RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La creciente presencia de plásticos en los ecosistemas acuáticos ha sido considerada como un problema ambiental emergente global. Existen estudios que han demostrado que los microplásticos pueden ser ingeridos por una variedad de organismos acuáticos. La variabilidad natural e importancia del recurso sardina, son razones suficientes para evaluar la presencia de estas partículas en el contenido estomacal, y así generar información acerca de las implicaciones de ingestión de estos contaminantes emergentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la presencia de microplásticos en el contenido estomacal de la sardina y su correlación con la condición fisiológica y reproductiva de los peces estudiados. Metodología: Se evaluaron un total de 800 sardinas, entre abril y mayo del 2022. Se midieron las variables morfométricas longitud total y peso, se determinó el factor de condición y el índice gonadosomático. Se extrajo el tracto digestivo y se determinó el peso del estómago lleno y vacío, además del peso del contenido estomacal para determinar el índice de repleción y vacuidad. Las variables determinadas se correlacionaron con la abundancia de microplásticos. El contenido estomacal fue procesado para extraer los microplásticos y caracterizarlos de forma física. Resultados: El índice de repleción presentó diferencias mensuales; su promedio fue de 0.311. El índice de vacuidad promedio fue de 0.276. La abundancia de microplásticos promedio fue 3 066 ítems, con diferencias mensuales e interacción con respecto al sexo y una frecuencia de aparición de 70.125 %, con un total de 2 402 fibras y 57 fragmentos. Las fibras negras fueron las más abundantes (947 ítems). Encontramos correlaciones bajas y positivas entre la abundancia de microplásticos, el índice gonadosomático y el peso de los organismos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados no pueden ser concluyente con respecto a las consecuencias causadas por este contaminante emergente. Mas estudios son necesarios, incluyendo ensayos de laboratorios con metodologías estandarizadas.
Abstract Introduction: The increasing presence of plastics in aquatic ecosystems has been considered as an emerging global environmental problem. Studies have shown that microplastics can be ingested by a variety of aquatic organisms. The natural variability and importance of the sardine resource are sufficient reasons to evaluate the presence of these particles in stomach contents, and thus generate information about the ingestion implications of these emerging contaminants. Objective: To evaluate the presenc e of microplastics in the stomach contents of sardines and their correlation with the physiological and reproductive condition of the fish studied. Methodology: We evaluated a total of 800 sardines between April and May 2022. We measured total length and weight, and determined the condition factor and the gonadosomatic index. We removed the digestive tract and weighed the stomach both empty and full, as well as the stomach contents to determine the repletion and emptiness index. We correlated the determined variables with the abundance of microplastics. We extracted microplastics and characterized them physically. Results: The filling index presented monthly differences with an average of 0.311. The average vacancy index was 0.276. The average abundance of microplastics was 3 066 items, with monthly differences and interaction with respect to sex and a frequency of appearance of 70.125 %, with a total of 2 402 fibers and 57 fragments. Black fibers were the most abundant (947 items). Low and positive correlations were found between the abundance of microplastics, the gonadosomatic index and the weight of the organisms. Conclusions: These results cannot be conclusive as to the consequences caused by this emerging pollutant. Further study is necessary, including laboratory tests with standardized methodologies.
Assuntos
Animais , Poluição do Mar , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Venezuela , Resíduos SólidosRESUMO
Reef fish play an important role in the community dynamics of coral reefs and maintaining healthy reefs. This study aimed to (1) assess coral recovery at reefs around Racha Yai Island after the 2010 mass coral bleaching event and (2) compare the fish community indices (Shannon diversity, evenness) and fish trophic functional groups between low (Patok Bay) and high (Khonkae Bay) environmental disturbance sites during 2013-2019. The fish surveys and the percent live coral covers from both bays during 2013-2019 were collected using the fish visual census method and a permanent quadrat method along 50-m transect lines. Our results showed that the percentage of live coral cover at both bays increased by 6-8%. At Khonkae Bay, there were 69 reef fish species and 10,684 individual fish belonging to 5 orders, with 27 families and 54 genera observed from 7 orders: Perciformes (91.03%), Tetraodontiformes (5.54%), Syngnathiformes (1.24%), Beloniformes (0.26%), Beryciformes (1.25%), Scorpaeniformes (0.70%), and Aulopiformes (0.06%). Fish community indices at Khonkae Bay increased during 2013-2019 and were composed of species richness (3.65-10.53), the Shannon index (0.65-3.49), and species evenness (0.49-0.91). At Patok Bay, there were 60 reef fish species and 10,362 individual fish belonging to 3 orders, with 22 families and 50 genera observed from 4 orders: Perciformes (93.04%), Tetraodontiformes (5.92%), Syngnathiformes (0.55%), and Anguilliformes (0.53%). Fish community indices at Patok Bay increased during 2014-2019 and were composed of species richness (4.69-8.62), the Shannon index (1.36-3.30), and species evenness (4.92-8.62). Our results suggested that the 2010 mass coral bleaching event had large impacts on both the coral and reef fish community at both low and high environmental disturbance sites with good recovery over nine years.
