RESUMO
Whole-body counters (WBC) are used in internal dosimetry forin vivomonitoring in radiation protection. The calibration processes of a WBC set-up include the measurement of a physical phantom filled with a certificate radioactive source that usually is referred to a standard set of individuals determined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The aim of this study was to develop an anthropomorphic and anthropometric female physical phantom for the calibration of the WBC systems. The reference female computational phantom of the ICRP, now called RFPID (Reference Female Phantom for Internal Dosimetry) was printed using PLA filament and with an empty interior. The goal is to use the RFPID to reduce the uncertainties associated within vivomonitoring system. The images which generated the phantom were manipulated using ImageJ®, Amide®, GIMP®and the 3D Slicer®software. RFPID was split into several parts and printed using a 3D printer in order to print the whole-body phantom. The newly printed physical phantom RFPID was successfully fabricated, and it is suitable to mimic human tissue, anatomically similar to a human body i.e., size, shape, material composition, and density.
Assuntos
Imagens de Fantasmas , Impressão Tridimensional , Contagem Corporal Total , Humanos , Feminino , Contagem Corporal Total/métodos , Calibragem , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Radiometria/métodos , Radiometria/instrumentação , AntropometriaRESUMO
Resumen En las últimas dos décadas ha aumentado el uso de equipos portátiles de rayos X intraorales, los cuales son estabilizados por el operador. Si bien todos los equipos radiográficos presentan un riesgo inherente por el uso de radiación ionizante, el uso indebido de los equipos portátiles puede aumentar la exposición del operador. Se recomienda el uso de los equipos portátiles en un trípode o activados desde un área protegida. Sin embargo, en casos altamente justificados para su uso sin estos aditamentos, se debe seguir recomendaciones para disminuir la exposición del operador. Debido a que la radioprotección es fundamental al trabajar con rayos X, se debe favorecer el uso de equipos radiográficos dentales fijos sobre los equipos portátiles, ya que estos proporcionan una menor dosis de radiación al operador.
Abstract In the last two decades, the use of portable intraoral X-ray devices, stabilized by the operator, has increased. While all radiographic devices present an inherent risk from ionizing radiation, improper use of portable devices can increase operator exposure. Use of portable devices on a tripod or powered from a protected area is recommended. However, in highly justified cases, for using without these accessories, recommendations should be followed to reduce operator exposure. Because radioprotection is essential when using X-rays, fixed dental radiographic devices should be favored over portable equipment since the first provides a lower radiation dose to the operator.
Assuntos
Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Radiografia Dentária , Aplicativos MóveisRESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: Las unidades de Cardiología intervencional han evidenciado un número creciente de procedimientos, cada vez más variados y complejos, lo cual podría eventualmente generar daños a los profesionales ocupacionalmente expuestos a radiaciones ionizantes (POEs) de no contar con los adecuados elementos de radioprotección y un uso correcto de ellos. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la disponibilidad y utilización de los elementos de radioprotección y dosimetría de unidades de cardiología intervencionista de centros Sudamericanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta autoaplicada a 139 POEs, de ambos sexos de 7 países, a través de una plataforma on-line, se les consultó sobre características demográficas, dosimétricas y de radioprotección. RESULTADOS: Los elementos de radioprotección más tradicionales; delantales y cuellos plomados se utilizaron un 99,5 % y 98,4 % respectivamente, aquellos elementos más recientes como gafas, gorros y paños plomados solo alcanzaron un 36,8 %, 6,8 % y 34,2%, de utilización respectivamente, en cuanto a la utilización de los dosímetros, solo un 7,9 % lo hace apegado a las normas de la Organización Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA). CONCLUSIÓN: Se constató en la muestra analizada una falta de elementos de radioprotección y un uso inadecuado de ellos, urge realizar intervenciones educativas y técnicas para mejorar estos datos.
