RESUMO
The justification for this review article is to understand the position of vegans and those individuals who consume food of animal origin from an unbiased perspective but with a grounding in scientific evidence. This will provide people who eat meat with scientific and ethical arguments to defend their alimentary autonomy in the context of the moral conflict that has emerged in societies regarding the consumption of meat and animal products, which is criticized sometimes even attacked by activists, ovolactovegetarians, or vegetarians with alimentary habits that stress ethical and moral respect for animals. These individuals refuse to eat meat and animal products but sometimes show disrespect for those who do. In recent decades, veganism and vegetarianism have reached an apogee in some western societies where they are often considered a healthy option for humans that simultaneously fosters animal and environmental welfare. While those diets may provide numerous benefits, they can also entail health risks by failing to provide balance and necessary dietary supplements. Various researchers concur that they are not appropriate for pregnant women, children, or carnivorous or omnivorous pets. Our review of scientific articles in favor and against dietary regimens that lack protein of animal origin leads to the conclusion that these dietary changes, on their own, do not reduce animal suffering or the contamination generated by the meat, dairy, and poultry industries. Finally, it is important to consider that, despite the popular opinion that vegetarianism and veganism are healthy diet alternatives, the diet must be individualized and well-balanced according to each stage of their life cycle.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Dieta Vegana , Vegetarianos , Veganos , Dieta Saudável , Proteínas Animais da DietaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: How to manage patients with severe kidney disease in pregnancy is still a matter of discussion, and deciding if and when to start dialysis is based on the specialist's experience and dialysis availability. The effect of toxic substances usually cleared by the kidney may be more severe and readily evident. The review, and related case, underlines the importance of considering the presence of additives in food in delicate conditions, such as CKD pregnancy. The Case: A 39-year-old indigenous woman from a low-resourced area in Mexico was referred to the obstetric nephrology at 25 gestational weeks because of serum creatinine at 3.6 mg/dL, hypertension on low-dose alpha-methyl-dopa, and nephrotic-range proteinuria. Kidney ultrasounds showed small poorly differentiated kidneys; foetal ultrasounds detected a female foetus, normal for gestational age. The patient's baseline protein intake, which was estimated at 1.2-1.3 g/kg/day, was mostly of animal-origin (>70%) poor-quality food ("junk food"). In the proposed diet, protein intake was only slightly reduced (1.0-1.2 g/kg/day), but the source of proteins was changed (only 30% of animal origin) with attention to food quality. A remarkable decrease in BUN was observed, in concomitance with adequate dietary follow-up, with rapid rise of BUN when the patient switched temporarily back to previous habits. A healthy female baby weighing 2,460 g (11th centile for gestational age) was delivered at 37 gestational weeks. Discussion and Literature Review: While data on patients with chronic kidney disease are scant, the long list of contaminants present in food, especially if of low quality, should lead us to reflect on their potential negative effect on kidney function and make us realize that eating healthy, unprocessed "organic" food should be encouraged, in delicate conditions such as pregnancy and breastfeeding and for young children, in particular when kidney function is failing. The case herein described gave us the opportunity to reflect on the importance of diet quality and on the potential risks linked to food additives, many of which, including phosphates and potassium, are not declared on food labels, while others, including dyes, antioxidants, thickeners, emulsifiers, and preservatives, are qualitatively, but not quantitatively, reported.
Assuntos
Proteínas Animais da Dieta , Dieta Saudável , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis , Complicações na Gravidez/dietoterapia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/dietoterapia , Adulto , Proteínas Animais da Dieta/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/metabolismo , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Proteinúria/complicações , Proteinúria/dietoterapia , Proteinúria/metabolismo , Proteinúria/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The present study investigated and compared the patterns of dietary protein intake and physical function in Brazilian and Italian older women. Seventy-five Brazilian older women were recruited in a community senior center. Fifty-three age-matched Italian older women were selected from participants of the Longevity check-up (Lookup) 7+ study. In both samples, physical performance was evaluated by isometric handgrip strength (IHG) and five-time sit-to-stand (5 × STS) tests, while diet was assessed through 24-h recall. Results indicated that Brazilian women had a higher intake of plant-based protein (52.7% vs. 30.5% kcal), while Italian women consumed greater amounts of animal-derived protein (29.7% vs. 41.5% kcal). In Brazilian women, the binary logistic regression analysis indicated that body weight-adjusted protein consumption was associated with IHG adjusted by body mass index and with 5 × STS performance. In the Italian sample, the intake of isoleucine, leucine, and valine was significantly associated with 5 × STS performance. Our findings indicate that Brazilian and Italian community-dwelling older women show different patterns of protein intake, with higher consumption of plant-based protein in the Brazilian sample and higher ingestion of animal-derived protein in the Italian subgroup. These dietary patterns may differentially impact the relationship between physical function and protein intake observed in Brazilian and Italian older women.
