RESUMO
Variations in parathyroid gland positions often cause failure in initial parathyroid adenoma surgery, especially when imaging fails to localise the adenoma. This report describes a female patient with primary hyperparathyroidism for which preoperative localisation studies did not determine the position of the hyperfunctioning gland. The initial approach with bilateral cervical exploration and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring was performed unsuccessfully. A mediastinal adenoma was suspected due to meticulous negative neck exploration and repeated negative images for a neck adenoma. Subsequently, a second approach involving mediastinal exploration was performed. After the removal of remnant thymic tissue in the mediastinal space, a significant drop in intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels was achieved. The pathological result confirmed the presence of a tiny pathological parathyroid adenoma within the thymus. At 6 months follow-up, postoperative biochemical assessment was consistent with normal calcium and parathyroid hormone levels.
Assuntos
Adenoma , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário , Neoplasias das Paratireoides , Humanos , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/complicações , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/etiologia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/complicações , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/diagnóstico , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/complicações , Adenoma/cirurgia , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/complicações , Neoplasias do Mediastino/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Mediastino/cirurgia , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glândulas Paratireoides/diagnóstico por imagem , ParatireoidectomiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a disease caused by hypersecretion of one or more parathyroid glands, it can be associated with ectopic mediastinal parathyroid glands (MEPA) in 2% of cases. The use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for the surgical resection of these glands is a safe, cost-effective, and low morbidity option for patients with MEPA. We report a case series of patients with this disease managed with VATS, the first in Mexico and Latinamerica. METHODS: From 2008 to 2022, a retrospective study involving patients with MEPA and treated by VATS approach was performed in a tertiary hospital in Mexico city. Relevant biochemical and clinical variables such as imaging studies, pre and postoperative laboratory results, surgical strategy, outcomes and pathological analysis were analyzed. RESULTS: Four cases of mediastinal parathyroid adenomas causing HPT were included. All patients were female with a median age of 52.5 years-old (range 46-59 years), half of the patients had primary HPT and the others tertiary HPT after kidney transplant. 75% of cases had a MEPA in the medium mediastinum, all had a preoperative positive SPECT-CT 99mTc Sestamibi scan. Mean preoperative PTH was 621.3pg/mL (182-1382pg/mL). All patients successfully underwent parathyroidectomy with a VATS approach, no deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: VATS is a minimally invasive surgery that provides adequate access to mediastinal located glands, optimal visualization of mediastinal structures and has a high resection success rate with less complications and morbidity than open approaches.
Assuntos
Neoplasias das Paratireoides , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/patologia , Mediastino/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Glândulas Paratireoides/cirurgia , Glândulas Paratireoides/patologia , Paratireoidectomia/métodos , Tecnécio Tc 99m SestamibiRESUMO
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by elevated levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, the interpretation of diagnostic tests, such as serum calcium and PTH levels, is complex in pregnant women. The aim of this report is to present a case of PHTP in a pregnant adolescent, with a special emphasis on an uncommon complication, as well as diagnostic and treatment strategies. A 17-year-old pregnant female presented with hyperemesis gravidarum and neurological symptoms, leading to the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis. Further investigations revealed hypercalcemia and persistently elevated PTH levels, consistent with PHPT. After localization studies, the patient underwent an emergency parathyroidectomy with a diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma. During follow-up, intrauterine growth restriction and severe preeclampsia developed, necessitating an emergency cesarean section. Both the mother and neonate had favorable outcomes. PHPT is an infrequent condition in the pregnant population, and its diagnosis can be challenging due to the overlap of symptoms with normal physiological changes during pregnancy. The occurrence of uncommon complications, such as thrombotic phenomena, highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to ensure early detection and management. In most cases, parathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice.
El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) se caracteriza por niveles elevados de calcio y hormona paratiroidea (PTH). Sin embargo, la interpretación de pruebas diagnósticas, como los niveles de calcio sérico y PTH, es compleja en mujeres embarazadas. El objetivo de este reporte es presentar un caso de HPTP en una adolescente embarazada, con especial hincapié en una complicación infrecuente, así como en las estrategias diagnósticas y de tratamiento. Una mujer embarazada de 17 años presentó hiperémesis gravídica y síntomas neurológicos, lo que llevó al diagnóstico de trombosis venosa cerebral. Posteriores investigaciones revelaron hipercalcemia y niveles persistentemente elevados de PTH, consistentes con HPTP. Tras la realización de estudios de localización, la paciente fue sometida a una paratiroidectomía de emergencia con diagnóstico de adenoma de paratiroides. Durante el seguimiento, se desarrolló restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y preeclampsia grave, lo que resultó en la necesidad de realizar una cesárea de emergencia. Tanto la madre como el neonato evolucionaron favorablemente. El HPTP es una condición infrecuente en la población embarazada y su diagnóstico puede ser desafiante por la superposición de síntomas con los cambios fisiológicos normales del embarazo. La aparición de complicaciones infrecuentes, como fenómenos trombóticos, resalta la necesidad de un abordaje integral para garantizar la detección y el manejo temprano. En la mayoría de los casos, la paratiroidectomía es el tratamiento de elección.
