RESUMO
This blind randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of CIMT on the functionality and quality of life (QOL) of chronic hemiparetics. Thirty volunteers were divided into two groups: Control (CG) and CIMT (CIMTG); evaluated before and after 12 and 24 intervention sessions. The scales used were: adapted Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth, Stroke Specific Quality Of Life (SS-QOL) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). The scores for all FMA variables in the CIMTG increased until the 24th session, differing from the pre-treatment. In the CG, the scores increased for pain, coordination/ speed and sensitivity. In the FRT there was an increase in the scores in both groups; after the 12th and 24th sessions, the result of the CIMTG was superior to the CG. For the SS-QOL in the CIMTG, the general score and most of the variables increased, as well as in the CG. Muscle tone in CIMTG was lower compared to CG after 24 sessions. Both protocols used in the study were effective, the CIMT protocol showed benefits in recovering the functionality of the paretic upper limb, in the functional range and in reducing muscle tone, with a consequent improvement in quality of life.
Assuntos
Terapia por Exercício , Atividade Motora , Paresia/reabilitação , Qualidade de Vida , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Extremidade Superior/inervação , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Estado Funcional , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paresia/diagnóstico , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Cooperação do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Stroke often results in motor impairment and limited functional capacity. This study aimed to verify the relationship between widely used clinical scales and instrumented measurements to evaluate poststroke individuals with mild, moderate, and severe motor impairment. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 34 participants with chronic hemiparesis after stroke. Fugl-Meyer Assessment and Modified Ashworth Scale were used to quantify upper and lower limb motor impairment and the resistance to passive movement (i.e., spasticity), respectively. Upper limb Motor performance (movement time and velocities) and movement quality (range of motion, smoothness and trunk displacement) were analyzed during a reaching forward task using an optoelectronic system (instrumented measurement). Lower limb motor performance (gait and functional mobility parameters) was assessed by using an inertial measurement unit system. FINDINGS: Fugl-Meyer Assessment correlated with motor performance (upper and lower limbs) and with movement quality (upper limb). Modified Ashworth scale correlated with movement quality (upper limb). Cutoff values of 9.0 cm in trunk anterior displacement and .57 m/s in gait velocity were estimated to differentiate participants with mild/moderate and severe compromise according to the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the Fugl-Meyer Assessment can be used to infer about motor performance and movement quality in chronic poststroke individuals with different levels of impairment.
Assuntos
Avaliação da Deficiência , Atividade Motora , Paresia/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paresia/etiologia , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Paresia/reabilitação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Stroke survivors often present poor upper-limb (UL) motor performance and reduced movement quality during reaching tasks. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) are widely used strategies for stroke rehabilitation. However, the effects of combining these two therapies to rehabilitate individuals with moderate and severe impairment after stroke are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: Our primary aim was to evaluate the effects of concurrent bi-cephalic tDCS and FES on UL kinematic motor performance and movement quality of chronic post-stroke subjects with moderate and severe compromise. Our secondary aim was to verify the effects of combining these therapies on handgrip force and UL motor impairment. METHODS: We randomized 30 individuals with moderate and severe chronic hemiparesis after stroke into tDCS plus FES (n=15) and sham tDCS plus FES (n=15) groups. Participants were treated 5 times a week for 2 weeks. Kinematic motor performance (movement cycle time, velocity profile) and movement quality (smoothness, trunk contribution, joint angles) were assessed during an UL reach-to-target task.Handgrip force and motor impairment were also recorded before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Participants allocated to the tDCS plus FES group improved movement cycle time (P=0.039), mean reaching velocity (P=0.022) and handgrip force (P=0.034). Both groups improved the mean returning phase velocity (P=0.018), trunk contribution (P=0.022), movement smoothness (P=0.001) and UL motor impairment (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent bi-cephalic tDCS and FES slightly improved reaching motor performance and handgrip force of chronic post-stroke individuals with moderate and severe UL impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02818608).
Assuntos
Estimulação Elétrica , Movimento , Paresia/reabilitação , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral/métodos , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Adulto , Idoso , Terapia Combinada , Método Duplo-Cego , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Feminino , Força da Mão , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Destreza Motora , Paresia/etiologia , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua/métodos , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Objective: To explore the relationships between selected measures of motor impairments and activities involving the lower-limbs in ambulatory people with chronic stroke. Design: Motor impairment measures included maximal isometric strength and motor coordination. Activity measures included walking speed, stair ascent/descent cadences, and the time to perform the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Results: Ninety individuals were included. The correlations between all motor impairment and activity measures were significant (0.18 < r < 0.52, p < 0.05). Motor coordination and strength of the knee flexor muscles explained 30% (F = 20.3; p < 0.001) of the variance in walking speed, 32% (F = 19.1; p < 0.001) of stair ascent, and 31% (F = 16.8; p < 0.001) of stair descent cadence. Regarding the TUG, only motor coordination reached significance and explained 13% (F = 13.4; p < 0.001) of the variance. Conclusion: Measures of strength and motor coordination of the paretic lower limb were significantly correlated with all activity measures. However, despite the fact that knee flexor strength explained some variance in walking speed and stair ascent/descent cadences, motor coordination was the only measure that explained the variances in all three selected activity measures. These findings are innovative for neurological rehabilitation, since this is the first study to demonstrate that deficits in motor coordination of the paretic lower limb best explained limitations in performing different lower-limb activities.
