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1.
Int J Urban Reg Res ; 36(2): 213-25, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22518881

RESUMO

Urban shrinkage is not a new phenomenon. It has been documented in a large literature analyzing the social and economic issues that have led to population flight, resulting, in the worse cases, in the eventual abandonment of blocks of housing and neighbourhoods. Analysis of urban shrinkage should take into account the new realization that this phenomenon is now global and multidimensional ­ but also little understood in all its manifestations. Thus, as the world's population increasingly becomes urban, orthodox views of urban decline need redefinition. The symposium includes articles from 10 urban analysts working on 30 cities around the globe. These analysts belong to the Shrinking Cities International Research Network (SCIRN), whose collaborative work aims to understand different types of city shrinkage and the role that different approaches, policies and strategies have played in the regeneration of these cities. In this way the symposium will inform both a rich diversity of analytical perspectives and country-based studies of the challenges faced by shrinking cities. It will also disseminate SCIRN's research results from the last 3 years.


Assuntos
Cidades , Dinâmica Populacional , Características de Residência , Responsabilidade Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Reforma Urbana , Austrália/etnologia , Brasil/etnologia , Cidades/economia , Cidades/etnologia , Cidades/história , Cidades/legislação & jurisprudência , França/etnologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Internacionalidade/história , Internacionalidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Japão/etnologia , Dinâmica Populacional/história , Características de Residência/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Reforma Urbana/economia , Reforma Urbana/educação , Reforma Urbana/história , Reforma Urbana/legislação & jurisprudência
3.
J Womens Hist ; 23(3): 39-62, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22145181

RESUMO

Once the British transatlantic slave trade came under abolitionists' scrutiny in 1788, West Indian slaveholders had to consider alternative methods of obtaining well-needed laborers. This article examines changes in enslaved women's working lives as planters sought to increase birth rates to replenish declining laboring populations. By focusing more on variances in work assignment and degrees of punishment rather than their absence, this article establishes that enslaved women in Jamaica experienced a considerable shift in their work responsibilities and their subjection to discipline as slaveholders sought to capitalize on their abilities to reproduce. Enslaved women's reproductive capabilities were pivotal for slavery and the plantation economy's survival once legal supplies from Africa were discontinued.


Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comércio , Grupos Populacionais , Problemas Sociais , Saúde da Mulher , Mulheres , África/etnologia , Coeficiente de Natalidade/etnologia , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Jamaica/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Mudança Social/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Reino Unido/etnologia , Mulheres/educação , Mulheres/história , Mulheres/psicologia , Saúde da Mulher/etnologia , Saúde da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/economia , Direitos da Mulher/educação , Direitos da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudência
4.
Lat Am Res Rev ; 46(2): 181-99, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22069809

RESUMO

The Rio de Janeiro state archive's collection of entry logs for the city's central detention center, going back to the mid-nineteenth century, provides a rare glimpse into the lives of Rio's­and Brazil's­poor and working classes who otherwise left few written records behind. During the time when the institution maintained the entry logs, police exercised broad power to make arrests. Although relatively few detainees were ever prosecuted or even formally charged, the detention center kept detailed records of detainees' physical appearance, attire, home address, nationality, sex, affiliation, and so on, as well as information about any criminal charges. This article explores the wealth of empirical data that the entry logs provide. It also suggests how scrutinizing this type of document across time shows how record keeping itself changed, in turn affording researchers rare insight into the inner workings of modern Latin American society.


Assuntos
Criminosos , Pesquisa Empírica , Pobreza , Prisões , Sistema de Registros , Classe Social , Brasil/etnologia , Criminosos/educação , Criminosos/história , Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Criminosos/psicologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Pobreza/economia , Pobreza/etnologia , Pobreza/história , Pobreza/legislação & jurisprudência , Pobreza/psicologia , Prisões/economia , Prisões/educação , Prisões/história , Prisões/legislação & jurisprudência , Punição/história , Punição/psicologia , Classe Social/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Saúde da População Urbana/história , População Urbana/história
5.
Psychoanal Hist ; 13(2): 227-43, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21970032

RESUMO

While Martinique and Guadeloupe were assimilated into the French state in 1946, traces of colonial power relations and economic structures persist despite the islands' current status as French 'départements' equal to any other. This article examines the contributions of Freud's thought to the shift in critical perspective that has allowed the continued "colonial" status of these islands, and the cultural alienation of its people, to be identified as a problem or phenomenon requiring analysis and rectification. Speaking of "postcolonial Freud" in this context is tantamount to asking: which postcolony for the French Antillean future, and which Freud for the thought emerging from this space?


