RESUMO
Since prion diseases result from infection and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS), experimental characterizations of prion strain properties customarily rely on the outcomes of intracerebral challenges. However, natural transmission of certain prions, including those causing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk and deer, depends on propagation in peripheral host compartments prior to CNS infection. Using gene-targeted GtE and GtQ mice, which accurately control cellular elk or deer PrP expression, we assessed the impact that peripheral or intracerebral exposures play on CWD prion strain propagation and resulting CNS abnormalities. Whereas oral and intraperitoneal transmissions produced identical neuropathological outcomes in GtE and GtQ mice and preserved the naturally convergent conformations of elk and deer CWD prions, intracerebral transmissions generated CNS prion strains with divergent biochemical properties in GtE and GtQ mice that were changed compared to their native counterparts. While CWD replication kinetics remained constant during iterative peripheral transmissions and brain titers reflected those found in native hosts, serial intracerebral transmissions produced 10-fold higher prion titers and accelerated incubation times. Our demonstration that peripherally and intracerebrally challenged Gt mice develop dissimilar CNS diseases which result from the propagation of distinct CWD prion strains points to the involvement of tissue-specific cofactors during strain selection in different host compartments. Since peripheral transmissions preserved the natural features of elk and deer prions, whereas intracerebral propagation produced divergent strains, our findings illustrate the importance of experimental characterizations using hosts that not only abrogate species barriers but also accurately recapitulate natural transmission routes of native strains.
Assuntos
Encéfalo , Cervos , Príons , Doença de Emaciação Crônica , Animais , Doença de Emaciação Crônica/transmissão , Camundongos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Príons/metabolismo , Príons/genética , Príons/patogenicidade , Camundongos TransgênicosRESUMO
Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. There is a current lack of understanding in Brazil about the most common viruses involved in CNS infections. In this review, we briefly summarize the most recent studies and findings associated with the CNS, in addition to epidemiological data that provide extensive information on the circulation and diversity of the most common neuro-invasive viruses in Brazil. We also highlight important aspects of the prion-associated diseases. This review provides readers with better knowledge of virus-associated CNS infections. A deeper understanding of these infections will support the improvement of the current surveillance strategies to allow the timely monitoring of the emergence/re-emergence of neurotropic viruses.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Infecções do Sistema Nervoso Central/epidemiologia , Doenças Priônicas/epidemiologia , Alphavirus/patogenicidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Infecções do Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Viroses do Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Viroses do Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Enterovirus/patogenicidade , Flavivirus/patogenicidade , Herpesviridae/patogenicidade , Humanos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/virologia , Doenças Priônicas/fisiopatologia , Príons/metabolismo , Príons/patogenicidade , Simplexvirus/patogenicidade , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/patogenicidade , Zika virus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders are the main cause of cognitive decline and dementia in people living with HIV (PLHIV). However, extensive workup should be done in patients with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) and HIV, especially when secondary infection in the central nervous system (CNS) is ruled out. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the main cause of RPD in non-HIV patients. It is a fatal neurodegenerative condition caused by prions that mainly affects elderly patients. Our objective is to describe two cases of PLHIV presenting with controlled infections and sCJD, and to review the literature. Our patients were younger than expected for sCJD and one of them had a longer disease course. As aging is expected to occur earlier in PLHIV, sCJD must be excluded in younger PLHIV presenting with RPD and without CNS infection.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/diagnóstico , Demência/patologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Brasil , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/complicações , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/patologia , Demência/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuroimagem/métodos , Príons/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative illnesses due to the accumulation of small infectious pathogens containing protein but apparently lacking nucleic acid, which have long incubation periods and progress inexorably once clinical symptoms appear. Prions are uniquely resistant to a number of normal decontaminating procedures. The prionopathies [Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and its variants, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome and fatal familial insomnia (FFI)] result from accumulation of abnormal isoforms of the prion protein in the brains of normal animals on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The accumulation of this protein or fragments of it in neurons leads to apoptosis and cell death. There is a strong link between mutations in the gene encoding the normal prion protein in humans (PRNP) - located on the short arm of chromosome 20 - and forms of prion disease with a familial predisposition (familial CJD, GSS, FFI). Clinically a prionopathy should be suspected in any case of a fast progressing dementia with ataxia, myoclonus, or in individuals with pathological insomnia associated with dysautonomia. Magnetic resonance imaging, identification of the 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid, tonsil biopsy and genetic studies have been used for in vivo diagnosis circumventing the need of brain biopsy. Histopathology, however, remains the only conclusive method to reach a confident diagnosis. Unfortunately, despite numerous treatment efforts, prionopathies remain short-lasting and fatal diseases.
