RESUMO
As part of a broad One Health surveillance effort to detect novel viruses in wildlife and people, we report several paramyxovirus sequences sampled primarily from bats during 2013 and 2014 in Brazil and Malaysia, including seven from which we recovered full-length genomes. Of these, six represent the first full-length paramyxovirid genomes sequenced from the Americas, including two that are the first full-length bat morbillivirus genome sequences published to date. Our findings add to the vast number of viral sequences in public repositories, which have been increasing considerably in recent years due to the rising accessibility of metagenomics. Taxonomic classification of these sequences in the absence of phenotypic data has been a significant challenge, particularly in the subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae, where the rate of discovery of novel sequences has been substantial. Using pairwise amino acid sequence classification (PAASC), we propose that five of these sequences belong to members of the genus Jeilongvirus and two belong to members of the genus Morbillivirus. We also highlight inconsistencies in the classification of Tupaia virus and Mòjiang virus using the same demarcation criteria and suggest reclassification of these viruses into new genera. Importantly, this study underscores the critical importance of sequence length in PAASC analysis as well as the importance of biological characteristics such as genome organization in the taxonomic classification of viral sequences.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Morbillivirus , Vírus , Animais , Brasil , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Malásia , Morbillivirus/genética , Paramyxoviridae/genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
Paramyxoviruses have a broad host range and geographic distribution, including human pathogens transmitted by bats, such as Nipah and Hendra viruses. In this study, we combined high-throughput sequencing and molecular approaches to investigate the presence of paramyxoviruses in neotropical bats (Microchiroptera suborder) in Brazil. We discovered and characterized three novel paramyxoviruses in the kidney tissues of apparently healthy common vampire bats (D. rotundus) and Seba's short-tailed bats (C. perspicillata), which we tentatively named Kanhgág virus (KANV), Boe virus (BOEV), and Guató virus (GUATV). In this study, we classified these viruses as putative species into the Macrojêvirus genus, a newly proposed genus of the Orthoparamyxovirinae subfamily. Using RT-PCR, we detected these viruses in 20.9% (9 out of 43) of bats tested, and viral RNA was detected exclusively in kidney tissues. Attempts to isolate infectious virus were successful for KANV and GUATV. Our results expand the viral diversity, host range, and geographical distribution of the paramyxoviruses.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Paramyxoviridae/classificação , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Paramyxoviridae/fisiologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/análiseRESUMO
Bats are recognized as reservoirs of numerous viruses. Among them, paramyxoviruses, for example, Hendra and Nipah viruses, are highly pathogenic to humans. Nothing is known regarding the circulation of this viral family in bats from French Guiana. To search for the presence of paramyxoviruses in this territory, 103 bats of seven different species were sampled and screened using a molecular approach. Four distinct paramyxovirus sequences were detected from three bat species (Desmodus rotundus, Carollia perspicillata, and Pteronotus alitonus) at high prevalence rates. In D. rotundus, two types of paramyxovirus co-circulate, with most of the bats co-infected. The phylogenetic analysis of these sequences revealed that three of them were closely related to previously characterized sequences from D. rotundus, C. perspicillata, and P. parnellii from Brazil and Costa Rica. The fourth sequence, identified in D. rotundus, was closely related to the one detected in P. alitonus in French Guiana and to previously described sequences detected in P. parnellii in Costa Rica. All paramyxovirus sequences detected in this study are close to the Jeilongvirus genus. Altogether, our results and those of previous studies indicate a wide geographical distribution of these paramyxoviruses (from Central to South America) and suggest potential cross-species transmissions of paramyxoviruses between two different bat families: Mormoopidae (P. alitonus) and Phyllostomidae (D. rotundus). In addition, their closeness to paramyxoviruses identified in rodents emphasizes the need to investigate the role of these animals as potential reservoirs or incidental hosts. Finally, the high prevalence rates of some paramyxoviruses in certain bat species, associated with the presence of large bat colonies and, in some cases, their potential proximity with humans are all parameters that can contribute to the risk of cross-species transmission between bat species and to the emergence of new paramyxoviruses in humans, a risk that deserves further investigation.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Paramyxoviridae/fisiologia , Animais , Guiana Francesa/epidemiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologiaRESUMO
This study is aimed at detecting Feline paramyxovirus (FPaV) and Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) in 35 urine samples from domestic cats, collected in 2019, with or without clinical signs of uropathies using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (SN-PCR) assays to amplify a partial paramyxovirus L gene. Eight (22.9%) out of the 35 urine samples were positive for paramyxoviruses. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that three samples were positive for FPaV, four samples were positive for FeMV, and it was not possible to determine which virus was present in one RT-SN-PCR positive urine sample. FPaV strains showed 100% nucleotide (nt) identity with each other and 97% nt identity with a Japanese 163 FPaV strain. The FeMV strains showed 85.9% nt identity with each other; three strains were similar to previously described Brazilian FeMV strains, and one strain clustered in a different branch of the phylogenetic tree together with the first described Chinese FeMV strain. This study provides the first description of FPaV strains in cats from Brazil and provides new information about the molecular characteristics of FPaV and FeMV strains circulating in domestic cats in Brazil.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/virologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Paramyxoviridae/genética , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/urina , Gatos , Morbillivirus/classificação , Morbillivirus/genética , Morbillivirus/isolamento & purificação , Paramyxoviridae/classificação , Paramyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/urina , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Crab-eating (Cerdocyon thous) and Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) are wild canids distributed in South America. Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and wild canids may share viral pathogens, including rabies virus (RABV), canine distemper virus (CDV), and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2). To characterize the virome of these wild canid species, the present work evaluated the spleen and mesenteric lymph node virome of 17 crab-eating and five Pampas foxes using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Organ samples were pooled and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Additional PCR analyses were performed to identify the frequencies and host origin for each virus detected by HTS. Sequences more closely related to the Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae and Anelloviridae families were detected, as well as circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. CDV was found only in crab-eating foxes, whereas CPV-2 was found in both canid species; both viruses were closely related to sequences reported in domestic dogs from southern Brazil. Moreover, the present work reported the detection of canine bocavirus (CBoV) strains that were genetically divergent from CBoV-1 and 2 lineages. Finally, we also characterized CRESS DNA viruses and anelloviruses with marked diversity. The results of this study contribute to the body of knowledge regarding wild canid viruses that can potentially be shared with domestic canids or other species.
