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Esta es la segunda parte de un artículo sobre la búsqueda de financiamiento para un proyecto de investigación. Todo proyecto de investigación requiere una fuente de financiamiento para poder ser llevado adelante. La búsqueda de fondos es una tarea que lleva tiempo y esfuerzo con una baja tasa de éxito. Compartimos algunos consejos que podrían ayudar a aumentar esa tasa de éxito en relación con: 1) cómo reconocer la necesidad de búsqueda de una fuente de financiamiento externo, 2) de dónde provienen los fondos, 3) qué gastos se pueden financiar habitualmente con los fondos y 4) cómo mejorar la escritura y la presentación a una convocatoria. (AU)

This is the second part of our series on searching funds for a research plan. Every research proposal requires a source of funding to be carried out. Looking for funds is a time and effort consuming task with a low success rate. We share some tips that may help to improve that success rate related to (1) how to recognize the need of an external funding source, (2) where the funds are coming from, (3) what costs can be funded and (4) how to improve a proposal writing and submission. (AU)

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Esta es la primera parte de un artículo sobre la búsqueda de financiamiento para un proyecto de investigación. Esta entrega resume los principales ítems para tener en consideración a la hora de postularse a una convocatoria. Requerimientos del proceso: 1. Tiempo protegido. 2. Propuesta de investigación sólida. 3. Equipo calificado y con experiencia. 4. Definición y organización de actividades. 5. Cronograma de actividades. 6. Estimación de costos. (AU)

This is the first part of an article about finding funding for a research project. This delivery summarizes the main ítems to take into consideration when applying for a call. Process requirements: 1. Protected time. 2. Strong research proposal. 3. Qualified and experienced team. 4. Definition and organization of activities. 5. Schedule of activities. 6. Cost estimate. (AU)

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El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el panorama investigativo disciplinar desde la producción académica nacional, para identificar poblaciones, áreas, enfoques de investigación, de esta manera reconocer necesidades y retos para la investigación formativa de la fonoaudiología en Colombia. Se analizó información proveniente de proyectos de investigación de pregrado y posgrado de 13 programas de formación en Fonoaudiología del país, entre 2010 y 2019, reportados por las instituciones de educación superior. Se recolectó información de informes y documentos de investigación (N=638). En primer lugar, se observa un incremento en la producción investigativa entre 2010 (4,9%) y 2019 (18,3%). El 85% de la investigación se identificó en pregrado y el 15% en postgrado. El enfoque predominante fue cualitativo (55,3%), el que, junto con el alcance descriptivo (77,8%) que representan la mayoría de productos de investigación. El escenario relacionado con el ámbito de salud clínico asistencial lidera la investigación (52,9%). Las áreas predominantes en este escenario investigativo son Lenguaje (29,1%) y Audición (27,4%) en poblaciones de adultos (56,7%) e infantil (28,52%). Se concluye que la producción investigativa desde la academia, específicamente desde los programas de formación de fonoaudiólogos en Colombia, evidencian la necesidad de fomentar la investigación de tipo experimental y analítica, con poblaciones de neonatos y lactantes, en áreas relacionadas con la función oralfaríngea y en escenarios inéditos. Además, es necesario incluir el uso de tecnologías y nuevos enfoques de intervención para aportar al abordaje basado en la evidencia. Futuras investigaciones deben permitir comparar la investigación antes y después de la pandemia, dada la virtualización y la inclusión de la fonoaudiología en escenarios como las unidades de cuidado crítico y cuidado paliativo.

The objective of this article is to analyze the disciplinary research landscape from the national academic production, to identify populations, areas, research approaches, in this way identify needs and challenges for formative research of speech therapy in Colombia. Information from undergraduate and graduate research projects of 13 training programs in Speech Therapy in the country, between 2010 and 2019, reported by higher education institutions, was analyzed. Information was collected from reports and research papers (N=638). First, there was an increase in research production between 2010 (4.9%) and 2019 (18.3%). 85% of the researchwas identified in undergraduate and 15% in postgraduate. The predominant approach was qualitative (55.3%), which, together with the descriptive scope (77.8%) that represent the majority of research products. The scenario related to the field of clinical health care leads the research (52.9%). The predominant areas in this research scenario are Language (29.1%) and Hearing (27.4%)in adult (56.7%) and child (28.52%) populations. It is concluded that the research production from the academy, specifically from the trainingprograms of speech therapists in Colombia, evidences the need to promote experimental and analytical research, with populations of neonates and infants, in areas related to oral function and in unprecedented scenarios. Besides, it is necessary to include the use oftechnologies and new intervention approaches to contribute to the evidence-based approach. Future research should allow comparison of research before and after the pandemic, given the virtualization and the inclusion of speech therapy in settings such as critical careand palliative care units.

