RESUMO
The study aims to assess the impact of oven-drying and decontamination on crude protein concentration and in vitro crude protein digestibility of yellow mealworms. Two kilograms of 12-wk-old mealworm larvae were subjected to freezing prior to the drying process. Approximately 1.5 kg of mealworm larvae were divided into 3 groups and exposed to oven-drying at temperatures of 50 °C for 36 h, 60 °C, and 70 °C for 24 h each. At intervals of 2 h, sets of 3 replicates were withdrawn to record water loss. Consistent weight stabilization was observed at 36 h for 50 °C (T50), 18 h for 60 °C (T60), and 14 h for 70 °C (T70). The remaining 0.5 kg of mealworm larvae was divided and dried under treatments T50, T60, and T70. Each treatment was then split into 2 portions, with one portion subjected to 90 °C for 15 min (denoted as T50-90, T60-90, T70-90) to eliminate microbial contamination. The 6 treatments were then used to determine concentrations of dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, pre-caecal protein digestibility, and dry matter residues after neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin treatments. No interaction was observed between drying and decontamination treatments (Pâ >â 0.17). Pre-caecal crude protein digestibility increased with decreasing temperature (T50: 58% crude protein; T60: 51% crude protein; T70: 50% crude protein). Therefore, lower temperatures for longer times preserve crude protein digestibility. These findings are crucial for understanding how drying temperature and time impact protein bioavailability.
Assuntos
Digestão , Larva , Tenebrio , Animais , Tenebrio/química , Tenebrio/metabolismo , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dessecação , Ração Animal/análise , Descontaminação/métodos , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo , Temperatura AltaRESUMO
Andean crops such as quinoa, amaranth, cañihua, beans, maize, and tarwi have gained interest in recent years for being gluten-free and their high nutritional values; they have high protein content with a well-balanced essential amino acids profile, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, and antioxidant compounds. During the germination bioprocess, the seed metabolism is reactivated resulting in the catabolism and degradation of macronutrients and some anti-nutritional compounds. Therefore, germination is frequently used to improve nutritional quality, protein digestibility, and availability of certain minerals and vitamins; furthermore, in specific cases, biosynthesis of new bioactive compounds could occur through the activation of secondary metabolic pathways. These changes could alter the technological and sensory properties, such as the hardness, consistency and viscosity of the formulations prepared with them. In addition, the flavor profile may undergo improvement or alteration, a critical factor to consider when integrating sprouted grains into food formulations. This review summarizes recent research on the nutritional, technological, functional, and sensory changes occur during the germination of Andean grains and analyze their potential applications in various food products.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas , Germinação , Valor Nutritivo , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Chenopodium quinoa/química , Paladar , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Amaranthus/química , Amaranthus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Minerais/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Fabaceae/químicaRESUMO
The chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and functional properties of mixtures of baru by-products, named baru food ingredients (BFI), were investigated and applied in a plant-based burger formulation. BFI were prepared from wasted baru by-products - partially defatted baru nut cake and baru pulp plus peel. A plant-based burger was developed and its chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, cooking and texture parameters were determined. BFI1 (50% partially defatted baru nut cake + 50% baru pulp plus peel) had the highest content of carbohydrate (31.9%), and dietary fibre (28.3%). BFI2 (75% partially defatted baru nut cake + 25% baru pulp plus peel) and BFI3 (90% partially defatted baru nut cake + 10% baru pulp plus peel) showed high concentration of protein and dietary fibre, and BFI3 had the highest protein content (29.5%). All BFI showed high concentration of total phenolics (402-443 mg GAE/100 g). Replacing textured pea protein of control burger (PPB) with 35% of BFI3 in the formulation of baru protein burger (BPB) resulted in a low-fat product (2.9%), with protein content (19.2%) comparable to the PPB (15.9%) and the commercial burger (mixed plant proteins - 16.3%). The BPB also showed a higher concentration of dietary fibre (4.9%) and phenolic compounds (128 mg GAE/100 g) than the control burger. BPB's cooking yield was the highest among the tested burgers. BPB had a softer texture when compared to other burgers. Baru food ingredients can be used as nutritive ingredients of health-promoting foods, especially in plant-based products, such as burger and meat analogues, or in hybrid meat products. BPB showed a healthy and nutritious profile.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Culinária , Fibras na Dieta , Ingredientes de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Culinária/métodos , Antioxidantes/análise , Ingredientes de Alimentos/análise , Fenóis/análise , Alimento Funcional , Nozes/química , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Carboidratos da Dieta/análiseRESUMO