Assuntos
Proteínas Animais da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Vida Independente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição/fisiologia , Desempenho Físico Funcional , Proteínas de Vegetais Comestíveis/administração & dosagem , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Itália , Leucina/administração & dosagem , Longevidade , Valina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID 19)(1) es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-)(2) que se detectó en Wuhan, China en diciembre 2019 y al momento se registran más de 500 mil casos y más de 25 mil muertes a nivel mundial (3). En El Salvador, el primer caso se notificó el día 18 de marzo y actualmente se registran 13 casos positivos. A partir del 11 de marzo, se decretó una cuarentena en centros de contención a toda persona que ingresara al país vía aérea o terrestre y el 21 de marzo se decretó cuarentena nacional por 30 días, lo cual ha significado habilitar al momento un total de 2 462 personas en 61 albergues a nivel nacional1. En este sentido, el personal de salud es quién está en la primera línea de atención de pacientes sospechosos y confirmados con COVID-19, ya que se encuentra al frente en la vigilancia y búsqueda en el área de manejo de pacientes con problemas respiratorios (área de IRAS) de los establecimientos de salud, y además, son quienes coordinan, examinan a todas las persona que se encuentran en los centros de contención. El número de personal de salud infectado por coronavirus no deja de crecer día tras día, para el 25 de marzo, España (4) había reportado 6500 contagiados entre los trabajadores sanitarios de un total de 47 600 casos (13.6%) e Italia (5) reportó 4824 contagios en personal de salud de casi 75 mil casos (6.4%); porcentajes mayores a lo reportado por China, donde el personal de salud contagiado por COVID-19 (2.7%) ha sido significativamente menor en comparación con los infectados por SARS (21.1%)(6).
Assuntos
Humanos , Vigilância Sanitária Ambiental , Proteínas Animais da DietaRESUMO
Ante la emergencia que el país enfrenta por COVID-19 y con el objetivo de proporcionar información que ayude a la toma de decisiones basada en evidencia, se ha realizado una revisión de la información disponible acerca de las consideraciones especiales que los profesionales de salud y las personas que viven con VIH deben tener en cuenta. Se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes revistas científicas, repositorios de prepint, declaraciones de organismos internacionales y gubernamental, noticias, entre otros con el objetivo de analizar la evidencia disponible acerca de los principales temas como: riesgo de co-infección de COVID-19-VIH, tratamiento con antirretrovirales, monitoreo clínico y de laboratorio, manejo de personas con VIH en cuarentena, manejo clínico de co-infección COVID-19 y VIH y co-infección VIH-TB y COVID-19 que se presentan a continuación: 1. Riesgo de infección de COVID-19 en personas con VIH: Al momento, no hay evidencia que haga pensar que existe un mayor riesgo de infección o de gravedad con COVID-19 en personas con VIH clínicamente estables respecto a las personas sin VIH. Organismos como OMS(1), CDC(2), los NIH(3), ONUSIDA(4) y EACS (Sociedad Clínica Europea de SIDA) (5) coinciden que a pesar de ello, no se puede olvidar que la presencia de factores de riesgo descritos como(6): edad mayor de 50 años, presencia de comorbilidades como: ERC, HTA, diabetes, tabaquismo crónico aumentan el riesgo de una complicación o muerte en COVID-19, especialmente aquellas con VIH avanzado o VIH mal controlado (recuento de CD4 < 500 mm3).
Given the emergency that the country is facing due to COVID-19 and with the aim of providing information that To assist evidence-based decision-making, a review of available information has been conducted about special considerations that health professionals and people living with HIV should consider. A search was made in different scientific journals, prepint repositories, statements from international and governmental organizations, news, among others, with the aim of analyzing the available evidence on the main topics such as: risk of co-infection of COVID-19-HIV , antiretroviral treatment, clinical and laboratory monitoring, management of people with HIV in quarantine, clinical management of co-infection COVID-19 and HIV and co-infection HIV-TB and COVID-19 presented below: 1. Risk of COVID-19 infection in people with HIV: At the moment, there is no evidence to suggest that there is an increased or serious risk of infection with COVID-19 in clinically stable people with HIV compared to people without HIV. Organizations such as WHO (1), CDC (2), NIH (3), UNAIDS (4) and EACS (European Clinical Society for AIDS) (5) agree that despite this, it cannot be forgotten that the presence of factors risk factors described as (6): age over 50 years, presence of comorbidities such as: CKD, AHT, diabetes, chronic smoking increase the risk of a complication or death in COVID-19, especially those with advanced HIV or poorly controlled HIV ( CD4 count <500 mm3).