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The test positivity (TP) rate has emerged as an important metric for gauging the illness burden due to COVID-19. Given the importance of COVID-19 TP rates for understanding COVID-related morbidity, researchers and clinicians have become increasingly interested in comparing TP rates across countries. The statistical methods for performing such comparisons fall into two general categories: frequentist tests and Bayesian methods. Using data from Our World in Data (ourworldindata.org), we performed comparisons for two prototypical yet disparate pairs of countries: Bolivia versus the United States (large vs. small-to-moderate TP rates), and South Korea vs. Uruguay (two very small TP rates of similar magnitude). Three different statistical procedures were used: two frequentist tests (an asymptotic z-test and the 'N-1' chi-square test), and a Bayesian method for comparing two proportions (TP rates are proportions). Results indicated that for the case of large vs. small-to-moderate TP rates (Bolivia versus the United States), the frequentist and Bayesian approaches both indicated that the two rates were substantially different. When the TP rates were very small and of similar magnitude (values of 0.009 and 0.007 for South Korea and Uruguay, respectively), the frequentist tests indicated a highly significant contrast, despite the apparent trivial amount by which the two rates differ. The Bayesian method, in comparison, suggested that the TP rates were practically equivalent-a finding that seems more consistent with the observed data. When TP rates are highly similar in magnitude, frequentist tests can lead to erroneous interpretations. A Bayesian approach, on the other hand, can help ensure more accurate inferences and thereby avoid potential decision errors that could lead to costly public health and policy-related consequences.

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RESUMO. Este texto apresenta o relato reflexivo do projeto de formação continuada docente na rede municipal de educação de Belo Horizonte, entre 2015 e 2018, no campo das relações de gênero. A parceria entre a Secretaria Municipal de Educação e a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais promoveu as condições necessárias para a realização e integração das atividades acadêmicas de extensão, ensino e pesquisa nos níveis da graduação e pós-graduação. Apesar do contexto político nacional das ofensivas antigênero no campo educacional, a demanda por ações formativas partiu de docentes e gestores/as da educação ao se depararem com os impactos das assimetrias na aprendizagem entre meninas e meninos, bem como situações de violência de gênero na escola. À luz dos pressupostos teóricos pós- estruturalistas de gênero, a formação utiliza metodologias diversificadas como grupos de estudo, seminários, oficinas pedagógicas e estudos de caso em diferentes espaços da cidade como escolas, universidade e museus. A análise dos quatro anos do projeto revela a importância de uma abordagem interdisciplinar das relações de gênero e de caráter permanente, pois ações formativas isoladas têm se mostrado ineficazes.

RESUMEN. En este texto se presenta el informe de reflexión del proyecto de formación continua de profesores y profesoras de la Red Municipal de Educación de Belo Horizonte, entre 2015 y 2018, en el ámbito de las relaciones de género. La asociación entre el Departamento Municipal de Educación y la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Minas Gerais promovió las condiciones necesarias a la realización e integración de las actividades académicas de extensión, enseñanza e investigación en los niveles de licenciatura y posgrado. A pesar del contexto político nacional de las ofensivas de género en el ámbito educativo, la demanda de acciones de capacitación provino de los maestros y administradores de la educación cuando se enfrentaron a los impactos de las asimetrías en el aprendizaje entre niñas y niños, así como a situaciones de violencia de género en la escuela. A la luz de los supuestos teóricos postestructuralistas de género, la capacitación utiliza diversas metodologías como grupos de estudio, seminarios, talleres pedagógicos y estudios de caso en diferentes espacios de la ciudad como escuelas, universidades y museos. El análisis de los cuatro años del proyecto muestra la importancia de un enfoque interdisciplinario de las relaciones de género de carácter permanente, ya que las acciones formativas aisladas han demostrado ser ineficaces.

ABSTRACT. This text presents the reflective report of the project of continuous teacher training in the Municipal Education Network of Belo Horizonte, between 2015 and 2018, in the field of gender relations. Partnership between the Municipal Department of Education and the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais promoted the necessary conditions for the implementation and integration of academic activities of extension, education and research at undergraduate and graduate levels. Despite the national political context of gender offensives in the educational field, the demand for training actions came from teachers and education managers when they faced the impacts of asymmetries in learning between girls and boys, as well as situations of gender violence at school. In the light of the post-structuralist theoretical assumptions of gender, training uses diverse methodologies such as study groups, seminars, pedagogical workshops and case studies in different spaces of the city, such as schools, universities and museums. The analysis of the four years of the project revealed the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to gender relations of a permanent nature, since isolated training actions have proved ineffective.