All vertebrates possess a daily rhythm, encompassing a comprehensive set of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral patterns that manifest throughout a 24-hour period. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of crude protein (CP) levels in the diet on the daily rhythm of urea in serum (US) and saliva in alpacas and sheep. Ten alpacas and ten sheep, adult, clinically healthy males, were used; they were maintained in natural light conditions and fed ad libitum with two levels of CP (16 and 7%). Blood and saliva samples were taken every 4 h for 48 h. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to analyze the parameters, including adjusted mean rhythm (MESOR), amplitude, and acrophase. It was found that both US and saliva urea exhibited circadian rhythms with a peak during the midday (10:59 - 12:16 h). The MESOR with low CP diets was higher (P < 0.05) in alpacas. The MESOR of urea levels in saliva was greater (P < 0.05) at the highest level of CP in the diet, with no differences between alpacas and sheep (P > 0.05). The amplitude was greater (P < 0.05) in alpacas and at the high level of CP compared to the low level of CP in the diet. Our findings reveal that both serum and saliva urea levels in alpacas and sheep follow a daily rhythm and the MESOR of US was higher in alpacas when they consume food with low CP content, and this difference disappears when CP levels are increased in the diet.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Camelídeos Americanos , Ritmo Circadiano , Dieta , Saliva , Ureia , Animais , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Ureia/análise , Ureia/sangue , Ureia/metabolismo , Camelídeos Americanos/fisiologia , Saliva/química , Masculino , Ovinos/fisiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Ração Animal/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análiseRESUMO
This study explores the impact of co-ingesting cereals and legumes on starch and protein during simulated infant in vitro digestion. Various legumes (chickpeas, lentils, peas) were added to cereals (durum wheat, brown rice, white maize), and their effects on starch and protein hydrolysis were analyzed. Substituting 50% of cereal with legumes increased proteins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Infant food with legumes exhibited smoother pasting properties. Legumes in cereal purées led to varying starch hydrolysis trends, with the lowest values in durum wheat with chickpea and all cereal blends with peas. Resistant starch levels exceeding 50% were found in infant food samples. Digested protein hydrolysis increased with legumes in durum wheat, except for peas. Brown rice mixtures decreased significantly compared to the control with chickpeas (61%) and peas (42%), while lentil blends increased by 46%. Legumes generally did not significantly affect starch bioavailability, even with α-amylase inhibitors. Lentil-cereal purées could enhance infant food nutritional value.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares , Digestão , Grão Comestível , Fabaceae , Alimentos Infantis , Amido , Amido/metabolismo , Grão Comestível/química , Alimentos Infantis/análise , Humanos , Fabaceae/química , Lactente , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Hidrólise , Lens (Planta)/química , Triticum/química , Cicer/química , Oryza/química , Pisum sativum/químicaRESUMO
Understanding the nutritional content of protein supplements is crucial for optimal nutritional planning among athletes and other people. Distribution of macronutrients and aminograms in the main products available in the national Chilean market remains unknown. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the main protein supplements available in the Chilean market. Information on macronutrients and aminograms from the nutritional labels of each product was extracted. The analysis considered the content per portion and per 100 g. Cluster analysis models and graphical representations were explored. Eighty protein shakes were assessed in the Santiago de Chile market. The median protein dosage was 32 g (range from 25 to 52), and the median energy value stood at 390 kcal (range from 312 to 514). The median protein content per 100 g of product was found to be 75 g (range from 42.5 to 97.2). The combined median concentration of amino acids was 4749.75 mg. Among these, the essential amino acid L-Tryptophan exhibited the lowest concentration at 1591.50 mg, while the conditional amino acid L-Glutamine had the highest median concentration at 17,336 mg. There was a significant prevalence of animal-derived products, placing specific emphasis on protein supplements that feature elevated levels of the amino acids L-Glutamine and L-Leucine.
Assuntos
Proteínas Alimentares , Suplementos Nutricionais , Valor Nutritivo , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Humanos , Aminoácidos/análise , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Triptofano/análise , Nutrientes/análise , Leucina/análise , Ingestão de Energia , Glutamina/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Puerto Rican adults residing in the US mainland experience a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). A diet containing healthy protein-rich sources may help control risk factors for MetS. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate 2-year longitudinal associations between intake of various protein-rich foods and changes in the six MetS components. DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal cohort study using data from the baseline (2004-2007) and 2-year follow-up visits (2006-2011) in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Participants were self-identified Puerto Ricans, aged 45 to 75 years, residing in Boston, Massachusetts, or the surrounding area (n = 1,126). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: MetS components were fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and waist circumference. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Baseline intake of foods reported in a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire were expressed as servings/day, and protein-rich foods were categorized as unprocessed white meat, unprocessed red meat, processed meat, milk and yogurt, cheese, fish and seafood, beans, nuts, and eggs. Associations between each continuous protein food group and continuous 2-year change in MetS components were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for socioeconomic and behavioral factors, and other dietary sources. RESULTS: The top contributors to total protein intake were unprocessed red meat (13.3%) and unprocessed poultry (13.0%), and the lowest were eggs (2.92%) and nuts (0.91%). Higher intake of processed meats was associated with an increase in waist circumference over 2 years (ß = 1.28; standard error [SE] = 0.63), whereas higher intake of fish and seafood was associated with a decrease in waist circumference (ß = -3.47; SE = 1.39). Intake of unprocessed poultry was associated with a decrease in triglycerides (ß = -24.5; SE = 9.13). No other significant associations were observed between protein sources and 2-year changes in MetS components. CONCLUSIONS: Consuming less processed meat and more fish and seafood and unprocessed poultry was associated with decreases in waist circumference and triglycerides among US mainland Puerto Ricans. Other dietary protein sources were not related to cardiometabolic health.