Assuntos
Cães/virologia , Raposas/virologia , Viroma , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/genética , Anelloviridae/classificação , Anelloviridae/genética , Animais , Bocavirus/classificação , Bocavirus/genética , Brasil , Vírus de DNA/classificação , Vírus de DNA/genética , DNA Viral , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/classificação , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Linfonodos/virologia , Metagenômica , Paramyxoviridae/classificação , Paramyxoviridae/genética , Parvoviridae/classificação , Parvoviridae/genética , Parvovirus Canino/classificação , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Filogenia , RNA Viral , Baço/virologia , Uruguai , Viroses/veterinária , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Influenza is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (aLRTI), hospitalization, and mortality in children. This study aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiologic patterns and infection factors associated with influenza, and compare case features of influenza A and B. METHODS: In a prospective, cross-sectional study, patients admitted for aLRTI, between 2000 and 2015, were tested for respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza, or parainfluenza, and confirmed by fluorescent antibody (FA) or real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal aspirates. RESULTS: Of 14,044 patients, 37.7% (5290) had FA- or RT-PCR-confirmed samples that identified influenza in 2.8% (394/14,044; 91.4% [360] influenza A, 8.6% [34] influenza B) of cases. Influenza frequency followed a seasonal epidemic pattern (May-July, the lowest average temperature months). The median age of cases was 12 months (interquartile range: 6-21 months); 56.1% (221/394) of cases were male. Consolidated pneumonia was the most frequent clinical presentation (56.9%; 224/394). Roughly half (49.7%; 196/394) of all cases had previous respiratory admissions; 9.4% (37/394) were re-admissions; 61.5% (241/392) had comorbidities; 26.2% (102/389) had complications; 7.8% (30/384) had nosocomial infections. The average case fatality rate was 2.1% (8/389). Chronic neurologic disease was significantly higher in influenza B cases compared to influenza A cases (p = 0.030). The independent predictors for influenza were: age ≥6 months, odds ratio (OR): 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-2.45); p<0.001; presence of chronic neurologic disease, OR: 1.48 (95% CI: 1.01-2.17); p = 0.041; previous respiratory admissions, OR: 1.71 (95% CI: 1.36-2.14); p<0.001; re-admissions, OR: 1.71 (95% CI: 1.17-2.51); p = 0.006; clinical pneumonia, OR: 1.50 (95% CI: 1.21-1.87); p<0.001; immunodeficiency, OR: 1.87 (95% CI: 1.15-3.05); p = 0.011; cystic fibrosis, OR: 4.42 (95% CI: 1.29-15.14); p = 0.018. CONCLUSION: Influenza showed an epidemic seasonal pattern (May-July), with higher risk in children ≥6 months, or with pneumonia, previous respiratory admissions, or certain comorbidities.
Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae/epidemiologia , Criança Hospitalizada/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Adenoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Adenoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Adenoviridae/virologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Paramyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/diagnóstico , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Ferlaviruses (FV, previously referred to as ophidian paramyxoviruses, OPMV), are enveloped viruses with a negative-strand RNA genome, affecting snakes in captivity worldwide. Infection is characterized by respiratory and nervous clinical signs and carries high mortality rates, but no specific treatment or vaccine is currently available. Costa Rica has 16 species of vipers, found in captivity in collections essential for antivenom production, reintroduction, and public education. FV circulation in these populations was previously unknown, and the risk of introducing the viruses into naïve collections or free-ranging populations exists if the virus's presence is confirmed. The objective of this study was to determine seroprevalence and FV shedding in 150 samples from captive vipers in nine collections across Costa Rica. A hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was performed to determine the antibody titer against two Ferlavirus strains, Bush viper virus (BV) and Neotropical virus (NT), and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing to determine virus secretion in cloacal swabs. Ferlavirus strains were replicated in Vero cells, and chicken anti-FV polyclonal antibodies were produced and used as a positive control serum for the HI. Results demonstrate that seroprevalence of anti-FV antibodies in viper serum was 26.6% (n = 40) for the BV strain and 30% (n = 45) for the NT strain in the population tested. Furthermore, molecular characterization of FV group A was possible by sequencing the virus recovered from three cloacal swabs, demonstrating circulation of FV in one collection. This study demonstrates for the first time serological evidence of FV exposure and infection in vipers in captivity in Costa Rica, and suggests cross reactivity between antibodies against both strains. Appropriate biosafety measures could prevent the spread of FV between and within collections of reptiles in the country.
