RESUMO
This article examines discoveries, inventions, and innovations related to penicillin by sampling activities to solve technological problems which can be traced by the distribution of scientific articles, government reports, innovations, and patents between 1929 and 1945, and proposes reflection on the importance of scientific progress for national security. The analysis highlights the technological trajectory and outcomes in the area of intellectual property, considering US policy implemented to catalyze innovation and provide institutional conditions to meet national defense needs as an important factor, although this did not necessarily imply a unique solution in other contexts.
A partir de pesquisa sobre a descoberta, a invenção e a inovação relacionadas à penicilina, por amostra de atividades de resolução de problemas tecnológicos rastreada pela distribuição, no período de 1929 a 1945, de trabalhos científicos, relatórios de governo, inovações e patentes, o artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a importância do progresso científico para a segurança nacional. A análise destaca a trajetória tecnológica e os resultados na área de propriedade intelectual, considerando um fator importante a política implementada nos EUA para catalisar processos de inovação e oferecer condições institucionais para atender às demandas de defesa nacional, o que não significa necessariamente unicidade de solução em outros contextos.
Assuntos
Patentes como Assunto , Penicilinas , História do Século XX , Patentes como Assunto/história , Penicilinas/história , Antibacterianos/história , Humanos , BrasilRESUMO
Dengue is a serious infectious disease and a growing public health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. To control this neglected tropical disease (NTD), vaccines are likely to be the most cost-effective solution. This study analyzed dengue vaccines from both a historical and longitudinal perspective by using patent data, evaluating the geographic and time coverage of innovations, the primary patent holders, the network of cooperation and partnership for vaccine research and development (R & D), the flow of knowledge and the technological domain involved. This study can be seen as an example of the use of patent information to inform policy discussions, strategic research planning, and technology transfer. The results show that 93% of patents were granted since 2000, the majority belonging to the United States and Europe, although the share of patents from developing countries has increased. Unlike another NTDs, there is great participation of private companies in R & D of dengue vaccines and partnerships and collaboration between public and private companies. Finally, in this study, the main holders showed high knowledge absorption and generated capabilities. Therefore, this issue suggests that to overcome the difficulty of translational R & D it is necessary to stimulate the generation of knowledge and relevant scientific research, to enable the productive sector to have the capacity to absorb knowledge, to turn it into innovation, and to articulate partnerships and collaboration.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra Dengue/história , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Indústria Farmacêutica/história , Doenças Negligenciadas/prevenção & controle , Patentes como Assunto/história , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Difusão de Inovações , Europa (Continente) , Saúde Global , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Parcerias Público-Privadas/história , Transferência de Tecnologia , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica/história , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The analysis of patent activity is one methodology used for technological monitoring. In this paper, the activity of biotechnology-related patents in Brazil were analyzed through 30 International Patent Classification (IPC) codes published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We developed a program to analyse the dynamics of the major patent applicants, countries and IPC codes extracted from the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) database. We also identified Brazilian patent applicants who tried to expand protection abroad via the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). We had access to all patents published online at the INPI from 1975 to July 2010, including 9,791 biotechnology patent applications in Brazil, and 163 PCTs published online at World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) from 1997 to December 2010. To our knowledge, there are no other online reports of biotechnology patents previous to the years analyzed here. Most of the biotechnology patents filed in the INPI (10.9%) concerned measuring or testing processes involving nucleic acids. The second and third places belonged to patents involving agro-technologies (recombinant DNA technology for plant cells and new flowering plants, i.e. angiosperms, or processes for obtaining them, and reproduction of flowering plants by tissue culture techniques). The majority of patents (87.2%) were filed by nonresidents, with USA being responsible for 51.7% of all biotechnology patents deposited in Brazil. Analyzing the resident applicants per region, we found a hub in the southeast region of Brazil. Among the resident applicants for biotechnology patents filed in the INPI, 43.5% were from São Paulo, 18.3% were from Rio de Janeiro, and 9.7% were from Minas Gerais. Pfizer, Novartis, and Sanofi were the largest applicants in Brazil, with 339, 288, and 245 biotechnology patents filed, respectively. For residents, the largest applicant was the governmental institution FIOCRUZ (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), which filed 69 biotechnology patents within the period analyzed. The first biotechnology patent applications via PCT were submitted by Brazilians in 1997, with 3 from UFMG (university), 2 from individuals, and 1 from EMBRAPA (research institute).