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RESUMEN Introducción: Las actividades investigativas en el pregrado permiten desarrollar competencias investigativas en los estudiantes que servirán para su futuro desempeño profesional; el interés hacia estas actividades parte de la motivación de los estudiantes. Objetivo: Describir el interés por la investigación científica por parte de los estudiantes de una facultad de Odontología. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. El universo incluyó 395 estudiantes, de los cuales la muestra estuvo conformada por 187 estudiantes obtenida de forma aleatoria a partir de la lista de matriculados de la facultad. Se encuestó el interés hacia la investigación, así como las características de sexo, año académico, colegio de procedencia, participación en proyectos de investigación, pertenencia a una sociedad científica estudiantil y la experiencia en la publicación de artículos científicos. Se compararon las puntuaciones a través de pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskall Wallis. Se aceptó un nivel de significancia de 0,05. Resultados: El 68,4 por ciento manifestó interesarse por la investigación científica. No se encontraron diferencias en las puntuaciones de hombres (48,11 ± 9,2) y mujeres (48,07 ± 5,85) (p = 0,251). Los estudiantes que pertenecen a una sociedad científica estudiantil presentan mayores puntuaciones (55,41 ± 4,94) a diferencia de los que no pertenecen (48,25 ± 7,22) (p = 0,001). Los estudiantes de quinto año presentaron mayores puntuaciones (50,88 ± 5,36) sobre el interés por la investigación científica (p = 0,450). Conclusiones: La mayoría de estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología presentan elevado interés por la investigación científica. No se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, tampoco según el tipo de colegio de procedencia. Aquellos estudiantes que participaban en proyectos de investigación y eran parte de una sociedad científica estudiantil fueron los que más interés presentaron por la investigación(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Through undergraduate research activities students develop research competences useful for their future professional performance. Interest in these activities stems from the students' motivation. Objective: Describe the interest in scientific research among students from a dental school. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The study universe was 395 students, of whom a sample of 187 was randomly selected from the list of students enrolled at the institution. The items surveyed were interest in research, sex, academic year, previous school, participation in research projects, membership in a students' scientific society and experience in the publication of scientific papers. Scores were compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. A 0.05 significance level was accepted. Results: Of the total respondents, 68.4 percent reported interest in scientific research. Differences were not found between the scores obtained by men (48.11 ± 9.2) and women (48.07 ± 5.85) (p = 0.251). Students who belong to scientific societies had higher scores (55.41 ± 4.94) than those who do not (48.25 ± 7.22) (p = 0.001). Fifth-year students had higher scores (50.88 ± 5.36) in interest in scientific research (p = 0.450). Conclusions: Most students from the dental school showed great interest in scientific research. No differences were found between men and women or according to the type of previous school. Students who participated in research projects and were members of a scientific society expressed the greatest interest in research(AU)

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This paper reviews the significant advances in isotopic investigations in Andean South America and directs scholars to explore new theoretical and analytical directions, specifically the applicability of isotope data to paleopathology. Excellent preservation and large skeletal collections of human remains make the Central Andes ideal for biogeochemical reconstructions and advancements in isotopic methods. Our aims are twofold: first, we present a meta-analysis of stable and radiogenic isotope research in the Central Andes since 1985, and highlight those that combine analyses of isotope ratios and pathological conditions. Second, we discuss useful directions for incorporating stable isotope analysis more explicitly in studies of paleopathology in the Andes more in the future. Principle research foci have described dietary variation and regional population mobility since the 1980s, where early methodological explorations identified significant trends in isotopic variation. For the years 1980-2017, we identified 96 scholarly publications through a meta-data analysis of major peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings. These demonstrate specific trends in topical and methodological preferences across the Andean region and a shift from 10 publications pre-1997 to 67 in the last 10 years. However, combined isotope and paleopathology studies in this region remain sparse; given the ecological, geological, and cultural complexity of the Central Andes, analyses of pathological conditions in different regions would significantly benefit from the information on diet, mobility, and local ecology that isotope ratios provide. Isotope analysis requires destruction of archaeological tissues, and interpreting isotope data can be complex, but it can also provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of multifactorial conditions and assist differential diagnosis. Therefore, we also discuss research designs for pairing isotopic and paleopathological variables that will allow researchers to better capture disease ecologies in archaeological samples and their variation across different regions, within related sites, and within individual lifespans.