Assuntos
Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Idoso , Animais , Boston/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Dieta/etnologia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Produtos da Carne , Síndrome Metabólica/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aves Domésticas , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Alimentos Marinhos , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
Infant formulas, designed to provide similar nutritional composition and performance to human milk, are recommended when breastfeeding is not enough to provide for the nutritional needs of children under 12 months of age. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the protein quality and essential amino acid content of both starting (phase 1) and follow-up (phase 2) formulas from different manufacturers. The chemical amino acid score and protein digestibility corrected by the amino acid score were calculated. The determined protein contents in most formulas were above the maximum limit recommended by FAO and WHO guidelines and at odds with the protein contents declared in the label. All infant formulas contained lactoferrin (0.06 to 0.44 g·100 g-1) and α-lactalbumin (0.02 to 1.34 g·100 g-1) below recommended concentrations, whereas ĸ-casein (8.28 to 12.91 g·100 g-1), α-casein (0.70 to 2.28 g·100 g-1) and ß-lactoglobulin (1.32 to 4.19 g·100 g-1) were detected above recommended concentrations. Essential amino acid quantification indicated that threonine, leucine and phenylalanine were the most abundant amino acids found in the investigated infant formulas. In conclusion, infant formulas are still unconforming to nutritional breast milk quality and must be improved in order to follow current global health authority guidelines.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos Essenciais/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Digestão , Fórmulas Infantis/química , Valor Nutritivo , Animais , Brasil , Aleitamento Materno , Caseínas/análise , Bovinos , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Fórmulas Infantis/normas , Recém-Nascido , Lactalbumina/análise , Lactoferrina/análise , Lactoglobulinas/análise , Leite Humano/químicaRESUMO
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels on protein and carbohydrate fractions in Marandu palisadegrass pasture [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] were investigated in a pasture over five years. The experimental design was completely randomized with four levels of N (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha-1, as urea) for five years, and with three replicates. The study was conducted in a continuously stocked pasture during the forage growing season (December to April) in a tropical region. The effects of N fertilization were similar across the five years. With increasing N fertilization, the concentrations of crude protein (CP) increased from 103 to 173 g kg-1 (P < 0.001), soluble fractions (Fraction A + B1) increased from 363 to 434 g kg-1 of total CP (P = 0.006); neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased from 609 to 556 g kg-1 (P = 0.037); indigestible NDF (P = 0.046), potentially degradable neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.037), and acid detergent fiber decreased (P = 0.05), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) increased (P < 0.001). Increasing N fertilization decreased the concentrations of Fraction C (P = 0.014) and total carbohydrates (P < 0.0001), and increased CP:organic matter digestibility (P < 0.01). Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber free of ash and protein (P = 0.003), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.001), neutral detergent fiber potentially degradable (P = 0.11), CP (P < 0.001), Fraction A + B1 (P < 0.001), Fraction B2 (P < 0.001), Fraction B3 (P < 0.01), and non-structural carbohydrates differed (P < 0.001) across years. Therefore, N fertilization can be used to increase CP, soluble protein, and TDN.
Assuntos
Carboidratos/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Poaceae/química , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bovinos , FertilizaçãoRESUMO
Atualmente, tem-se discutido a utilização de insetos na alimentação animal devido ao seu potencial para substituir as fontes tradicionais de proteína utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a composição nutricional de larvas de Tenebrio molitor e de grilos do gênero Gryllus assimilis. Os teores de energia bruta (kcal/kg), proteína bruta (g/kg), extrato etéreo (g/kg), cinza (g/kg), FDN (g/kg) e FDA (g/kg) encontrados nas larvas de Tenebrio molitor foram de 7.188,6, 490,2, 335,4, 36,8, 71,8, e 64,0 respectivamente; nos grilos (Gryllus assimilis), os valores foram de 5.942,6, 541,3, 75,2, 49,1, 277,8, e 193,0 respectivamente. Os macros e microminerais quantificados foram fósforo, potássio, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, manganês, zinco e cobre. Nas larvas de Tenebrio molitor, os valores encontrados foram de 8,56 g/kg, 8,39 g/kg, 1,39 g/kg, 0,44 g/kg, 2,3 g/kg, 48,4 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 189 mg/kg e 18 mg/kg respectivamente. Para os grilos (Gryllus assimilis), os teores encontrados foram respectivamente de 8,30 g/kg, 11,6 g/kg, 1,10 g/kg, 3,88 g/kg, 0,82 g/kg, 96,8 mg/kg, 23,7 mg/kg, 18,3 mg/kg e 21,7 mg/kg. Larvas de Tenebrio molitor e grilos do gênero Gryllus assimilis podem ser alternativas para reduzir o uso de fontes de proteína vegetal na alimentação animal.(AU)