Assuntos
Hiperparatireoidismo Primário , Neoplasias das Paratireoides , Paratireoidectomia , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/complicações , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/diagnóstico , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/sangue , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/complicações , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/cirurgia , Neoplasias das Paratireoides/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adenoma/complicações , Adenoma/cirurgia , Adenoma/diagnóstico , Hormônio Paratireóideo/sangue , Complicações Neoplásicas na Gravidez/cirurgia , Complicações Neoplásicas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Hiperêmese Gravídica/complicações , Hiperêmese Gravídica/diagnóstico , Hipercalcemia/etiologia , Hipercalcemia/sangue , Hipercalcemia/diagnóstico , CesáreaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the causes for inflammation in CKD. We assessed the impact of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) and platelet-to-lymphocyte (P/L) ratios in SHPT patients. METHODS: A total of 118 patients [hemodialysis (HD, n = 81), and transplant recipients (TX, n = 37)] undergoing PTX between 2015 and 2021 were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in calcium and PTH levels in both groups, in addition to an increase in vitamin D. In the HD group, PTX did not alter N/L and P/L ratios. In the TX group, there was a reduction in N/L and P/L ratios followed by a significant increase in total lymphocyte count. CONCLUSION: N/L and P/L ratios are not reliable biomarkers of inflammation in SHPT patients undergoing PTX. Uremia, which induces a state of chronic inflammation in dialysis patients, and the use of immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients are some of the confounding factors that prevent the use of this tool in clinical practice.
Assuntos
Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Paratireoidectomia/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Hormônio Paratireóideo , Neutrófilos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/etiologia , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/cirurgia , Cálcio , Biomarcadores , Inflamação/etiologia , LinfócitosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) is an important contributor to bone disease and cardiovascular calcifications in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). When conservative measures are ineffective, parathyroidectomy is indicated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) in pediatric and adolescent patients, and to provide a rationale for considering this aggressive treatment in CKD patients with uncontrolled sHPT. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 19 pediatric CKD patients on dialysis with refractory sHPT who underwent sPTX at our institution between 2010 and 2020. All patients had clinical, radiological, and biochemical signs of renal osteodystrophy. RESULTS: One year after sPTX, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (median and interquartile range (IQR)) dropped from 2073 (1339-2484) to 164 (93-252) pg/mL (p=0.0001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels from 1166 (764-2373) to 410 (126-421) IU/L (p=0.002), and the mean (±SDS) calcium-phosphate (Ca*P) product from 51±11 to 41±13 mg2/dL2 (p=0.07). Postoperatively, all patients presented with severe hungry bone syndrome (HBS) and required intravenous and oral calcium and calcitriol supplementation. None of them had other postoperative complication. Histological findings had a good correlation with preoperative parathyroid ultrasound imaging (n: 15) in 100â¯% and with technetium-99m (99mTc) sestamibi scintigraphy (n: 15) in 86.6â¯%. Clinical and radiological signs of bone disease improved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric sPTX is effective and safe to control sHPT and calcium-phosphate metabolism in children with CKD on dialysis and may mitigate irreversible bone deformities and progression of cardiovascular disease.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Adolescente , Humanos , Criança , Cálcio , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/cirurgia , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Hormônio Paratireóideo , Paratireoidectomia/efeitos adversos , Paratireoidectomia/métodos , Cálcio da Dieta , FosfatosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a challenging endeavor with several factors contruibuting to treatment failure. Calcimimetic therapy has revolutionized the management of SHPT, leading to changes in indications and appropriate timing of parathyroidectomy (PTX) around the world. METHODS: We compared response rates to clinical vs. surgical approaches to SHPT in patients on maintenance dialysis (CKD 5D) and in kidney transplant patients (Ktx). A retrospective analysis of the one-year follow-up findings was carried out. CKD 5D patients were divided into 3 groups according to treatment strategy: parathyroidectomy, clinical management without cinacalcet (named standard - STD) and with cinacalcet (STD + CIN). Ktx patients were divided into 3 groups: PTX, CIN (cinacalcet use), and observation (OBS). RESULTS: In CKD 5D we found a significant parathormone (PTH) decrease in all groups. Despite all groups had a higher PTH at baseline, we identified a more pronounced reduction in the PTX group. Regarding severe SHPT, the difference among groups was evidently wider: 31%, 14% and 80% of STD, STD + CIN, and PTX groups reached adequate PTH levels, respectively (p<0.0001). Concerning the Ktx population, although the difference was not so impressive, a higher rate of success in the PTX group was also observed. CONCLUSION: PTX still seems to be the best treatment choice for SHPT, especially in patients with prolonged diseases in unresourceful scenarios.
