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A cytorhabdovirus, tentatively named "patchouli chlorosis-associated cytorhabdovirus" (PCaCV), was identified in a patchouli plant, using high-throughput sequencing, and its genome sequence was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The PCaCV genome consists of 12,913 nucleotides and contains six open reading frames in the order 3'-N-P'-P-P3-M-(G)-L-5'. The glycoprotein gene was found to contain stop codons in the coding frame; hence, this gene is considered defective. PCaCV is most closely related to tomato yellow mottle-associated virus, sharing 61.1% nucleotide sequence identity in the complete genome and 73.9% amino acid sequence identity in the L protein. These data suggest that PCaCV should be considered a new member of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, and the binomial species name "Cytorhabdovirus patchoulii" is proposed.

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The global search for eco-friendly and human-safe pesticides has intensified, and research on essential oils (EOs) has expanded due to their remarkable insecticidal activities and apparent human-safe. Despite this, most of the literature focuses on short-term and simplified efforts to understand lethal effects, with only a few comprehensive studies addressing sublethal exposures. To fill this shortcoming, we explore the lethal and sublethal effects of Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) EO and an EO-based emulsion (18%) using the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) as a model. First, we determine the toxicity of EO and EO-based emulsion using dose-mortality curves and lethal times. Second, we subjected adult females of H. hampei to sublethal doses to assess whether they affected their behavior, reproductive output, and histological features. Our findings reveal that patchoulol (43.05%), α-Guaiene (16.06%), and α-Bulnesene (13.69%) were the main components of the EO. Furthermore, the EO and its emulsion had similar toxicity, with dose-mortality curves and lethal times overlapping 95% confidence intervals. We also observed that sublethal exposure of females of H. hampei reduces reproduction and feeding, increases walking activity, and causes histopathological changes in the midgut. This study advances the knowledge of the lethal and sublethal effects of an eco-friendly substance on insects.Responsible Editor: Giovanni Benelli.

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Fusarium graminearum Schw. is associated with diseases in seeds and seedlings, mainly in maize, and causes damage to crops and food production. We determined the chemical compositions of essential oils from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., and evaluated their antioxidant and antifungal activity against F. graminearum. The oils were applied to the fungus using disc diffusion technique at concentrations of 8.0, 4.0, 2.0 and 1.0 µL mL-1. Fungistatic effects of P. cablin oil were detectable at 8.0 µL mL-1, with 80.0% inhibition of fungal growth. This oil contains mono and sesquiterpenes that may be toxic to fungal cell structures. P. cablin oil also had antioxidant activity in free radical sequestration experiments, where as oil from B. dracunculifolia had limited effects. We conclude that essential oil from P. cablin has greater anti-phytopathogenic and antioxidant activity than that from B. dracunculifolia.

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Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. is an aromatic species popularly known as patchouli. The essential oil rich in patchoulol extracted from leaves is used by the pharmaceutical industries. The objective was to investigate the effects of shade nets and shading intensities on P. cablin growth, anatomy, chemical composition and essential oil content. The experiment was conducted with two types of shade nets (black and Aluminet), three light intensities (30, 50, and 70% shading) and full sun. The different light intensities influenced the growth and the essential oil yield, and chemical composition. Patchouli plants grown in an environment with shading showed higher values for the leaf, stem, root ant total dry weights compared to full sun. At 50% of shading, Aluminet provided gain in stem and total dry weights. Aluminet and black net at 50 and 70% of shading enhance essential oil yield. Patchoulol and pogostol contents were higher under full sun, and, black net and Aluminet at 50% shading. The environment for patchouli cultivation can be improved by use shade nets, especially with Aluminet at 50% of shading.