Assuntos
Extremidade Inferior/fisiopatologia , Destreza Motora , Força Muscular , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Velocidade de CaminhadaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The cortical silent period is a transient suppression of electromyographic activity after a transcranial magnetic stimulation pulse, attributed to spinal and supraspinal inhibitory mechanisms. Electromyographic breakthrough activity has been observed in healthy adults as a result of a spinal reflex response within the cortical silent period. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this case series is to report the ipsilesional and contralesional cortical silent period and the electromyographic breakthrough activity of 7 children with congenital hemiparesis. METHODS: TMS was delivered over the ipsilesional and contralesional primary motor cortices with resting motor threshold and cortical silent period measures recorded from first dorsal interosseous muscle. RESULTS: Seven children (13±2 years) were included. Ipsilesional and contralesional resting motor thresholds ranged from 49 to 80% and from 38 to 63% of maximum stimulator output, respectively. Ipsilesional (n=4) and contralesional (n=7) cortical silent period duration ranged from 49 to 206ms and 81 to 150ms, respectively. Electromyographic breakthrough activity was observed ipsilesionally in 3/4 (75%) and contralesionally in 3/7 (42.8%) participants. In the 3 children with ipsilesional breakthrough activity during the cortical silent period, all testing trials showed breakthrough. Contralesional breakthrough activity was observed in only one of the analyzable trials in each of those 3 participants. The mean peak amplitude of breakthrough activity ranged from 45 to 214µV (ipsilesional) and from 23 to 93µV (contralesional). CONCLUSION: Further research is warranted to understand the mechanisms and significance of electromyographic breakthrough activity within the cortical silent period in congenital hemiparesis. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to the design of tailored neuromodulation interventions for physical rehabilitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02250092 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02250092).
Assuntos
Córtex Motor/fisiologia , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana/métodos , Adulto , Criança , Eletromiografia , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , DescansoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the personal and environmental contextual factors that influence use of affected arm for function among stroke survivors. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study using an interpretivist paradigm among 23 stroke survivors in their late sub-acute and chronic stages and their relatives living in the rural regions of India using maximum variation sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify personal and environmental contextual factors relevant to arm use. Their current level of arm use, motor and functional ability were evaluated using Motor Activity Log, AbilHand and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales and the scores were categorized in order to describe and compare the participant's characteristics before analyzing each interview. Differences among the contextual factors of participants with high and low levels of functional arm use and exercise using paretic limb were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Study participants followed active exercises or passive interventions to improve their arm. Their immediate social environment influenced these decisions. Lack of awareness on how to self-engage or scale down their physical environment to match their abilities demoted active functional task performance. Ability to perceive small gains in arm function helped them sustain their efforts. CONCLUSION: Context influences arm use. Addressing contextual determinants influencing arm use such as facilitating understanding about the need for active functional task engagement; identifying and addressing factors moderating motivation to sustain functional task practice and enriching objects to match their movement abilities can increase arm use and promote upper limb recovery.