Assuntos
Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Cinacalcete/uso terapêutico , Paratireoidectomia/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/etiologia , Hiperparatireoidismo Secundário/cirurgia , Hormônio Paratireóideo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and celiac disease (CD) are two distinct medical conditions that can affect bone health. While PHPT leads to excessive calcium levels and bone abnormalities, CD impairs calcium and vitamin D absorption due to small intestine damage. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a 49-year-old woman diagnosed with osteoporosis who was found to have both PHPT and CD. The patient underwent a successful minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, which resulted in decreased parathyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the rare coexistence of PHPT and CD and emphasizes the importance of considering secondary causes of osteoporosis in patients with low bone mass. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential links between PHPT and CD.
Assuntos
Doença Celíaca , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário , Osteoporose , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença Celíaca/complicações , Cálcio , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/complicações , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , ParatireoidectomiaRESUMO
Objective: The study sought to determine the clinical features of hyperparathyroid-induced hypercalcemic crisis (HIHC) along with treatment options and outcomes. Subjects and methods: This is a retrospective analysis of our historical cohort of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Patients were divided in groups according to their calcium levels and clinical presentation. HIHC (group 1) was assumed when patients had high calcium levels and needed emergency hospitalization. Group 2 was composed of patients with calcium levels above 16 mg/dL or patients who needed hospitalization for classical PHPT symptoms. Group 3 was composed of clinically stable patients with calcium levels between 14 and 16 mg/dL, who were electively treated. Results: Twenty-nine patients had calcium levels above 14 mg/dL. HIHC group had seven patients, and initial clinical measures had good response in two patients, moderate response in one patient, and poor response in four patients. All poor responders underwent immediate surgery, and one of them died due to HIHC complications. Group 2 had nine patients, and all were successfully treated during hospitalization. Group 3 had 13 patients, and all had a successful elective surgery. Conclusion: HIHC is a life-threatening condition that requires fast clinical intervention. Surgery is the only definitive treatment and should be planned for all patients. Poor response to initial clinical measures should direct treatment toward surgery to avoid disease progression and clinical deterioration.
Assuntos
Hipercalcemia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário , Humanos , Cálcio , Estudos Retrospectivos , Paratireoidectomia , Hipercalcemia/etiologia , Progressão da Doença , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/cirurgia , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário/complicaçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: thyroid surgery through the transoral vestibular approach is a reality in many countries. While several competing remote access techniques have been developed in the last 20 years, many were not reproducible. Transoral Endoscopic Neck Surgery (TNS) has been shown to be reproducible in different centers around the world, and approximately five years after its description it has been adopted relatively quickly for various reasons. To date, there are at least 7 Brazilian studies published, including a series of more than 400 cases. The aim of this work is to study the progression of Transoral Neck Surgery in Brazil and describe the profile of surgeons involved in this new approach. METHODS: this is a retrospective study with descriptive statistics. A REDCap based survey about transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA/TOEPVA) was done with 66 Brazilian surgeons regarding surgeon profile, numbers of cases performed by geographic region, what kind of training was necessary prior to the first case and behavior of the surgeon proposing these new approaches. RESULTS: response rate of this survey was 53%. To date, 1275 TOETVA/TOEPVA cases had been performed in Brazil, 1229 thyroidectomies (96.4%), 42 parathyroidectomies (3.3%) and 4 combined procedures (0.3%). Most of the cases were done in the southeast region (821, 64.4%), 538 (42.2%) cases in the State of São Paulo and 283 (22.2%) cases in the State of Rio de Janeiro. CONCLUSIONS: TOETVA is becoming popular in Brazil. Younger surgeons, especially those between 30 and 50 years old were more likely to adopt this approach.