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. é uma espécie aromática popularmente conhecida como patchouli. O óleo essencial rico em patchoulol extraído de folhas é utilizado pelas indústrias farmacêuticas. O objetivo foi investigar os efeitos das malhas e intensidades de sombreamento no crescimento, anatomia, composição química e teor de óleo essencial de P. cablin. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tipos de malhas (preta e Aluminet), três intensidades de luz (30, 50 e 70% de sombreamento) e pleno sol. As diferentes intensidades de luz influenciaram o crescimento, o rendimento e a composição química do óleo essencial. Plantas de patchouli cultivadas em ambiente sombreado apresentaram maiores valores para os pesos secos de folha, caule, raiz e total em relação ao pleno sol. Com 50% de sombreamento, Aluminet proporcionou ganho de peso seco de caule e total. Aluminet e malha preta a 50 e 70% de sombreamento aumentam o rendimento do óleo essencial. Os teores de patchoulol e pogostol foram maiores a pleno sol, malha preta e Aluminet com 50% de sombreamento. O ambiente para o cultivo do patchouli pode ser melhorado com o uso de malhas de sombreamento, especialmente com Aluminet em 50% de sombreamento.

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Background: the current research studies why it is effective using Anrederacordifolia, Psidium guajava, and Pogostemon cablin by the local community as a traditional medicine for diarrhea treatment caused by Escherichiacoli bacteria. Objectives: We compared the inhibitor effectiveness of three leaf extracts against Escherichia coli; we also identified the anti-bacterial substances contained in leaf extracts. Methods: We determined the bacterial test activity using the "agar diffusion" method and the thin layer chromatography (TLC) as qualitative analysis for determining the anti-bacterial substances contained in the extract. Results: The Pogostemon cablin leaf extract contained terpenoids, phenolic, and flavonoids compound as bacterial inhibitors, and the comparison showed that Pogostemon cablin leaf extract had the greatest bacterial inhibition power. Conclusion: The antibiotic substances found in the leaf extracts of Anredera cordifolia, Psidium guajava, and Pogostemon cablin can be used as traditional medicine. The breakthrough was evidenced by the ability to inhibit Escherichia coli bacteria. This research shows that traditional medicine has ancient knowledge used by this paper

Antecedentes: la presente investigación estudia la eficacia del uso de Anredera cordifolia, Psidium guajava y Pogostemoncablin por la comunidad local como medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de la diarrea causada por la bacteria Escherichia coli. Objetivos: Comparamos la eficacia inhibidora de los extractos de tres hojas contra Escherichia coli; también identificamos las sustancias antibacterianas contenidas en los extractos de hojas. Métodos: Determinamos la actividad de la prueba bacteriana mediante el método de "difusión en agar" y la cromatografía en capa fina (TLC) como análisis cualitativo para determinar las sustancias antibacterianas contenidas en el extracto. Resultados: el extracto de hoja de Pogostemoncablin contenía compuestos terpenoides, fenólicos y flavonoides como inhibidores bacterianos, y la comparación mostró que el extracto de hoja de Pogostemon cablin tenía el mayor poder de inhibición bacteriana. Conclusión: El contenido de sustancias antibióticas que se encuentran en el extracto de hoja de Anredera cordifolia, Psidium guajava y Pogostemoncablin puede utilizarse como medicina tradicional. Esto se evidencia por la capacidad de inhibir la bacteria Escherichiacoli. Esta investigación muestra que la medicina tradicional tiene un conocimiento antiguo utilizado por este artículo

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Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] is a plant of the family Lamiaceae, widely used as an essential oil in the cosmetics and perfumery industry. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of storage time and temperature of dry leaves on the patchouli essential oil content and chemical composition. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in a 6x2x2 factorial scheme, testing storage time (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks) and temperature (28°C and 33°C) of dry leaves of two patchouli genotypes (POG-015 and POG-021). The variables essential oil content and chemical composition, and the identification of fungus during storage were evaluated. Results showed that the storage significantly influenced the essential oil content. Patchoulol was identified as the major compound in both genotypes, ranging from 55.05% to 68.77% (POG-15) and from 52.83% to 64.06% (POG-021). Based on the results of patchoulol, dry leaves of both genotypes (POG-015 and POG-021) can be stored for up to eight weeks at 28- 33°C without altering the essential oil quality.

Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] é uma planta pertencente à família Lamiaceae, e seu óleo essencial é utilizado nas indústrias de perfumes e cosméticos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo e temperaturas de armazenamento das folhas secas no teor e na composição química do óleo essencial de patchouli. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x2x2, testando tempo de armazenamento (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 semanas), temperatura de armazenamento (28°C e 33°C) de folhas secas de dois genótipos (POG-015 e POG-021) de patchouli. As variáveis avaliadas foram o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial e a identificação dos fungos que se desenvolveram durante o armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram que o armazenamento influenciou significativamente o teor de óleo essencial. Dos compostos identificados, o patchoulol foi o composto majoritário nos dois genótipos, variando de 55,05% a 68,77% (POG-15) e 52,83% a 64,06% (POG-021). Baseado no patchoulol, folhas secas dos genótipos (POG-015 e POG-021) de patchouli podem ser armazenadas por um período de até oito semanas em temperatura de 28 e 33°C, sem alterar a qualidade do óleo essencial.

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Leaf-cutting ants belonging to the genus Atta (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) are important pests in agricultural and forest environments. In the present study, we evaluated the formicidal activity of the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin and its nanoformulation on the leaf-cutting ants: Atta opaciceps (Borgmeier, 1939), Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758), and Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908. The nanoformulation was developed by magnetic stirring using polyoxyethylene (36%), pure ethanol (36%), essential oil of P. cablin (18%), and water (10%). Bioassays of acute toxicity by fumigation and behavioral bioassays in treated arenas, with and without choice, were performed. The essential oil of P. cablin and its nanoformulation demonstrated efficient insecticidal activity and irritability to ant species. The concentration required to kill 50% of workers varied from 1.06 to 2.10 µL L-1, with a mean time to death of less than or equal to 42 h. The essential oil of P. cablin and its nanoformulation reduced the displacement and velocity speed of the workers of A. opaciceps and A. sexdens rubropilosa in totally treated arenas. In the bioassays with choices, the three species of ants walked less and at a greater speed on the treated side of arena. This work demonstrates the potential of the essential oil of P. cablin and its nanoformulation to the generation of new formicidal products.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of colored shade nets on the growth, anatomy and essential oil content, yield and chemical composition of Pogostemon cablin. The plants were cultivated under full sunlight, black, blue and red nets. The harvesting was performed 5 months after planting and it was followed by the analysis of plant growth parameters, leaf anatomy, essential oil content, yield and chemical composition. The plants grown under red net have produced more leaf, shoot, total dry weight and leaf area. Plants cultivated under colored nets showed differences in morphological features. Plants maintained under red net had a higher leaf blade thickness and polar and equatorial diameter of the stomata ratio. Additionally, higher yield of essential oil in the leaves was observed under red and blue colored shade net. The essential oil of the plants grown under red net showed the highest relative percentage of patchoulol (66.84%). Therefore, it is possible using colored shade nets to manipulate P. cablin growth, as well as its essential oil production with several chemical compositions. The analyses of principal components allowed observing that pogostol has negative correlation with α-guaiene and α-bulnesene. There was difference in total dry weight and patchoulol content when the patchouli is cultured under the red colored shade nets.

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Background: Defense-related anti-oxidative response is a vital defense mechanism of plants against pathogen invasion. Ralstonia solanacearum is an important phytopathogen. Bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum is the most destructive disease and causes severe losses in patchouli, an important aromatic and medicinal plant in Southeast Asia. The present study evaluated the defense response of patchouli inoculated with virulent R. solanacearum. Results: Results showed that the basic enzymatic activities differed not only between the leaves and stems but also between the upper and lower parts of the same organ of patchouli. POD, SOD, PPO, and PAL enzymatic activities were significantly elevated in leaves and stems from patchouli inoculated with R. solanacearum compared to those in control. The variation magnitude and rate of POD, PPO, and PAL activities were more obvious than those of SOD in patchouli inoculated with R. solanacearum. PAGE isoenzymatic analysis showed that there were one new POD band and two new SOD bands elicited, and at least two isoformic POD bands and two SOD bands were observably intensified compared to the corresponding control. Conclusion: Our results suggest that not only defense-related enzymatic activities were elevated but also the new isoenzymatic isoforms were induced in patchouli inoculated with R. solanacearum.

