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We determined depth profiles of total mercury (T-Hg) in six 210Pb-dated sediment cores from Todos os Santos Bay to reconstruct the history of anthropogenic Hg accumulation. We also assessed superficial sediments samples from five estuaries. T-Hg concentrations (5-3500 µg kg-1) presented a large spatial and temporal variability. T-Hg concentrations in Ribeira Bay increased up to 200-fold along time, whereas the fluxes of T-Hg are substantially higher (up to 10,000 fold) than present-day wet deposition for industrialized areas. Sedimentary records indicate that a chlor-alkali plant has been the main source of Hg pollution until the present, although the T-Hg records suggest that harbor, shrimp farming, and oil refinery activities, besides Hg atmospheric depositions, are important across the bay. Sediments in the Ribeira Bay act as an important Hg sink. If sediments are eroded or disturbed, they may release Hg, thus posing a serious risk to wildlife and ecosystem health. CAPSULE: Sedimentary cores provide data on preindustrial levels and also anthropogenic fluxes of Hg for the appraisal of the magnitude, processes and potential risks of the contamination.

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This study presents results of a sediment core located in Coroa de Boi Bay, a not dredged cove within Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil. The distribution of metals (Hg, Cu, Pb) and U in the sediment profile records several contamination events since pre-colonial times to present days. A joint assessment of the distribution of these parameters and the consultation to historical documents allowed us to establish causal links between concentrations anomalies in the sediments and ancient anthropogenic contamination in the area. During the industrial period, sedimentation rates in the bay ranged from 3.4 to 5.5 mm year-1. Applying a sedimentation rate previously calculated for undisturbed sediments in the Patos Estuary, we trace the beginning of Hg contamination as having started in the colonial period in Southern Brazil, soon after a Hispanic-Lusitanian conflict situation in South America. The most probable source of Hg contamination during this period was carroting technology used in fur processing.

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Los sonidos indeseados constituyen el estorbo público más generalizado en la sociedad actual. La contaminación sonora, representa un problema ambiental para el hombre por las afectaciones a la salud que pueden ocasionar, los peligros por ruido actualmente están identificados como un gran problema a resolver por la salud ambiental, son las formas de energía potencialmente nocivas en el ambiente, que pueden resultar en peligrosidad inmediata o gradual de adquirir un daño cuando se transfiere en cantidades suficientes a individuos expuestos. La liberación de energía física puede ser súbita y no controlada, como el caso de un ruido fuerte explosivo o mantenido y más o menos bajo control como en las condiciones de trabajo con la exposición a largo plazo a niveles inferiores de ruido constante. Con la vigencia de la actualización de los lineamientos de la política económica y social del partido y la Revolución para el período 2016-2021, los autores se han motivado a incursionar en la problemática haciendo una valoración del ruido como uno de los ejemplos más comunes de peligro físico que ocasiona efectos en la salud (AU).

Unwanted sounds are the most generalized public hindrance in the current society. Sound contamination is an environmental problem for people because of the health disorders it could cause. Dangers by noise are nowadays identified as a big problem to solve for the environmental health because they are the forms of energy potentially noxious in the environment that could result in an immediate or gradual risk of causing damage when they are transferred to the exposed individuals in enough quantity. The physical energy release could be unexpected and non-controlled as in the case of a strong explosive noise, or sustained and more or less under control as in working conditions with the long-term exposition to lower levels of constant noise. In force of the Party and Revolution social and economic politics up-dating for the period 2016-2021, the authors have been motivated to deal with this problem, stating that noise is one of the most common examples of physical danger causing effects on human health (AU).

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Resumen Se analiza la historia de la biorremediación de suelos contaminados con petróleo en la Amazonía ecuatoriana desde 1994 hasta 2014. Constatamos que si bien hubo “éxitos” tecnocientíficos, la oportunidad de cimentar un proceso de excelencia científica se vio frustrada por la carencia de voluntad política para gestionar la investigación. Parecen haber influido la dependencia de tecnología extranjera, la poca articulación interna entre programas de investigación e instituciones, la corrupción, la poca tradición innovadora en la biotecnología nacional, el predominio de biobraceros y una dicotomía construida entre petróleo y ambiente. Se articulan estos resultados en torno a debates sobre ciencia y tecnología en la periferia y se reflexiona sobre aspectos necesarios para consolidar procesos tecnocientíficos de excelencia en estos territorios.

Abstract We analyze the history of bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum in the Ecuadorian Amazon from 1994 to 2014. Although there were some technoscientific “successes,” we argue that the opportunity to develop a process of scientific excellence was thwarted by lack of an institutional framework and the political will to oversee research and innovation. Dependence on foreign technology, insufficient internal coordination among research programs and institutions, corruption, lack of a national tradition of biotechnological innovation, the predominance of “biopeons,” and a dichotomy between oil and the environment all influenced this process. We discuss these issues in relation to science and technology on the periphery and examine what is needed to consolidate technoscientific processes of excellence in those territories.