BACKGROUND: Due to the increasing number of interventional cardiology procedures currently performed, health professionals (POE) are exposed to ionizing radiation unless adequate protective elements are used. AIM: to describe the use of radioprotection elements and dosimetry in interventional cardiology laboratories in South America. METHODS: A self-administered survey was performed on 139 POE of both sexes and 7 countries using an online platform. Demographic data, dosimetry and characteristics of radioprotection analyzed. RESULTS: Commonly used radioprotective elements (lead aprons and collars) were used in 99.5% and 98% respectively. Recently introduced protection elements like lead goggles, caps and drapery were used in 36.8, 6.8 and 34.2% , respectively. Dosimetry according to the International Atomic Energy Commission (OIAE) was performed in only 7.9% of the procedures. CONCLUSION: there is a severe lack of adequate radioprotection during interventional cardiology procedures. Urgent measures, including technical implementation and educational interventions are needed to improve radioprotection in interventional cardiology.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Radiografia Intervencionista/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Serviço Hospitalar de Cardiologia , Doses de Radiação , Radiação Ionizante , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Proteção Radiológica/estatística & dados numéricos , América do Sul , Projetos Piloto , Inquéritos e Questionários , Autorrelato , Equipamento de Proteção IndividualRESUMO
The aim of this article was to verify the performance of the Mirion InstadoseTM dosemeter under clinical conditions and to compare its response in typical X-ray fields used during interventional and cardiology procedures with the TLD-100, usually used for radiation dosimetry. It was also objective of this study to verify the feasibility of using the InstadoseTM dosemeter response at the chest level for estimation of occupational eye lens dose in cardiology and interventional radiology. Initially the response of the dosemeter was tested using continuous X-ray beams and the results showed that the Instadose dosemeter present a satisfactory behavior of the most important dosimetric properties based on the tests as described in the IEC 62387 standard. The measurements performed in clinical conditions showed that the InstadoseTM dosemeter response was comparable to that of TL dosemeters used in interventional radiology and cardiology procedures and there is a correlation between the eye lens doses and the chest doses measured with the InstadoseTM. Based on the results obtained, we recommend the use of the InstadoseTM dosemeter for purposes of occupational whole-body monitoring of medical staff in interventional radiology and cardiology procedures.
Assuntos
Cardiologia , Cristalino/efeitos da radiação , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Dosímetros de Radiação/estatística & dados numéricos , Exposição à Radiação/análise , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Proteção Radiológica/métodos , Radiologia Intervencionista , Humanos , Cristalino/lesões , Corpo Clínico , Roupa de Proteção , Equipamentos de Proteção , Doses de Radiação , Exposição à Radiação/prevenção & controle , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Occupational neutron fields usually have energies from the thermal range to some MeV and the characterization of the spectra is essential for estimation of the radioprotection quantities. Thus, the spectrum must be unfolded based on a limited number of measurements. This study implemented an algorithm based on the bee colonies behavior, named Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), where the intelligent behavior of the bees in search of food is reproduced to perform the unfolding of neutron spectra. The experimental measurements used Bonner spheres and 6LiI (Eu) detector, with irradiations using a thermal neutron flux and three reference fields: 241Am-Be, 252Cf and 252Cf (D2O). The ABC obtained good estimation of the expected spectrum even without previous information and its results were closer to expected spectra than those obtained by the SPUNIT algorithm.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Comportamento Apetitivo , Abelhas , Nêutrons , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Amerício/análise , Animais , Berílio/análise , Biomimética , Califórnio/análise , Simulação por Computador , Método de Monte Carlo , Doses de Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodosRESUMO
Interventional radiology is a constantly evolving specialty overlapping with multiple other specialties, including cardiology, vascular surgery, orthopedic surgery, urology, and minimally invasive surgery. Unique ergonomic considerations for interventional radiology include utilization of intraoperative viewing monitors and personal radiation protection equipment. Work-related injuries are common in interventional radiologists,1 often leading to pain while performing procedures or during time away from work. This review article aims to identify the ergonomic challenges related to interventional radiology and provide background, guidelines, and specific recommendations for prevention of musculoskeletal injury.