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RESUMOPatchouli é uma espécie aromática pertencente à família Lamiaceae que possui óleo essencial com alto valor comercial devido à aplicação nas indústrias de higiene, cosméticos e perfumarias. Considerando as características voláteis e estruturas de armazenamento em diferentes órgãos das plantas aromáticas, a determinação de métodos de secagem é de extrema importância e pode afetar tanto o rendimento como a composição do óleo essencial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o teor e a composição do óleo essencial de patchouli após secagem por diferentes períodos em estufa e a temperatura ambiente. O experimento foi realizado durante o mês de fevereiro de 2011 em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2X6, correspondente a dois métodos de secagem (estufa 65ºC e temperatura ambiente) e seis tempos para o início da extração do óleo essencial após a (0, 2, 4,6,8 e 10 dias após a colheita),com três repetições. O óleo essencial foi extraído por meio hidrodestilação em aparelho graduado de Clevenger e os constituintes do óleo essencial foram analisados por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Houve interação significativa entre os métodos e tempos de secagem tanto para o teor como para a composição do óleo essencial. A secagem das plantas por dois dias em estufa a 65ºC aumentou o teor de óleo essencial, após este período houve redução significativa. Para as folhas secas em temperatura ambiente, o teor de óleo essencial foi superior aos quatro e aos seis dias após a colheita. Comparando-se os métodos, a secagem em estufa mostrou-se mais eficiente, sendo o teor significativamente superior após dois dias de secagem. Após este período, no entanto, houve drástica redução do teor de óleo essencial, sendo inferior ao teor observado em todos os períodos nas folhas secas em temperatura ambiente. Os diferentes métodos e tempos de secagem alteraram também a composição do óleo essencial. Embora a secagem em estufa a 65º por dois dias não tenha resultado em redução dos teores dos constituintes majoritários patchoulol e pogostol, maiores teores foram observados após seis ou oito dias de secagem. Quando a secagem foi realizada a temperatura ambiente, não houve alteração dos teores de ambos os constituintes.

ABSTRACTPatchouli is an aromatic species belonging to the Lamiaceae family that has essential oil with high commercial value to the hygiene, cosmetic and perfume industries. Considering its volatile characteristics and storage structures in different organs of aromatic plants, the determination of drying methods is extremely important and can affect both the yield and the composition of the essential oil. This work aimed to evaluate the content and composition of the patchouli essential oil after drying it in different periodin an oven and at room temperature. The trial was carried out in February 2011 at an experimental design completely randomized in 2X6 factorial scheme, corresponding to two drying methods (oven at 65˚C and room temperature) and six periods of essential oil extraction after harvest (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days after harvest), with three replications. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and the essential oil components were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. There was significant interaction among the methods and drying times for both the content as well as for the composition of essential oil. The drying of the plants for two days in an oven at 65˚C increased the essential oil content; after this period, there was a significant reduction. For the leaves that dried at room temperature, their contentof essential oil was superior at the fourth and sixth days after the harvest. When comparing the methods, the drying in the oven was more efficient, with the oil content being significantly higher after two days of drying. After this period, however, there was a drastic reduction in the essential oil content, lower than the one observed in all periods when the leaves dried at room temperature. The different methods and drying periods also altered the essential oil`s composition. Although drying in oven at 65˚ for two days did not result in reduction of the contents of patchoulol and pogostol, higher contents were observed after six or eight days of drying. When drying was carried out at room temperature, no change in relative content of both components was observed.

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