RESUMO
Advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of motor fluctuations, various degrees of dyskinesia, and disability with functional impact on daily living and independence. Therapeutic management aims to extend levodopa (L-DOPA) benefit while minimizing motor complications and includes, in selected cases, the implementation of drug infusion and surgical techniques. The concept of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for PD was introduced over 20 years ago, but our understanding of the nuances of this procedure continues to improve. This review aims to demonstrate the advances of DBS in the treatment of PD patients. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/terapia , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/efeitos adversos , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/tendências , Doença de Parkinson/cirurgia , Levodopa/uso terapêutico , Palidotomia/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ablative procedures are still frequent for the surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the P300 component has been used to assess cognitive changes induced by levodopa and deep brain stimulation (DBS), the effects caused by unilateral pallidotomy remain unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: P300 amplitude and latency in 10 PD patients who underwent unilateral pallidotomy with and without levodopa treatment were compared with 10 healthy controls. Measurements in patients were performed 6 months before and after surgery while only once in controls, throughout the 6-month lapse between the comparative measurements performed in patients. RESULTS: Statistical differences in P300 amplitude and latency were found between the control and PD groups (p < 0.001). On the other hand, there were no differences between the groups with the use of the levodopa treatment or surgery. DISCUSSION: Lack of statistically significant results after six months of pallidotomy or treatment with levodopa suggests an absence of cognitive impairment. Our results obtained with P300 in which safety of surgical treatment has been assessed in PD are consistent with those of other procedures, such as DBS.
Assuntos
Potenciais Evocados P300 , Palidotomia , Doença de Parkinson/fisiopatologia , Doença de Parkinson/cirurgia , Antiparkinsonianos/farmacologia , Potenciais Evocados P300/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Levodopa/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Palidotomia/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thalamotomies and pallidotomies were commonly performed before the deep brain stimulation (DBS) era. Although ablative procedures can lead to significant dystonia improvement, longer periods of analysis reveal disease progression and functional deterioration. Today, the same patients seek additional treatment possibilities. METHODS: Four patients with generalized dystonia who previously had undergone bilateral pallidotomy came to our service seeking additional treatment because of dystonic symptom progression. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus DBS (B-STN-DBS) was the treatment of choice. The patients were evaluated with the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale (UDRS) before and 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: All patients showed significant functional improvement, averaging 65.3% in BFMDRS (P = .014) and 69.2% in UDRS (P = .025). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that B-STN-DBS may be an interesting treatment option for generalized dystonia, even for patients who have already undergone bilateral pallidotomy.
Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/métodos , Distúrbios Distônicos/terapia , Palidotomia/métodos , Núcleo Subtalâmico/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Lateralidade Funcional , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Two patients with severe Parkinson's disease undergoing partial or complete ablative interruption of basal ganglia (BG) output are presented. One patient who underwent bilateral subthalamotomy, and a second who underwent unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy, followed 7 years later by a bilateral subthalamotomy because of contralateral disease progression, were studied. In addition to the usual clinical evaluation, changes in joint kinematics observed during unconstrained, skilled multi-joint movement and repetitive single joint (RSJ) movement of the wrist were studied. Clinical UPDRS items referred to hand movements contralateral to the procedure, and instrumental measurement of RSJ improved in both patients after either pallidotomy or subthalamotomy. When both BG outflow paths were interrupted as was the case in the second patient (bilateral subthalamotomy after the initial pallidotomy), no added clinical improvement was observed, RSJ even deteriorated slightly. Instrument-based studies for movement alteration detection after simultaneous ablation of the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus of these two patients showed greater sensitivity than clinical evaluation alone. Complex gestural movement performance remained unaffected after partial (subthalamotomy or pallidotomy) or complete interruption of BG outflow (case 2), indicating BG compensatory capacity after total outflow interruption remained intact.
Assuntos
Movimento/fisiologia , Palidotomia/métodos , Doença de Parkinson/fisiopatologia , Doença de Parkinson/cirurgia , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Articulações/inervação , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Núcleo Subtalâmico/fisiopatologia , Punho/inervaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the results and long-term follow-up after functional surgery of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) in 10 patients with primary generalized dystonia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine of the 10 patients were positive for the DYT1 gene mutation. Bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the GPi was performed in three cases, bilateral pallidotomy in two, and combined surgery (unilateral GPi lesion with contralateral stimulation) in the remaining five. All patients were evaluated with the Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia scale (BFMDS) before, immediately after surgery, at 3 weeks, 3 and 6 months and then yearly. Follow up time ranged from 15 to 105 months (mean: 66.1 months) with six patients having more than 6 years follow up. RESULTS: All patients improved after surgery. All patients with unilateral or bilateral DBS experienced an immediate improvement before starting stimulation. The magnitude of this initial micro lesion effect did not predict the magnitude of the long-term benefit of DBS. The mean decrease in the in the BFMDS was 34%, 55%, and 65% in the movement scale; and 32%, 48%, and 49% in the disability scale for patients with bilateral pallidal DBS, combined unilateral DBS and contralateral pallidotomy, and bilateral pallidotomy, respectively. Worsening of dystonia after a plateau of sustained benefit was observed in three patients. Two patients required multiple pallidal surgeries. Adverse events included: permanent anarthria (1), misplacement of the electrode requiring further surgery (2), scalp infection (1), and hardware related problems (3). CONCLUSIONS: This long-term follow up study confirms the beneficial effect of pallidal DBS or pallidotomy in primary generalized dystonia. In addition, our results extent previous observations by showing that, in these patients, (1) the microlesion effect of DBS is not predictive of long-term benefit; (2) combined DBS with contralateral pallidotomy appears to be more effective than bilateral pallidal DBS; and (3) dystonia can reappear after an initial good response during long term follow up.