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IMPORTANCE: Some tick species are competent to transmit more than one pathogen while other species are, until now, known to be competent to transmit only one single or any pathogen. Such a difference in vector competence for one or more pathogens might be related to the microbiome, and understanding what differentiates these two groups of ticks could help us control several diseases aiming at the bacteria groups that contribute to such a broad vector competence. Using 16S rRNA from tick species that could be classified into these groups, genera such as Rickettsia and Staphylococcus seemed to be associated with such a broad vector competence. Our results highlight differences in tick species when they are divided based on the number of pathogens they are competent to transmit. These findings are the first step into understanding the relationship between one single tick species and the pathogens it transmits.

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We report 3 pediatric patients who presented with only nonanaphylactic symptoms of alpha-gal syndrome. This report highlights the necessity of not discounting alpha-gal syndrome from a differential diagnosis for patients with recurrent gastrointestinal distress and emesis after consuming mammalian meat, even in the absence of an anaphylactic reaction.

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Two well characterized tick-borne rickettsioses occur in Brazil. Rickettsia rickettsii caused spotted-fever, transmitted by Amblyomma sculptum and Amblyomma aureolatum, is a severe disease with a high case-fatality rate in the southeastern region of the country. Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest infections transmitted by adult Amblyomma ovale ticks cause a milder non-lethal febrile disease with an eschar (necrosis) at the tick bite site. Clinical diagnosis of rickettsiosis is challenging, particularly during the early stages of the illness when signs and symptoms are non-specific. Since eschar at the tick bite site has emerged as the main clinical feature of mild R. parkeri infections and used to differentiate it from severe R. rickettsii infection, its proper recognition, distinction from other tick bite lesions, and boundaries as a clinical tool must be highlighted. Of importance, eschars induced by Rickettsia must be differentiated from dermatoses caused by other tick-borne skin infections as well from lesions caused by the tick bite itself. We herein highlight information on eschar in rickettsial diseases in Brazil and discuss the need for further research on its clinical relevance and application in the diagnosis of spotted fever caused by R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest. In particular, we draw attention to diagnosis of other febrile diseases in the presence of concomitant tick bites.

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A babesiose canina é uma doença transmitida pela picada de carrapatos, como o Rhipicephalus sanguineus, vetor de Babesia vogeli, um hemoprotozoário de extrema importância na Medicina Veterinária. Esse protozoário parasita os eritrócitos, levando a uma hemólise. O animal infectado pode apresentar febre, letargia, anorexia, anemia, mucosas pálidas ou ictéricas, hematúria e hepatoesplenomegalia. O diagnóstico presuntivo da babesiose canina pode se basear em histórico, anamnese ou exame físico, porém a confirmação é obtida por meio do exame parasitológico. Durante o atendimento, um cão, macho, cinco anos, boxer, apresentou apatia, hiporexia, hematúria, hipertermia. Para confirmação de diagnóstico foram solicitados os exames complementares: hemograma, alanina aminotransferase e creatinina. A única alteração encontrada foi diminuição de plaquetas, porém no esfregaço sanguíneo foram observadas estruturas de Babesia sp. livres e parasitando hemácias.(AU)

Canine babesiosis is a disease transmitted through tick bites, such as Rhipicephalus sanguineus, vector of Babesia vogeli, a hemoprotozoan of extreme importance in Veterinary Medicine. This protozoan parasites erythrocytes leading to hemolysis. The infected animal may have fever, lethargy, anorexia, anemia, pale or jaundiced mucous membranes, hematuria and hepatosplenomegaly. The presumptive diagnosis of babesiosis can be based on history, anamnesis or physical examination, but the confirmation is obtained through parasitological examination. During the service, a male dog, five years old, boxer, presented apathy, hyporexia, hematuria, hyperthermia. To confirm the diagnosis, a complete blood count, alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were requested. The only alteration found was a decrease in platelets, however, in the blood smear, Babesia sp. were detected free and parasitizing red blood cells.(AU)

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The past decade has seen the emergence of a new type of food allergy occurring after ingestion of mammalian meat. This allergy is related to immunoglobulin (Ig)E specific for galactose-alpha-1,3 galactose (α-Gal). Originally described in the United States in 2009, other cases have subsequently been described in Australia and in Europe, but still very few in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to show the existence of this pathology in French Guiana and to describe the historical, clinical, and biological characteristics of these patients. Patients reporting an allergy to mammalian meat were included between September 2017 and August 2019. Eleven patients were included, nine of whom exhibited digestive symptoms; four, urticaria reactions; three, respiratory reactions; and five angioedema. The time between ingestion of red meat and reaction varied between 1.5 and 6 hours. The implicated meats were most often beef and pork. All patients had been regularly exposed to tick bites before the appearance of symptoms. All the samples (n = 7) were positive for anti-α-Gal anti-mammalian meats IgE. All the patients were Caucasian French expatriates. This study confirms the presence of this new entity in French Guiana and is the largest reported in Latin America. Our results do not clearly allow us to state that tick bites are the cause of this allergy, but all patients reported being exposed regularly to these arthropods.