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We analyze the history of bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum in the Ecuadorian Amazon from 1994 to 2014. Although there were some technoscientific "successes," we argue that the opportunity to develop a process of scientific excellence was thwarted by lack of an institutional framework and the political will to oversee research and innovation. Dependence on foreign technology, insufficient internal coordination among research programs and institutions, corruption, lack of a national tradition of biotechnological innovation, the predominance of "biopeons," and a dichotomy between oil and the environment all influenced this process. We discuss these issues in relation to science and technology on the periphery and examine what is needed to consolidate technoscientific processes of excellence in those territories.

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Atmospheric mercury fluxes to terrestrial and aquatic surfaces in the Northern Hemisphere have increased since the Industrial Revolution. However fluxes are not well characterized for the Southern Hemisphere, since environmental archives are comparatively scarce. Mercury records from (210)Pb-dated sediment cores of three South Patagonian lakes were investigated in order to reveal the influence of anthropogenic activities on atmospheric mercury deposition in remote lakes of the Southern Hemisphere. Comparison with indicators of organic matter sources (carbon and nitrogen/carbon ratios) and a conservative mineral soil element (zirconium) in the sediments revealed that soil erosion is an important process contributing mercury to these lakes and influenced variation in concentrations through time. However, at ~1900 AD mercury accumulation increased independent from soil erosion and peaked from 1980 to 2000 AD. We attribute this to an increase in atmospheric mercury deposition in this remote region of the Southern Hemisphere. Mean flux ratios, which reflect the increase in modern mercury accumulation compared to pre-1850 AD, lie within a range of 1.4 to 2.4. These values indicate an increase in atmospheric mercury deposition slightly lower than predictions derived from global mercury models that suggest an increase in Hg deposition by a factor of 2 to 3.

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Por la heroica historia de Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865), los médicos hemos sido aconsejados a lavarnos las manos cada vez que examinamos un paciente. Deberíamos hacerlo antes y después, y estar seguros de que él nos viera… Una manifiesta y justificada cruzada a favor de la limpieza de los estetoscopios y contra del uso de batas blancas. Corbatas y otras prendas de vestir, ha venido expresándose en ambientes médicos, primero en forma tímida y ahora con mayor fuerza, al aportarse pruebas convenientes acerca de la inconveniencia de llevarlas. La consigna es la eliminación de las corbatas durante la visita o revistas médicas al considerárselas como diseminadoras de infecciones adquiridas en el hospital. Las corbatas más que un probable reservorío de gérmenes son prendas innecesarias por lo que el médico debe reconocer su eventual riesgo. Las nuevas guías de la Brithish Medical Association incluyen un mayor énfasis en el lavado de las manos y de acuerdo a ella, “es la intervención más importante en el control de las infecciones”. Igualmente, se aboga por un mejor diseño de las salas de hospitalización, mejor provisión de lavamanos o geles antisépticos, políticas más inteligentes en la prescripción de antibióticos y eliminar el uso de ítems tales como corbatas, a veces usadas continuamente y por semanas y solo por raridad enviadas a la lavandería

Since the heroic history of Ignaz Semmelweis (1818´1865), we doctors have been advised to wash our hands every time we examine a patient. We should have to do it before and sfter, and be sure that the patients is seeing us… An overt and warranted crusade in favor of cleaning stethoscopes and against the use of medical gowns, neckties and other clothing items has begun expressing itselfin medical spheres, first in timed form and now with greater force, thanks to convincing test regarding the inconvenience of their use. The main message is the alimination of neckties during examinations or medical rounds, considering that these are vehicles of infection acquired in the hospital. Neckties, more than probable reservoirs of germs, are unnecessary clothing items, reason why doctors must recognize their possible risk. The new guidelines of the Medical Brithish Association include a greater emphasis on the washing of hands and according to it, “(it) is the most important intervention in the control of infections”. Also, it pleads for a better design of hospital rooms, better provision of sink and/or antiseptic gels, more intelligent policies for antibiotic prescriptions and the elimination of the use of items such as neckties, sometimes used continuously and for weeks and only rarely washed

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This article explores the politics of malaria eradication in Argentina during the first government of Juan D. Perón. The article develops the theme of historical convergence to understand the rapid mobilization and success of the climactic battle against malaria in Northwest Argentina. The nearly complete eradication of malaria in Argentina resulted from a combination of three factors. First, Carlos Alvarado, the director of Argentina's Malaria Service, had already developed a solid but flexible organizational base that allowed a dramatic change in control strategy. Second, an infusion of new technologies, especially DDT but also motor vehicles, was instrumental. Lastly, a radical reorientation of national public health policy in the 1940s, under the direction of Perón and his health minister, Ramón Carrillo, encouraged eradication. These figures embraced and refashioned long-standing organicist ideologies that hitched the strength of the nation-state to the health and vigor of its ordinary citizens. This ideological orientation was reflected in bold, populist political strategies that showcased swift, massive, and expensive public health campaigns, including malaria eradication. In the conclusion, the article explores the ambiguous connections between malaria eradication and an ecological perspective on the disease.

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Tal relatório reúne informações destinadas a proporcionar melhor compreensão da contaminação ambiental e da exposição humana por pesticidas no citado Município. Constitui um registro dos esforços empreendidos por diversas entidades e, mais particularmente, a partir de 1999, pelo MS, no sentido de encontrar e implementar soluções para o problema

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