Assuntos
Ergonomia , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/prevenção & controle , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Radiologistas , Radiologia Intervencionista , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Desenho de Equipamento , Arquitetura de Instituições de Saúde , Humanos , Descrição de Cargo , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/etiologia , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/fisiopatologia , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/fisiopatologia , Saúde Ocupacional , Postura , Roupa de Proteção , Fatores de Proteção , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Lesões por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Fatores de Risco , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Albedo dosemeters remain the most used dosemeters in neutron individual monitoring. In Brazil, most of the neutron occupational fields are from radionuclide sources, often without any moderation, where albedo dosemeters have poor energy response. The purpose of this work is to compare the HP(10) energy response of the IRD and ALNOR TLD albedo dosemeter systems, calculated by their modelling with Monte Carlo code MCNPX. Their energy responses are similar, as expected, but the IRD system is about five times more sensitive than the ALNOR one. IRD albedo system can measure the Brazilian monthly recording level of 0.2 mSv, even for bare 252Cf and 241Am-Be neutron fields. On the other hand, the ALNOR system can measure values higher than 0.2 mSv only after huge moderation of theses sources. These results show that IRD TLD albedo is more suitable than the ALNOR one to measure low doses at occupational fields from radionuclide sources.
Assuntos
Doses de Radiação , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Dosimetria Termoluminescente/instrumentação , Amerício , Berílio , Brasil , Simulação por Computador , Desenho de Equipamento , Método de Monte Carlo , Nêutrons , Dosímetros de Radiação , RadiometriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sunglasses popularity skyrocketed since its advent. The ongoing trend led to the creation of standards to protect consumers from injuries and secondary hazards due to spectacles use. In Brazil, the corresponding standard is NBR ISO 12312-1:2015 and since there is no mandatory testing, evaluating sunglasses performance provides an insight into compliance with the standard. In a continuing revision of sunglasses standards requirements, resistance to ignition is one of the concerns, since sunglasses should be protected from burning into flames at a pre-determined temperature, which may protect user of getting their sunglasses into flames if some, cigarette sparks reaches the spectacles, as an example. This paper describes the building of a resistance to ignition system and the results of 410 samples that have been tested accordingly to ISO 12312-1. METHODS: The procedure is in accordance with the resistance to ignition test. It consists of heating a steel rod to 650 °C and pressing it against the sample surface for 5 s, with a force equivalent to the rod weight. For carrying out the assessments, we have build resistance to ignition testing system and assured the testing requirements of the standard. The apparatus has an electrical furnace with a temperature acquisition circuit and electronic control that maintains the temperature of the steel rod at 650 °C. A linear actuator was designed for the project to drive the steel rod vertically and pressing it against the sunglasses samples. The control system is composed by a Freescale development board FRDM-KL25Z with an ARM Cortex-M0 embedded. We have also provided a LabView PC interface for acquiring, displaying, and storing data as well as added a physical control panel to the equipment for performing the evaluations. We assessed 410 sunglasses frames at the built apparatus, where the 410 lenses came out to be in accordance with the guidelines provided by the ignition to resistance test. Out of the 410 tested frames, 50% were made of polyamide (nylon 12); 10% were made of polyamide (nylon 11, mamona oil); 5% were made of cellulose acetate; 15% were made of ABS and 20% were made of polycarbonate. Out of the 410 tested lenses, 80% were polycarbonate; 2% were polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); 5% CR-39 (with polarizing filter inside); 12.8% polyamide; 0.2% glass. RESULTS: For all the 410 tested spectacles frames and lenses, none burst into flames or continued to melt at the end of the procedure, being in compliance with ISO 12312-1:2013. CONCLUSIONS: The evidences show that all the tested thermoplastic and thermosetting materials are exceptionally resistant to ignition and all samples assessed comply with the resistance to ignition test. The analysis of the sunglasses made herein assures that most of sunglasses currently available to population are made of safe material.
Assuntos
Óculos , Teste de Materiais/instrumentação , Proteção Radiológica/instrumentação , Proteção Radiológica/normas , Temperatura Alta , Lentes , Padrões de Referência , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness against radiation of tungsten bismuth caps, used in interventional cardiology is not well known. AIM: To determine the degree of radiation protection conferred by these caps in real work conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compared the gross electric charges received at brain lobe levels by three occupationally exposed professionals who participated in 22 consecutive procedures, inside and outside of the tungsten bismuth cap. RESULTS: The median electric charges outside and inside the cap were 3.71 (range 1.46-5.62) and 2.2 (range 1.29-3.93) nC, which correspond to a 40% radiation attenuation. However, the protection was heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: Tungsten bismuth caps provide an adequate attenuation, but its degree is heterogeneous.