Assuntos
Doenças Priônicas/etiologia , Príons/patogenicidade , Humanos , Doenças Priônicas/genética , Doenças Priônicas/terapiaRESUMO
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative illnesses due to the accumulation of small infectious pathogens containing protein but apparently lacking nucleic acid, which have long incubation periods and progress inexorably once clinical symptoms appear. Prions are uniquely resistant to a number of normal decontaminating procedures. The prionopathies [Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and its variants, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome and fatal familial insomnia (FFI)] result from accumulation of abnormal isoforms of the prion protein in the brains of normal animals on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The accumulation of this protein or fragments of it in neurons leads to apoptosis and cell death. There is a strong link between mutations in the gene encoding the normal prion protein in humans (PRNP) - located on the short arm of chromosome 20 – and forms of prion disease with a familial predisposition (familial CJD, GSS, FFI). Clinically a prionopathy should be suspected in any case of a fast progressing dementia with ataxia, myoclonus, or in individuals with pathological insomnia associated with dysautonomia. Magnetic resonance imaging, identification of the 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid, tonsil biopsy and genetic studies have been used for in vivo diagnosis circumventing the need of brain biopsy. Histopathology, however, remains the only conclusive method to reach a confident diagnosis. Unfortunately, despite numerous treatment efforts, prionopathies remain short-lasting and fatal diseases.
Doenças priônicas são enfermidades neurodegenerativas devido ao acúmulo de pequenos agentes infecciosos compostos unicamente por proteína (prions), com longos períodos de incubação e de progressão inexorável para o óbito. Esses agentes são excepcionalmente resistentes aos processos habituais de descontaminação para germes e vírus. As prionopatias [Kuru, doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) e suas variantes, Síndrome de Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) e insônia familiar fatal (FFI)] resultam do acúmulo de isoformas anormais da proteína priônica no cérebro. Este acúmulo leva, em última análise, à apoptose e morte celular. Existe uma forte associação entre mutações no gene que codifica a proteína priônica normal em humanos (PRNP) - localizado no braço curto do cromossoma 20 - e formas genéticas destas doenças (CJD familiar, GSS, FFI). Clinicamente devemos suspeitar de uma prionopatia em qualquer caso de demência de rápida progressão, particularmente quando associadas a ataxia, mioclonias, ou em indivíduos com insônia patológica combinada com disautonomia. Métodos diagnósticos como ressonância magnética, pesquisa da proteína 14-3-3 no líquido cefalorraquiano, biópsia de amígdalas e estudos genéticos têm sido utilizados para diagnóstico in vivo, evitando-se assim a necessidade de biópsia cerebral. A despeito disso, a histopatologia continua a ser o único método conclusivo para se chegar a um diagnóstico definitivo. Infelizmente, apesar dos inúmeros esforços de tratamento, as prionopatias permanecem doenças de curta duração e fatais.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Priônicas/etiologia , Príons/patogenicidade , Doenças Priônicas/genética , Doenças Priônicas/terapiaRESUMO
The infectious prion protein PrP(Sc) is encoded by the PRNP gene. In cattle, insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms are among the changes that occur in this gene, the most studied of which are within intron 1 (12 bp) and the promoter region (23 bp). Sequence variants in this gene may affect the formation of PrP(Sc). In the present study, nucleotide variability in specific regions of the PRNP gene in Caracu cattle free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy was investigated to determine the genotypic profile of each animal within the group. Caracu cattle exhibited high allele frequency for the two polymorphic regions studied, 12ins (70 %) and 23ins (72.5 %), genotype frequencies of 50 % for 12ins/ins and 50 % for 23ins/del, and a high frequency of the 12ins-23ins haplotype (57.5 %). Of the 40 animals sampled, 15 had the 12ins-23ins/12ins-23ins diplotype.