Assuntos
Características Culturais , Teoria Freudiana , Relações Raciais , Alienação Social , Problemas Sociais , Características Culturais/história , França/etnologia , Teoria Freudiana/história , Guadalupe/etnologia , História do Século XX , Martinica/etnologia , Psicanálise/educação , Psicanálise/história , Interpretação Psicanalítica , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Alienação Social/psicologia , Mudança Social/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia
6.
Urban History ; 37(4): 479-96, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21966712

RESUMO

Between 1965 and 1981, Costa Ricans changed their perceptions of which characteristics they thought defined appropriate urban childhoods. By 1981, the model of a modern, urban Costa Rican child was that of a child who attended school, did not work on the streets, and played in specifically designated places. Children who did not fit this mold began, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, to be viewed as dangerous to society and as evidencing social pathology. Whereas children who worked on the streets during the 1960s were considered part of the urban landscape, and their childhoods, though difficult, were not perceived as deviant, these same children, two decades later, were viewed as marginal and problematic. To trace this change, this article focuses on the changing perceptions about children on the streets that writers for and public contributors to La Nación, one of the preeminent Costa Rican newspapers, show during the sixteen-year period under analysis.


Assuntos
Jovens em Situação de Rua , Transtornos do Comportamento Social , Percepção Social , Problemas Sociais , População Urbana , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Costa Rica/etnologia , História do Século XX , Jovens em Situação de Rua/educação , Jovens em Situação de Rua/etnologia , Jovens em Situação de Rua/história , Jovens em Situação de Rua/legislação & jurisprudência , Jovens em Situação de Rua/psicologia , Humanos , Jornais como Assunto/economia , Jornais como Assunto/história , Opinião Pública/história , Comportamento Social/história , Transtornos do Comportamento Social/etnologia , Transtornos do Comportamento Social/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Saúde da População Urbana/história , População Urbana/história
7.
Signs (Chic) ; 36(3): 707-31, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21919274

RESUMO

In 1993, a group of women shocked Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, with the news that dozens of girls and women had been murdered and dumped, like garbage, around the city during the year. As the numbers of murders grew over the years, and as the police forces proved unwilling and unable to find the perpetrators, the protestors became activists. They called the violence and its surrounding impunity "femicide," and they demanded that the Mexican government, at the local, state, and federal levels, stop the violence and capture the perpetrators. Nearly two decades later, the city's infamy as a place of femicide is giving way to another terrible reputation as a place of unprecedented drug violence. Since 2006, more than six thousand people have died in the city, as have more than twenty-eight thousand across the country, in relation to the violence associated with the restructuring of the cartels that control the production and distribution of illegal drugs. In response to the public outcry against the violence, the Mexican government has deployed thousands of troops to Ciudad Juárez as part of a military strategy to secure the state against the cartels. In this essay, I argue that the politics over the meaning of the drug-related murders and femicide must be understood in relation to gendered violence and its use as a tool for securing the state. To that end, I examine the wars over the interpretation of death in northern Mexico through a feminist application of the concept of necropolitics as elaborated by the postcolonial scholar Achille Mbembe. I examine how the wars over the political meaning of death in relation both to femicide and to the events called "drug violence" unfold through a gendering of space, of violence, and of subjectivity. My objective is twofold: first, to demonstrate how the antifemicide movement illustrates the stakes for a democratic Mexican state and its citizens in a context where governing elites argue that the violence devastating Ciudad Juárez is a positive outcome of the government's war against organized crime; and second, to show how a politics of gender is central to this kind of necropolitics.


Assuntos
Governo , Homicídio , Problemas Sociais , Violência , Saúde da Mulher , Direitos da Mulher , Identidade de Gênero , Governo/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Homicídio/economia , Homicídio/etnologia , Homicídio/história , Homicídio/legislação & jurisprudência , Homicídio/psicologia , Aplicação da Lei/história , México/etnologia , Polícia/economia , Polícia/educação , Polícia/história , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Violência/economia , Violência/etnologia , Violência/história , Violência/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência/psicologia , Mulheres/educação , Mulheres/história , Mulheres/psicologia , Saúde da Mulher/etnologia , Saúde da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/economia , Direitos da Mulher/educação , Direitos da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudência
8.
Slavery Abol ; 32(1): 1-26, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21574280