Assuntos
Animais , Fauna Marinha/classificação , Fauna Marinha/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição do Mar , Recifes de CoraisRESUMO
Reef fish play an important role in the community dynamics of coral reefs and maintaining healthy reefs. This study aimed to (1) assess coral recovery at reefs around Racha Yai Island after the 2010 mass coral bleaching event and (2) compare the fish community indices (Shannon diversity, evenness) and fish trophic functional groups between low (Patok Bay) and high (Khonkae Bay) environmental disturbance sites during 2013-2019. The fish surveys and the percent live coral covers from both bays during 2013-2019 were collected using the fish visual census method and a permanent quadrat method along 50-m transect lines. Our results showed that the percentage of live coral cover at both bays increased by 6-8%. At Khonkae Bay, there were 69 reef fish species and 10,684 individual fish belonging to 5 orders, with 27 families and 54 genera observed from 7 orders: Perciformes (91.03%), Tetraodontiformes (5.54%), Syngnathiformes (1.24%), Beloniformes (0.26%), Beryciformes (1.25%), Scorpaeniformes (0.70%), and Aulopiformes (0.06%). Fish community indices at Khonkae Bay increased during 2013-2019 and were composed of species richness (3.65-10.53), the Shannon index (0.65-3.49), and species evenness (0.49-0.91). At Patok Bay, there were 60 reef fish species and 10,362 individual fish belonging to 3 orders, with 22 families and 50 genera observed from 4 orders: Perciformes (93.04%), Tetraodontiformes (5.92%), Syngnathiformes (0.55%), and Anguilliformes (0.53%). Fish community indices at Patok Bay increased during 2014-2019 and were composed of species richness (4.69-8.62), the Shannon index (1.36-3.30), and species evenness (4.92-8.62). Our results suggested that the 2010 mass coral bleaching event had large impacts on both the coral and reef fish community at both low and high environmental disturbance sites with good recovery over nine years.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Recifes de Corais , Fauna Marinha/classificação , Fauna Marinha/estatística & dados numéricos , Poluição do MarRESUMO
Abstract One way of reducing the input of pollutants into the marine environment is to enforce the use of non-toxic antifouling paints in marine protected areas. Thus, the purpose of this study was to detect marine microorganisms that secrete inhibitory substances against bacteria and microalgae to avoid biofouling on manmade structures in La Paz bay, B.C.S., Mexico. The inhibitory potential of 125 bacteria was evaluated against biofilm-forming bacteria. Crude extracts were obtained with methanol and ethyl acetate from 16 bacterial strains that exhibited antagonistic and antibacterial activity in a preliminary screening. Antibacterial and antimicroalgal assays were performed using crude extracts, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The highest activity against bacteria and microalgae was found in two strains, Shewanella algae and Staphylococcus sp. The results of this study suggest that extracts of bacteria from the Gulf of California with antimicrobial properties against biofilm-forming bacteria can also prevent the adhesion of microalgae, which may control the development of biofilm formation and, as a consequence, biofouling.(AU)
Resumen Una alternativa para reducir la contaminación en el medio marino es el uso de pinturas anti-incrustantes no tóxicas en áreas marinas protegidas. En el presente estudio se propuso encontrar microorganismos marinos que secreten sustancias capaces de inhibir la adhesión de bacterias y microalgas, de esta manera evitar la bioincrustación en estructuras marinas en la bahía de La Paz, B.C.S., México. Un total de 125 bacterias fueron evaluadas por su capacidad para inhibir el desarrollo de bacterias formadoras de biopelículas. En una selección preliminar de actividad antagónica y antibacteriana, 16 cepas bacterianas mostraron potencial actividad inhibitoria, de las que se obtuvieron los extractos crudos con metanol y acetato de etilo. Se realizaron ensayos antibacterianos y anti-microalgales utilizando los extractos crudos, se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (MIC). Dos cepas mostraron la mayor actividad contra bacterias y microalgas: Shewanella algae y Staphylococcus sp. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los extractos de bacterias aisladas en el Golfo de California que poseen propiedades antimicrobianas contra las bacterias formadoras de biofilm y también pueden prevenir la adhesión de microalgas, con lo que se podría controlar el desarrollo de la formación de biopelículas y como consecuencia, el biofouling.(AU)
Assuntos
Poluição do Mar/prevenção & controle , Shewanella , Incrustação Biológica , Microalgas , California , MéxicoRESUMO
Objective. Assessment the total concentration of mercury in the liver and feathers of Pelecanus occidentalis of the Cispata bay, Colombia. Materials and methods. Mercury concentrations in liver and feather of Pelecanus occidentalis residents in the Cispata bay - Colombia were evaluated by digestion with an acidic mixture of H2SO4-HNO3 and KMnO4 to eliminate organic matter. The concentration of mercury was determined by the Atomic Absorption - Cold Vapor method (CVAAS). Results. Total mercury levels found in this study were higher in feathers (0.31-9.17 mgHg/kg) than in the liver (0.63-6.29 mgHg/kg), being higher than those reported in other seabirds studies. Conclusions. The high levels of total mercury in feathers and liver can be explained by the feeding habits of the organisms under study, showing the utility of feathers as a potential non-invasive tool for the monitoring of the ecosystem and thereby preventing the sacrifice of specimens.
Objetivo. Evaluar las concentraciones de mercurio total en hígado y plumas de Pelecanus occidentalis de la Bahía de Cispatá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó la concentración de mercurio en hígado y plumas de Pelecanus occidentalis pertenecientes a la bahía de Cispatá - Colombia, por digestión con una mezcla ácida de H2SO4-HNO3 y KMnO4 para eliminar la materia orgánica. La concentración de mercurio fue determinada por el método de Absorción Atómica - Vapor Frio (CVAAS). Resultados. Los valores de mercurio total fueron más altos en plumas (0.31-9.17 mgHg/kg) que en hígado (0.63-6.29 mgHg/kg), siendo mayores a los reportados en otros estudios de aves marinas. Conclusiones. Las altas concentraciones de mercurio total en plumas e hígado pueden ser atribuidas a la dieta de los organismos estudiados; demostrando la utilidad de las plumas como herramienta potencial no invasiva de monitoreo del ecosistema y evitando con ello el sacrificio de los individuos.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Fenômenos Químicos , Poluição do MarRESUMO
Due to the growth in oil extraction, products for the monitoring of marine waters where contamination may occur, become necessary. The Antarctic environment is ideal for the conduction of tests related to biomarkers, as it presents an extensive area free of this type of environmental impact. Experiments with Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) for the determination of biomarkers of oil pollution were conducted, aiming to determine a low cost, easy to obtain bioindicator for exactly this type of contamination. In order to do that, female gonads of S. neumayeri were exposed for 15 days to different concentrations of FSA (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 ppm) and were analyzed by specific histological techniques. During the experiments, it was found that some females had dark gonads, but no correlation with exposure to oil was established. There were no histological alterations from the effect of the FSA. Thus, we concluded that female gonads of S. neumayeri cannot be used as indicators of contamination caused by the acute exposure to FSA (15 days). This project contributes to the monitoring of oil contamination.