Assuntos
Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina/genética , Mutação INDEL , Íntrons , Polimorfismo Genético , Príons/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos , Cromossomos de Mamíferos/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Haplótipos , Heterozigoto , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Príons/patogenicidadeRESUMO
The concept that transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are caused only by proteins has changed the traditional paradigm that disease transmission is due solely to an agent that carries genetic information. The central hypothesis for prion diseases proposes that the conversion of a cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a misfolded, ß-sheet-rich isoform (PrP(Sc)) accounts for the development of (TSE). There is substantial evidence that the infectious material consists chiefly of a protein, PrP(Sc), with no genomic coding material, unlike a virus particle, which has both. However, prions seem to have other partners that chaperone their activities in converting the PrP(C) into the disease-causing isoform. Nucleic acids (NAs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the most probable accomplices of prion conversion. Here, we review the recent experimental approaches that have been employed to characterize the interaction of prion proteins with nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans. A PrP recognizes many nucleic acids and GAGs with high affinities, and this seems to be related to a pathophysiological role for this interaction. A PrP binds nucleic acids and GAGs with structural selectivity, and some PrP:NA complexes can become proteinase K-resistant, undergoing amyloid oligomerization and conversion to a ß-sheet-rich structure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous polyanions (such as NAs and GAGs) may accelerate the rate of prion disease progression by acting as scaffolds or lattices that mediate the interaction between PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) molecules. In addition to a still-possible hypothesis that nucleic acids and GAGs, especially those from the host, may modulate the conversion, the recent structural characterization of the complexes has raised the possibility of developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Assuntos
DNA/metabolismo , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Príons/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismo , Animais , DNA/química , Glicosaminoglicanos/química , Humanos , Doenças Priônicas/diagnóstico , Doenças Priônicas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Priônicas/prevenção & controle , Príons/química , Príons/patogenicidade , Conformação Proteica , Transporte Proteico , RNA/químicaRESUMO
A proteína prion celular, PrPC, tem sido relacionada a doenças neurodegenerativas que atingem animais e o homem conhecidas como encefalopatias espongiformes transmissíveis (TSEs), ou doenças por prions. Cerca de 15% das TSEs são genéticas e classificadas de acordo com a presença de mutações no gene codificador de PrPC e com o fenótipo da doença. Postula-se que mutações pontuais associadas à doenças genéticas por prions promovam a conversão espontânea de PrPC à proteína prion scrapie (PrPSc), sua forma infecciosa, por uma diminuição da estabilidade da forma nativa de PrPC. A patogênese das TSE foi associada por muito tempo à toxicidade de PrPSc entretanto, dados mais recentes apontam que esta pode relacionar-se também a perda de função de PrPC. Várias funções têm sido atribuídas a PrPC, sua associação a diversas moléculas na superfície celular indica que esta participa como organizadora de plataformas dinâmicas para a associação de vários módulos de sinalização. Nosso grupo caracterizou a ligação entre PrPC e laminina (Ln), proteína de matriz extracelular, e também a STI1, uma co-chaperonina, e que essas associações são responsáveis por desencadear adesão, diferenciação e sobrevivência neuronal bem como formação e consolidação de memória. O presente estudo avalia alterações funcionais nas moléculas de PrPC com mutações associadas a TSEs. Estas mutações estão localizadas próximas ou nos sítios de interação de PrPC com Ln (177N, 179I, 182A e 199K) e STI1 (101L, 104L, 116V). ...
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças Priônicas , Laminina , Mutação , Polimorfismo Genético , Príons/patogenicidadeRESUMO
A total of 616 chromosomes from control individuals of all major continental groups, and six individuals affected by either Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or fatal familial insomnia (FFI), were typed with a new single-reaction protocol method and were also sequenced, with total reproducibility to screen variation at important positions (385A>G: M129V and 655G>A: E219K) in the human prion protein gene (PRNP). We have found, for the first time, that 129V allele is highly represented in some populations from the Americas, and that 129M and 129V are in similar frequencies in Africa. The 129M susceptibility allele was found at high frequencies in Old World populations, very high in the Pacific ( approximately 81%) and up to 93% in Central and East Asia, but at a low frequency (approximately 30%) in Native Americans. The protective 219L allele was restricted to Asian and Pacific populations. Susceptibility alleles exhibit marked geographic differences in frequency, and thus, differences in probability to develop prion diseases.