RESUMO

Through the experiences of two West Africans shipped to Bahia as slaves, probably in the 1840s, then sold south to Rio de Janeiro where they met, became lovers, bought their freedom, married, and divorced, I comment on an ongoing debate over the refashioning or transfer of African ethnic identities in American slave societies. The sources in this Brazilian case suggest that previous identities were not suddenly erased, but rather, new layers of understanding and ways of responding were added. Whatever the dynamic of cultural formation, it was memory that crucially bridged the distance between the past they carried with them and the present into which they were thrust; and so it becomes illuminating to reconstruct the plausibly remembered African pasts on which this couple drew to make sense of an unfamiliar Brazilian present.


Assuntos
Etnicidade , Relações Interpessoais , Relações Raciais , Condições Sociais , Problemas Sociais , África Ocidental/etnologia , Antropologia Cultural/educação , Antropologia Cultural/história , Brasil/etnologia , Etnicidade/educação , Etnicidade/etnologia , Etnicidade/história , Etnicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Etnicidade/psicologia , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais/história , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Grupos Raciais/educação , Grupos Raciais/etnologia , Grupos Raciais/história , Grupos Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Raciais/psicologia , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia
9.
Lat Am Res Rev ; 45(2): 114-39, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21188889

RESUMO

Now that racism has been officially recognized in Brazil, and some universities have adopted affirmative-action admission policies, measures of the magnitude of racial inequality and analyses that identify the factors associated with changes in racial disparities over time assume particular relevance to the conduct of public debate. This study uses census data from 1950 to 2000 to estimate the probability of death in the early years of life, a robust indicator of the standard of living among the white and Afro-Brazilian populations. Associated estimates of the average number of years of life expectancy at birth show that the 6.6-year advantage that the white population enjoyed in the 1950s remained virtually unchanged throughout the second half of the twentieth century, despite the significant improvements that accrued to both racial groups. The application of multivariate techniques to samples selected from the 1960, 1980, and 2000 census enumerations further shows that, controlling for key determinants of child survival, the white mortality advantage persisted and even increased somewhat in 2000. The article discusses evidence of continued racial inequality during an era of deep transformation in social structure, with reference to the challenges of skin color classification in a multiracial society and the evolution of debates about color, class, and discrimination in Brazil.


Assuntos
Censos , Mortalidade da Criança , Grupos Populacionais , Relações Raciais , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brasil/etnologia , Censos/história , Mortalidade da Criança/etnologia , Mortalidade da Criança/história , Pré-Escolar , Etnicidade/educação , Etnicidade/etnologia , Etnicidade/história , Etnicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Etnicidade/psicologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Expectativa de Vida/etnologia , Expectativa de Vida/história , Grupos Populacionais/educação , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Grupos Populacionais/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Populacionais/psicologia , Opinião Pública/história , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Mudança Social/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história
10.
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) ; 12(2): 173-83, 2010 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21031228

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Statistically validating the Latin-American and Caribbean household food security scale (ELCSA) which had been linguistically adapted for Colombia during 2008 by the University of Antioquia's School of Nutrition. METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive study. The ELCSA scale (95 % confidence interval) was applied to a representative sample of 150 households containing pregnant adolescents from poor and vulnerable populations. The pregnant girls' families were covered by ESE Salud Pereira and had consulted between April and June 2009. Four professional nurses were trained as interviewers regarding the subject of each question. 32 adult-only households and households containing 118 adults, youngsters and children were surveyed. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis; Cronbach's alpha, factorial analysis and multiple components were used. RESULTS: ELCSA showed excellent reliability when applied to both adult-only households (Cronbach=0.927) and households having adults, teens and children (Cronbach=0.953). Factor analysis using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling adequacy test presented high correlation amongst the items in both single adult households (p = 0.889) and households containing adults, teens and children (p=0.895). The scale's predictive ability was 75 % in the three components identified: quality and quantity of food access or availability of food and non-socially acceptable means of acquisition and distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The results validated the ELCSA scale as being a reliable tool for measuring household food security in Colombian households.


Assuntos
Abastecimento de Alimentos , Gravidez na Adolescência/psicologia , Psicologia do Adolescente , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Adulto , Peso Corporal , Região do Caribe , Criança , Características da Família , Feminino , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Humanos , América Latina , Paridade , Pobreza , Gravidez , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Problemas Sociais/economia , Populações Vulneráveis/psicologia
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