Em decorrência do crescimento da extração petrolífera, torna-se necessária a elaboração de produtos para o monitoramento de águas marinhas passíveis de contaminação. O ambiente antártico é ideal para a realização de testes relacionados aos bioindicadores, pois apresenta uma extensa área livre desse tipo de impacto ambiental. Assim, no verão de 2006, foram realizados experimentos com ouriços-do-mar antárticos Sterechinus neumayeri para a determinação de bioindicadores para a poluição petrolífera, objetivando-se determinar um bioindicador de baixo custo, fácil obtenção e preciso para esse tipo de contaminação. Para isso as gônadas femininas de S.neumayeri expostos por 15 dias a diferentes concentrações da FSA (0,4; 0,8 e 1,2 ppm) foram analisadas por meio de técnicas histológicas específicas. No decorrer dos experimentos observou-se que algumas fêmeas apresentavam suas gônadas escuras, mas nenhuma correlação à exposição com o petróleo foi estabelecida. E que não houve alterações histológicas decorrentes do efeito da FSA. Desse modo, concluí-se que as gônadas fêmininas de S.neumayeri não podem ser utilizadas como indicadoras da contaminação ocasionada pelo efeito agudo de exposição a FSA (15 dias). O presente projeto contribui para o monitoramento de contaminações petrolíferas.
Assuntos
Animais , Biomarcadores Ambientais , Fauna Aquática/análise , Poluição do Mar , Poluição por Petróleo/análise , Água do Mar/análise , Oócitos , Regiões Antárticas , Técnicas Histológicas/métodosRESUMO
Due to the growth in oil extraction, products for the monitoring of marine waters where contamination may occur, become necessary. The Antarctic environment is ideal for the conduction of tests related to biomarkers, as it presents an extensive area free of this type of environmental impact. Experiments with Antarctic sea urchins (Sterechinus neumayeri) for the determination of biomarkers of oil pollution were conducted, aiming to determine a low cost, easy to obtain bioindicator for exactly this type of contamination. In order to do that, female gonads of S. neumayeri were exposed for 15 days to different concentrations of FSA (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 ppm) and were analyzed by specific histological techniques. During the experiments, it was found that some females had dark gonads, but no correlation with exposure to oil was established. There were no histological alterations from the effect of the FSA. Thus, we concluded that female gonads of S. neumayeri cannot be used as indicators of contamination caused by the acute exposure to FSA (15 days). This project contributes to the monitoring of oil contamination.(AU)
Em decorrência do crescimento da extração petrolífera, torna-se necessária a elaboração de produtos para o monitoramento de águas marinhas passíveis de contaminação. O ambiente antártico é ideal para a realização de testes relacionados aos bioindicadores, pois apresenta uma extensa área livre desse tipo de impacto ambiental. Assim, no verão de 2006, foram realizados experimentos com ouriços-do-mar antárticos Sterechinus neumayeri para a determinação de bioindicadores para a poluição petrolífera, objetivando-se determinar um bioindicador de baixo custo, fácil obtenção e preciso para esse tipo de contaminação. Para isso as gônadas femininas de S.neumayeri expostos por 15 dias a diferentes concentrações da FSA (0,4; 0,8 e 1,2 ppm) foram analisadas por meio de técnicas histológicas específicas. No decorrer dos experimentos observou-se que algumas fêmeas apresentavam suas gônadas escuras, mas nenhuma correlação à exposição com o petróleo foi estabelecida. E que não houve alterações histológicas decorrentes do efeito da FSA. Desse modo, concluí-se que as gônadas fêmininas de S.neumayeri não podem ser utilizadas como indicadoras da contaminação ocasionada pelo efeito agudo de exposição a FSA (15 dias). O presente projeto contribui para o monitoramento de contaminações petrolíferas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Fauna Aquática/análise , Água do Mar/análise , Biomarcadores Ambientais , Poluição do Mar , Poluição por Petróleo/análise , Regiões Antárticas , Técnicas Histológicas/métodos , OócitosRESUMO
Seabirds play a significant role as bioindicators: they are conspicuous, relatively easy to observe, well-established studied group of organisms, and in the focus of public interest due to pollution in aquatic ecosystem. Systematically, a significant number of man-made chemicals have been introduced in the marine environment and represent the major problem arising in the development worldwide. Many of these chemical contaminants are persistent, known to bioaccumulate and biomagnify through the aquatic food web, affecting species associated with aquatic systems. Dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF)] and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations were measured in Kelp gull Larus dominicanus collected from 2006 to 2011 on Marambaia Island, Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Detectable liver concentrations of PCDD Fs-1 and PCBs were found in all samples analyzed. These represent some of the first measurements of PCDD Fs-1 and PCBs in seabirds from this area. Although levels of these contaminants in the tested species currently appear to fall below critical values, a continuous and systematic monitoring on these compounds becomes essential and desirable to not express toxic values in the future.