Assuntos
Paresia/fisiopatologia , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Vida Independente , Índia , Motivação , Movimento , Sobreviventes , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Extremidade Superior/fisiologiaAssuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Milrinona/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Puerperais/tratamento farmacológico , Vasodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Angiografia Digital , Afasia de Broca/fisiopatologia , Edema Encefálico/diagnóstico por imagem , Edema Encefálico/etiologia , Edema Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Edema Encefálico/cirurgia , Hemorragia Cerebral/complicações , Hemorragia Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Craniectomia Descompressiva , Progressão da Doença , Drenagem , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/etiologia , Hidrocefalia/fisiopatologia , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Hiperemia/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Cerebral Média/fisiopatologia , Nimodipina/uso terapêutico , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Puerperais/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Puerperais/fisiopatologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do Tratamento , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/complicações , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasoespasmo Intracraniano/fisiopatologia , VentriculostomiaRESUMO
Individuals with stroke often present functional impairment and gait alteration. Among different aspects, intralimb coordination of these individuals is one of the key points that should be considered before implementing any gait intervention protocol. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stroke on intralimb gait coordination of the lower limbs using a vector coding technique. Twenty-five individuals with stroke and 18 non-disabled individuals (control), between 46 and 71â¯years old, participated in this study. A computerized analysis system registered data from reflective markers placed on specific body landmarks to define thigh, shank, and foot of both body sides, as participants walked at self-selected comfortable speed. Coordination modes, such as in-phase, anti-phase, proximal-segment-phase, and distal-segment-phase, and variability of thigh-shank, and shank-foot were analyzed for the paretic, non-paretic and control limbs during the stance and swing periods, and the entire gait cycle using the vector coding technique. During the stance period, individuals with stroke presented higher frequency of thigh-phase and lower frequency of shank-phase for the thigh-shank coupling and higher frequency of shank-phase for the shank-foot coupling compared to non-disabled controls, indicating that the proximal segment of each pair leads the movement. During the swing period, the paretic limb presented higher frequency for in-phase than non-paretic and control limbs for the thigh-shank coupling. Adaptations in the non-paretic limb were observed in the swing period, with higher frequency than paretic and control limbs in the thigh-phase for the thigh-shank coupling, and higher frequency than the paretic limb in the foot-phase for the shank-foot coupling. No differences in coordination variability were found between paretic, non-paretic, and control limbs. The vector coding technique constitutes a useful tool for identifying gait alterations in intralimb coordination of individuals with stroke. Our coordination results demonstrate a shift from distal to more proximal control during the stance phase in both legs for the individuals with stroke and an inability to decouple segment coordination during the swing phase in the paretic limb. The results indicate that it is more suitable to consider the stance and swing periods separately instead of considering the entire gait cycle to investigate intralimb gait coordination of individuals with stroke.
Assuntos
Marcha/fisiologia , Extremidade Inferior/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Pé/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/etiologia , Transtornos Neurológicos da Marcha/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paresia/etiologia , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Coxa da Perna/fisiopatologia , Caminhada/fisiologiaRESUMO
Due to the recent rise in the use of lower-limb exoskeletons as an alternative for gait rehabilitation, gait phase detection has become an increasingly important feature in the control of these devices. In addition, highly functional, low-cost recovery devices are needed in developing countries, since limited budgets are allocated specifically for biomedical advances. To achieve this goal, this paper presents two gait phase partitioning algorithms that use motion data from a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the foot instep. For these data, sagittal angular velocity and linear acceleration signals were extracted from nine healthy subjects and nine pathological subjects. Pressure patterns from force sensitive resistors (FSR) instrumented on a custom insole were used as reference values. The performance of a threshold-based (TB) algorithm and a hidden Markov model (HMM) based algorithm, trained by means of subject-specific and standardized parameters approaches, were compared during treadmill walking tasks in terms of timing errors and the goodness index. The findings indicate that HMM outperforms TB for this hardware configuration. In addition, the HMM-based classifier trained by an intra-subject approach showed excellent reliability for the evaluation of mean time, i.e., its intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was greater than 0 . 75 . In conclusion, the HMM-based method proposed here can be implemented for gait phase recognition, such as to evaluate gait variability in patients and to control robotic orthoses for lower-limb rehabilitation.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Exoesqueleto Energizado , Pé/fisiologia , Marcha/fisiologia , Extremidade Inferior/fisiologia , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Masculino , Cadeias de Markov , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica/instrumentação , Pressão , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: After a stroke, upper limb (UL) motor impairments interfere with functional activities and quality of life. Even though a range of assessment tools has been developed to assess UL, few studies explore the interfaces between different levels of functioning after stroke. OBJECTIVES: (a) verify the correlation between movement smoothness and other measures of body function/structure [UL - Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and handgrip strength]; (b) verify which body function/structure [UL-FMA and/or handgrip strength] could predict UL movement smoothness; and (c) verify if movement smoothness could predict levels of activity, as assessed by the Box and Block Test (BBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Thirty-four individuals with chronic hemiparesis after stroke were enrolled. Measurements of body function/structure included FMA, handgrip strength and kinematic measure of movement smoothness. Levels of activity were measured using the Box and Block Test (BBT). RESULTS: Movement smoothness showed strong correlation with FMA (râ¯=â¯0.70, pâ¯<â¯.001) and moderate correlation with handgrip strength (râ¯=â¯0.63, pâ¯<â¯.001). FMA explained 46.4% of the variation in movement smoothness. Movement smoothness was moderately correlated with BBT (râ¯=â¯-0.560, pâ¯<â¯.005) and predicted 31% of the variation in BBT. CONCLUSION: We recommend the use of UL-FMA to predict movement smoothness in chronic post-stroke subjects. This study also showed that movement smoothness influences the level of activity. Then, movement smoothness may be emphasized during stroke rehabilitation to enhance the UL level of activity in chronic post-stroke subjects.