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Amblyomma sculptum is frequently observed parasitizing horses, responsible for economic losses, damage to the host''s skin and transmission of pathogens. The oxidative stress profile and inflammatory mechanisms involved in this parasitism remain poorly studied. Thus, this study aimed to assess the histopathological changes and oxidative profile responses of horses in the attachment site of A. sculptum to find variations that indicate resistance and susceptibility between the breeds to this tick, based on the hypothesis that resistant animals have a greater inflammatory response and lesser number of attached ticks. We analyzed female horses of two breeds, Mangalarga Marchador and Breton Postier, naturally infested by Amblyomma sculptum. The ticks were counted and full-thickness excisional skin wounds of 10 mm were made on the perineal region on the attachment site of partially engorged females for histological and biochemical analyzes. The occurrence of the tick on the skin caused an increase in cellularity, inflammatory infiltrate, mast cells, pyknotic nuclei, and changes in the fibrous components of the matrix. The negative correlation observed between tick infestation and inflammatory response indicated that animals with greater inflammatory response tend to have less tick infestation. The oxidative stress markers, MDA, PCN and NO not present great variation; however, between the antioxidant enzymes levels, SOD was higher in tick attachment of Breton Postier skin, this may mean that these animals had higher oxidative enzymatic activity and consequently less tissue damage, while the GST dropped in the attachment sites compared to the control, which may indicate that animals were in a state of significant oxidative stress or raises the question of the possibility of enzymatic sequestration by ticks. No significant differences were found in the resistance of the two breeds since most of the analyzes varied due to the presence or absence of the tick attached to the skin. We draw attention to the importance of studying characteristics of the animal's antioxidant responses to the tick and the action of tick saliva on antioxidant enzymes and ROS because these characteristics are interdependent with the inflammatory response.

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Lyme and other tick-borne diseases are increasing in the United States. Development of tick control tools have focused primarily on the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say. Application of acaricides or entomopathogenic fungal agents to kill host-seeking ticks or ticks on rodents can suppress I. scapularis abundance in residential landscapes, but evidence is lacking for impact on human tick bites or tick-borne disease. Similar studies remain limited for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Other knowledge gaps include how well homeowners and pest control companies perform in the broadcast application of tick-killing products, relative to high efficacy reported in research studies, and the tick-killing potential of natural product formulations exempt from Environmental Protection Agency registration. Area-wide control based on preventing ticks from feeding on their main reproductive host, the white-tailed deer, can suppress populations of both I. scapularis and A. americanum. Some studies also suggest an impact on Lyme disease cases, but this needs to be further validated in larger-scale intervention studies. The effectiveness, scale, cost, and implementation of various tick management strategies are important considerations in efforts to reduce human tick encounters and tick-borne disease. Additional barriers include weak incentives for industry and academia to develop, test, and register new tick and pathogen control technologies, including vaccines targeting humans, tick reproductive hosts, or wildlife pathogen reservoirs. Solutions will need to be 'two-pronged': improving the tick and pathogen control toolbox and strengthening the public health workforce engaging in tick control at local and state levels.

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Food allergies to red meat, specifically to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), a mammalian oligosaccharide, are considered to be very rare, especially in Asia and Latin America. Most of the cases reported are characterised by symptoms of delayed urticaria or anaphylaxis after the consumption of red meat. Sensitisation to red meat has been linked to the use of cetuximab or tick bites, especially from the Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes spp species. Here, we documented a case study from a Colombian male patient with symptoms of delayed urticaria and anaphylaxis with a history of tick bites in Colombia. The patient presented with IgE antibodies specific to alpha-gal, which is the most common epitope linked to red meat allergy induced by tick bites.

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La entidad llamada tick-borne lymphadenopathy, también conocida como dermacentor-borne necrosis eritema lymphadenopathy, se incluye dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades transmitidas por garrapatas, que han aumentado considerablemente en los últimos años debido a una mayor observación clínica-epidemiológica y mejoría diagnóstica. Es una zoonosis causada por Rickettsia slovaca y transmitida por la picadura de la garrapata Dermacentor marginatus. Los pacientes afectados tienen una escara necrótica rodeada de un halo eritematoso en el cuero cabelludo y adenopatías regionales dolorosas. Se presenta a un varón de siete años que mostró, tras la extracción de una garrapata, una escara necrótica en el cuero cabelludo, con adenopatías y febrícula. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y el cultivo de la lesión confirmaron la presencia de Rickettsia slovaca. El paciente recibió azitromicina oral con buena respuesta. En Atención Primaria, es importante el seguimiento de las picaduras de garrapatas para detectar posibles enfermedades transmitidas por estas.

The entity called tick-borne lymphadenopathy, also known as dermacentor-borne necrosis eritema lymphadenopathy, is included in the differential diagnosis of diseases transmitted by ticks, which have increased considerably in recent years due to greater clinical-epidemiological observation and diagnostic improvement. It is a zoonosis caused by Rickettsia slovaca and transmitted by the bite of the Dermacentor marginatus tick. Affected patients have a necrotic eschar surrounded by an erythematous halo in the scalp, as well as painful regional lymphadenopathy. Linfadenopatía transmitida por garrapata. Un caso pediátrico de rickettsiosis en atención primaria Lymphadenopathy transmitted by tick. A pediatric case of rickettsiosis in primary care We present a seven-year-old male who shows, after the extraction of a tick, a necrotic eschar on the scalp, accompanied by lymphadenopathy and low-grade fever. The study of polymerase chain reaction and culture of the lesion confirm the presence of Rickettsia slovaca. The patient received oral azithromycin with a good response. In Primary Care, it is important to monitor the tick bites, to detect possible diseases transmitted by them.

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