Aves marinhas desempenham uma função significativa como bioindicadores: elas são conspícuas, relativamente fáceis de observar, grupos de organismos de estudo bem estabelecidos e no foco de interesse público devido à poluição no ecossistema aquático. Sistematicamente, um número significativo de produtos químicos sintéticos vêm sendo introduzidos no ambiente marinho, representando um dos principais problemas que se coloca no desenvolvimento em todo o mundo. Muitos desses contaminantes químicos são persistentes, conhecidos por bioacumular e biomagnificar através de suas movimentações na cadeia alimentar, afetando espécies associadas aos sistemas aquáticos. Concentrações de dioxinas [dibenzo-p-dioxinas policloradas (PCDD), dibenzofuranos (PCDF)] e bifenilas policloradas (PCB) foram medidas em gaivotões Larus dominicanus coletadas de 2006 a 2011 na Ilha da Marambaia, Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Estes dados representam algumas das primeiras medições de PCDD Fs-1 e PCBs em aves marinhas nesta área estudada. Embora os níveis destes contaminantes na espécie testada apresentarem níveis abaixo dos valores críticos, o monitoramento contínuo, sistemático, torna-se imprescindível e desejável para que estes compostos não expressem no futuro valores tóxicos.
Assuntos
Dioxinas , Exposição Ambiental , Poluição do MarRESUMO
Penaeid shrimps are important resources for worldwide fisheries and aquaculture. In Brazil, Xiphopenaeus kroyeriis an important commercially exploited species, and is an ideal animal for studying the impairment caused by the effects of heavy metals that are often detected in coastal areas. The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of Cd and Zn to X.kroyeriand to investigate their effects on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion in different temperatures (25 ºC, 20 ºC, 15 ºC), which have not been carried out in this species before. First of all, we examined the acute toxicity of Cd and Zn to X. kroyeri24, 48, 72, and 96-h medium lethal concentration (LC50). Furthermore, we also found that exposure of shrimp to Cd and Zn caused an inhibition in oxygen consumption of 52.50% and 52.63%, respectively, relative to the control. However, after separate exposure to Cd and Zn, elevations in ammonium excretion were obtained, which were 85.00% and 89.47% higher than the control, respectively. The results shown that Cd and Zn performs higher toxicities toX. kroyeriat higher temperature.(AU)
Os camarões são importantes recursos marinhos explorados pela pesca e aquicultura. No Brasil, Xiphopenaeus kroyerié uma importante espécie comercialmente explorada e um animal ideal para estudar o impacto causado por efeitos de metais pesados que frequentemente são detectados em áreas costeiras. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade aguda do Cd e Zn para o X. kroyerie investigar seus efeitos no consumo de oxigênio e na excreção de amônia em diferentes temperaturas, uma vez que tais parâmetros ainda não foram determinados para a referida espécie. Primeiramente, foram determinadas a toxicidade aguda (LC50) do Cd e Zn, para X.kroyeripor um período de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas em três temperaturas (25 ºC, 20 ºC, 15 ºC). Os resultados revelaram que para camarões expostos ao Cd e Zn houve uma inibição do consumo de oxigênio de 52,50% e 52,63%, respectivamente, para a mais baixa temperatura (15 °C). Entretanto, para a excreção de amônia, houve um aumento de 85,00% e 89,47%para a mais alta concentração e temperatura utilizadas em relação ao controle. Conclui-se, portanto, que as toxicidades de Cd e Zn foram mais altas nas temperaturas e concentrações mais elevadas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Decápodes/fisiologia , Zinco/efeitos adversos , Cádmio/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Mar , ToxicidadeRESUMO
El objetivo del estudio es ilustrar sobre el estado de la comunidad de fondos en los puntos del litoral de la Región del Bio-Bio, Chile, afectados por las descargas de 5 emisarios submarinos, a través de la observación detallada de la composición faunistica, sus abundancias, su riqueza y diversidad, considerando las dos estaciones extremas del año: invierno y verano