoma de células escamosas. Los carcinomas de células escamosas representan del 25% al 30% de los cánceres de pulmón y tienden a surgir de células ubicadas en el epitelio de las vías respiratorias. Sobre la carga de enfermedad, los reportes nacionales informan que el cáncer de pulmón, tráquea y bronquio generó 39,023 años de vida saludables perdidos (AVISA) en el 2019. Con respecto al tratamiento, siendo el CPCNP metastásico, escamoso, con genes EGFR y ALK no mutados, una enfermedad incurable, el objetivo del tratamiento es prolongar la vida sin detrimento de la calidad de vida ni de la seguridad del paciente. Las opciones terapéuticas recomendadas en guías de práctica clínica dependen, entre otros, del estado funcional y del estado de expresión de la proteína PD-L1. Dentro de las opciones de terapias sistemáticas de primera línea se encuentra el uso combinado de quimioterapia más inmunoterapia, inmunoterapia o quimioterapia dependiendo de los aspectos mencionados. Tecnología sanitária: Pembrolizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado recombinante de isotipo kappa IgG4 contra el receptor
Assuntos
Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/uso terapêutico , Carboplatina/uso terapêutico , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Genes erbB-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação em Saúde/economia , Eficácia , Análise Custo-Benefício/economiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential effect of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor orlistat to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs widely used to treat oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), such as 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. METHODS: The OSCC SCC-9 LN-1 metastatic cell line, which expresses high levels of FASN, was used for drug combination experiments. Cell viability was analyzed by crystal violet staining and automatic cell counting. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin-V/7-AAD and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Cyclin B1, Cdc25C, Cdk1, FASN, and ERBB2 levels were assessed by Western blotting. Finally, cell scratch and transwell assays were performed to assess cell migration and invasion. RESULTS: Inhibition of FASN with orlistat sensitized SCC-9 LN-1 cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel and cisplatin, but not 5-fluorouracil, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in cyclin B1. The suppression of proliferation, migration, and invasion of SCC-9 LN-1 cells induced by orlistat plus cisplatin or paclitaxel was not superior to the effects of chemotherapy drugs alone. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that orlistat enhances the chemosensitivity of SCC-9 LN-1 cells to cisplatin and paclitaxel by downregulating cyclin B1.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Humanos , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Orlistate/farmacologia , Orlistate/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Ciclina B1/farmacologia , Ácido Graxo Sintases/metabolismo , Ácido Graxo Sintases/farmacologia , Neoplasias Bucais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Fluoruracila/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo IRESUMO
Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.We report 5-year results from the phase III KEYNOTE-042 study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02220894). Eligible patients with locally advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without EGFR/ALK alterations and with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 1% received pembrolizumab 200 mg once every 3 weeks for 35 cycles or chemotherapy (carboplatin + paclitaxel or pemetrexed) for 4-6 cycles with optional maintenance pemetrexed. Primary end points were overall survival (OS) in PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50%, ≥ 20%, and ≥ 1% groups. Patients who completed 35 cycles of pembrolizumab with ≥ stable disease could begin second-course pembrolizumab upon progression. One thousand two hundred seventy-four patients were randomly assigned (pembrolizumab, n = 637; chemotherapy, n = 637). Median follow-up time was 61.1 (range, 50.0-76.3) months. OS outcomes favored pembrolizumab (v chemotherapy) regardless of PD-L1 TPS (hazard ratio [95% CI] for TPS ≥ 50%, 0.68 [0.57 to 0.81]; TPS ≥ 20%, 0.75 [0.64 to 0.87]; TPS ≥ 1%, 0.79 [0.70 to 0.89]), with estimated 5-year OS rates with pembrolizumab of 21.9%, 19.4%, and 16.6%, respectively. No new toxicities were identified. Objective response rate was 84.3% among 102 patients who completed 35 cycles of pembrolizumab and 15.2% among 33 patients who received second-course pembrolizumab. First-line pembrolizumab monotherapy continued to show durable clinical benefit versus chemotherapy after 5 years of follow-up in PD-L1-positive, locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC without EGFR/ALK alterations and remains a standard of care.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Antígeno B7-H1/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Pemetrexede/uso terapêutico , Carboplatina/uso terapêutico , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Receptores ErbB , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy is an alternative to conventional chemotherapy and is the most frequently used approach in low dose chemotherapy regimens. The selection of patients, drug dosages, and dosing intervals in LDM is empirical. In this study, we systematically examined the schedule-dependent interaction of drugs on a breast cancer cell line (BCC) cultured in chambered coverslips. The LDM studies were combined with cell staining in order to better characterize different cell states and cell death modes, including caspase-dependent apoptosis, caspase-independent cell death and autophagy-dependent cell death. Microscope images were examined using the Fiji Trainable Weka Segmentation plugin to analyse cell area in 7500 images showing different modes of cell death. Paclitaxel combined with LDM chemotherapy demonstrated a reduction in the area covered by live cells. In contrast, there was an induction of high levels of cell death due to caspase-dependent apoptosis.