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In the 20 years since the publication of John Verano's foundational paper "Advances in Paleopathology of Andean South America," paleopathological and bioarchaeological investigations of human skeletal remains in the region have increased dramatically. Today, primary foci have grown to span the identification of disease, detailed reconstructions of biocultural interactions, embodied social experiences, and ancient living worlds. In this special issue, more than a dozen scholars reflect on the state of developments in the scientific analyses of ancient disease, life, and society across the region. For this introductory article, we frame the current state of Andean paleopathology by reviewing key historical contributions beginning in the last century. More recent trends since 1997 are defined via a meta-analysis of the literature. We then highlight current innovations and consider future directions of study. We then close with an overview of the papers comprising this special issue. Each article explores major theoretical, topical, and methodological advances that have transpired since 1997 and charts the course for the next two decades of work - with implications and insights that transcend the Andes and speak to key paleopathological issues around the world.

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Las comunidades virtuales facilitan publicar, compartir información y el autoaprendizaje, en internet. Propósito: Determinar el uso de las comunidades virtuales como herramienta de investigación por los estudiantes de postgrado. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, no experimental, por medio de una encuesta orientada al uso de comunidades sociales en investigación a estudiantes de postgrados hospitalarios de la Escuela de Estudios de Postgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, inscritos en el 2019, seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: Se estudiaron a 60 personas, 30encuestas realizadas en hombres y 30 en mujeres, todos admitieron uso de alguna comunidad virtual, siete de cada 10 la utilizan como referente de investigación científica y tres de cada 10 la utilizan para información no científica. La comunidad virtual para consulta de información científica más utilizada fue Google (86%), Google Académico(46%), Google Drive (40%), YouTube (34%),WhatsApp (18%), Facebook (16%), otras redes sociales (12%), y revistas científicas (2%).Conclusión: Un tercio de estudiantes utiliza comunidades virtuales, al menos 3 veces por semana, como herramienta en investigación científica, por motores de búsqueda. Otras fuentes de revisión científica, son menos utilizadas. Se deben crear iniciativas que promuevan la comunicación, innovación, emprendimiento y accesibilidad a información científica en comunidades virtuales

Virtual communities facilitate publishing, sharing information and self-learning, in internet. Purpose: to determine the use of virtual communities as a research tool for postgraduate students. Material and methods: Cross-sectional, non-experimental, descriptive, through a survey aimed at the use of social communities in research to postgraduates students of the School of Postgraduate Studies,School of Engineering of the University of SanCarlos de Guatemala, enrolled in 2019, randomly selected. Results: 60 people were studied, 30surveys performed in men and 30 in women; alladmitted the use of a virtual community, sevenout of 10 use it as a reference for scientific researchand three out of 10 use it for non-scientific information. The most used virtual community for consulting scientific information is Google (86%),Google Scholar (46%), Google Drive (40%),YouTube (34%), WhatsApp (18%), Facebook(16%), other social networks (12%), and scientific journals (2%). Conclusion: A third of students use virtual communities at least 3 times per week, asa tool in scientific research by searching engines;other sources of scientific review are less used.Initiatives that promote communication, innovation,entre preneurship and access to scientific information in virtual communities should becreated.

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The aim of this scoping review was a) to update a previous review on the main methodological characteristics and shortcomings in the plyometric jump training (PJT) literature, and b) to recommend, in light of the identified methodological gaps, future research perspectives. We searched four electronic databases. From 6128 potentially relevant articles, 420 were considered eligible for inclusion. As an update of a previous review, this represents an increase of ~200 articles, illustrating that this field of research is growing fast. However, the relative "quality" or shortcomings were similar when compared to the preceding scoping review. In the current article, the main identified shortcomings were an insufficient number of studies conducted with females, individual sports, and high-level athletes (~22%, ~7%, and ~14% of overall studies, respectively); insufficient description of training prescription (~54% of studies); and studies missing an active/passive control group and a randomized group allocation process (~37% and ~24% of overall studies, respectively). Furthermore, PJT was often combined with other training methods and added to the participants' regular training routines (~50% and ~35% of overall studies, respectively). The main outcomes of this scoping review urge researchers to conduct PJT studies of high methodological quality (eg, randomized controlled trials) to get trustworthy evidence-based knowledge. In addition, owing to the limited research conducted with females, individual sports, and high-level athletes, more studies are needed to substantiate the available findings. Finally, the identification of cohort-specific PJT dose-response relations which elicit optimal training effects still needs to be identified, particularly in the long term.

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