Assuntos
Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/veterinária , Paramyxoviridae/classificação , Paramyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Viperidae/virologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Hemaglutininas/genética , Hemaglutininas/metabolismo , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Células VeroRESUMO
Parainfluenza virus infections (PIV) were evaluated in patients with mild and severe infections through real time PCR. One thousand and sixty-seven samples were collected from subjects as follows: 233 adult renal transplanted outpatients, 129 children with congenital heart disease, 381 with adult hematopoietic stem cell patients and 324 hospitalized patients suspected of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. PIV was detected in 74 (6.9%) samples. VPI-3 was the most frequent (60.8%) and a higher risk was observed for older adults (p = 0.018) and for those who were hematopoietic stem cell transplanted. Further studies are needed to understand the VPI role in patients' at risk for developing serious illness.
Se evaluó la infección por virus parainfluenza (VPI) en pacientes con infecciones leves y graves mediante RPC en tiempo real. Se analizó un total de 1.067 muestras: 233 provenían de pacientes ambulatorios adultos receptores de trasplantes renales, 129 de niños con cardiopatía congénita, 381 de pacientes receptores de trasplantes de precursores hematopoyéticos adultos y 324 de pacientes hospitalizados con sospecha de influenza A (H1N1) pdm09. Se detectó VPI en 74 muestras (6,9%). Siendo VPI-3 el virus más frecuente (60,8%), se observó un mayor riesgo para los adultos mayores (p = 0,018) y para aquellos que fueron receptores de precursores hematopoyéticos. Son necesarios estudios adicionales para entender el papel del VPI en pacientes de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedad grave.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/imunologia , Estações do Ano , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Brasil , Paramyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Centros de Atenção TerciáriaRESUMO
Parainfluenza virus infections (PIV) were evaluated in patients with mild and severe infections through real time PCR. One thousand and sixty-seven samples were collected from subjects as follows: 233 adult renal transplanted outpatients, 129 children with congenital heart disease, 381 with adult hematopoietic stem cell patients and 324 hospitalized patients suspected of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. PIV was detected in 74 (6.9%) samples. VPI-3 was the most frequent (60.8%) and a higher risk was observed for older adults (p = 0.018) and for those who were hematopoietic stem cell transplanted. Further studies are needed to understand the VPI role in patients' at risk for developing serious illness.
Assuntos
Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paramyxoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estações do Ano , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A cinomose é uma doença altamente contagiosa causada por um RNA vírus de fita simples da família Paramyxoviridae, podendo acometer mamíferos de várias espécies, principalmente até os dois anos de idade devido a baixa resposta imunológica. Sua transmissão ocorre principalmente por meio de gotículas de aerossóis provenientes de todas as excreções corpóreas de animais infectados. Os animais infectados podem apresentar alterações oculares, cardíacas, neurológicas, dentárias e alguns sintomas sistêmicos como febre, diarreia, vômito, desidratação e anorexia. O diagnóstico baseia-se no histórico detalhado do animal, no exame físico e nos exames laboratoriais. A pesquisa demonstrou normalidade no hemograma e alterações significativas na bioquímica sérica apresentando linfopenia, eosinopenia e leucocitose por neutrofilia. A profilaxia ocorre através de vacinas atenuadas ou recombinantes administradas de forma correta a partir de 6 e 12 semanas de idade e o reforço feito a cada 3 a 4 semanas até atingir 14 a 16 semanas de idade, sendo necessário reforço anual.(AU)
Distemper is a highly contagious disease caused by a simple tapes RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and can affect several species of mammals especially before the age of two years because the immune response is to low. It is transmitted primarily through aerosol droplets from all bodily excretions from infected animals. Infected animals may have ocular, cardiac, neurological, dental and some systemic symptoms like fever, diarrhea, vomiting, desydration and anorexy. The diagnosis is based on history of the animal, physical examination and laboratory tests. The research showed normal blood count and significant changes in serum chemistry presenting lymphopenia , eosinophenia and leukocytosis by neutrophils. Prophylaxis occurs through attenuated or recombinant vaccines administred correctly from 6 to 12 weeks of age and the reinforcing done every 3 to 4 weeks until 14 to 16 weeks of age, annual conjugate being required.(AU)