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Patentes como Assunto/estatística & dados numéricos , Biotecnologia/história , Brasil , DNA/genética , Genes de Plantas , Engenharia Genética , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Patentes como Assunto/história , RNA/genética , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Neodevelopmental patent regimes aim to facilitate local actors' access to knowledge and also encourage incremental innovations. The case of pharmaceutical patent examination in Brazil illustrates political contradictions between these objectives. Brazil's patent law includes the Ministry of Health in the examination of pharmaceutical patent applications. Though widely celebrated as a health-oriented policy, the Brazilian experience has become fraught with tensions and subject to decreasing levels of both stability and enforcement. I show how one pillar of the neodevelopmental regime, the array of initiatives to encourage incremental innovations, has fostered the acquisition of innovative capabilities in the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector, and how these new capabilities have altered actors' policy preferences and thus contributed to the erosion of the coalition in support of the other pillar of the neodevelopmental regime, the health-oriented approach to examining pharmaceutical patents. The analysis of capability-derived preference formation points to an endogenous process of coalitional change.
Assuntos
Indústria Farmacêutica , Governo , Política de Saúde , Patentes como Assunto , Brasil/etnologia , Indústria Farmacêutica/economia , Indústria Farmacêutica/educação , Indústria Farmacêutica/história , Indústria Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Governo/história , Política de Saúde/economia , Política de Saúde/história , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Patentes como Assunto/história , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Assistência Farmacêutica/economia , Assistência Farmacêutica/história , Assistência Farmacêutica/legislação & jurisprudência , Sistemas Políticos/históriaRESUMO
Passage of Patent Law 9279/96, in effect since April 1997, has made relations between pharmaceutical patents and accessibility to medicine in Brazil complex. Under the new law, patents may extend to chemical inventions (products and process) and transgenic microorganisms. The issue is analyzed from two specific yet inter-related approaches: science and technology policy and health-care policy. The conclusion draws attention to the main future consequences of current international trends, both legal and regulatory. Brazil should ready its legal framework to respond to the negative consequences that genome patenting can be expected to have on the flow of scientific information and on access to pharmaceutical drugs.
Assuntos
Legislação de Medicamentos/história , Patentes como Assunto/história , Brasil , História do Século XXAssuntos
Membros Artificiais , Medicina Militar , Militares , Patentes como Assunto , Próteses e Implantes , Tecnologia , Membros Artificiais/economia , Membros Artificiais/história , Membros Artificiais/psicologia , Cirurgiões Barbeiros/história , História do Século XIX , México/etnologia , Medicina Militar/economia , Medicina Militar/educação , Medicina Militar/história , Medicina Militar/legislação & jurisprudência , Militares/educação , Militares/história , Militares/legislação & jurisprudência , Militares/psicologia , Patentes como Assunto/história , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , Pacientes/história , Pacientes/legislação & jurisprudência , Pacientes/psicologia , Médicos/economia , Médicos/história , Médicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Médicos/psicologia , Próteses e Implantes/economia , Próteses e Implantes/história , Próteses e Implantes/psicologia , Tecnologia/economia , Tecnologia/educação , Tecnologia/história , Tecnologia/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Dra, Zimmer describes in this work the evolution of general anaesthesia for surgeries, quoting the recorded invention patents, since the 1st one performed in France - an ether anaesthesia - in 1846, 2 years after Wells had used nitrous oxide as gas for a surgery (december 1844).