Assuntos
Humanos , Proteínas Animais da Dieta , AraucariaRESUMO
La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) es ocasionada por un patógeno emergente de rápida propagación, que está causando miles de casos y muertes a nivel mundial, preocupando a la sociedad debido a que la mayor tasa de letalidad está en una de las poblaciones susceptibles (los mayores de 60 años), sin embargo, existe otras poblaciones (embarazadas, inmunosuprimidos, pacientes con padecimientos crónicos, otros) que al igual pueden verse afectadas por el virus. La mujer representa mayor susceptibilidad especialmente en el embarazo, parto y postparto, así como el recién nacido, esto preocupa a la obstetricia ya que aún no se cuenta con mucha información que describa de manera contundente las consecuencias de este en el embarazo y la lactancia. Por tanto, se brinda una búsqueda en este campo a la luz de las pocas investigaciones descritas por algunos científicos y recomendaciones del Centro de control de enfermedades (CDC) de Atlanta y la Organización mundial de la salud (OMS), que podría ayudar a comprender las posibles implicaciones como resultado de padecer COVID-19 en esta etapa del ciclo de la vida. Antecedentes SARS y MERS. Los científicos están tratando de comprender al nuevo agente infeccioso tomando en cuenta la experiencia tenida con SARS y MERS. Así se tiene que, con respecto a SARS no hay evidencia clínica, radiológica o laboratorio para la transmisión vertical. Las mujeres fueron más propensas a presentar complicaciones: insuficiencia renal, sepsis y coagulopatía intravascular diseminada, que requerían ingreso en UCI. Los casos descritos en Hong Kong (2 casos), EUA (2 casos) y Canadá (1 caso), todas tuvieron diversas complicaciones, dos de ellas tuvieron partos de termino y otras 2 prematuros, una por petición de la madre termino el embarazo. La letalidad de una serie de 12 casos de mujeres embrazadas con SARS fue del 25%. Los bebes salieron negativos a SARS-CoV. Con Síndrome respiratorio de medio oriente (MERS) se describe 13 casos sintomáticos, según los datos al igual que con SARS hubo complicaciones: tres murieron entre los 8 -25 días postparto y 8 se recuperaron(1).
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a rapidly spreading emerging pathogen, which is causing thousands of cases and deaths worldwide, worrying society because the highest case fatality rate is in one of the susceptible populations (over 60 years), without However, there are other populations (pregnant, immunosuppressed, patients with chronic conditions, others) that can also be affected by the virus. Women represent greater susceptibility especially in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum, as well as the newborn, this worries obstetrics since there is still not much information that conclusively describes the consequences of this in pregnancy and lactation. Therefore, a search is provided in this field in light of the few research described by some scientists and recommendations of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) of Atlanta and the World Health Organization (WHO), which could help understand the possible implications as a result of having COVID-19 at this stage of the life cycle. SARS and MERS Background. Scientists are trying to understand the new infectious agent based on experience with SARS and MERS. Thus, with respect to SARS, there is no clinical, radiological or laboratory evidence for vertical transmission. Women were more likely to have complications: renal failure, sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, requiring admission to the ICU. The cases described in Hong Kong (2 cases), USA (2 cases) and Canada (1 case), all had various complications, two of them had term deliveries and the other 2 premature, one at the request of the mother pregnancy ended. The case fatality of a series of 12 cases of pregnant women with SARS was 25%. Babies tested negative for SARS-CoV. With Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) describes 13 symptomatic cases, according to the data as with SARS there were complications: three died between 8-25 days postpartum and 8 they recovered (1).
Assuntos
Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez , Proteínas Animais da DietaRESUMO
Ante la emergencia nacional decretada por la pandemia de la enfermedad COVID-19, se ha presentado una considerable reducción de la asistencia de personas donantes voluntarias altruistas de sangre a la Red Nacional de Bancos de Sangre, lo cual a corto plazo, puede ocasionar un desabastecimiento de hemocomponentes que son vitales para la atención de emergencias, así como también en el tratamiento de pacientes con diversas enfermedades en la Red de Hospitales del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud. Con el propósito de facilitar que las personas que son donantes voluntarios, puedan asistir a los Bancos de sangre, se elaboran los presentes lineamientos en los cuales se establecen los mecanismos para facilitar el traslado de los donantes, así como también se brindan las indicaciones a seguir por los Bancos de Sangre del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud.
In the face of the national emergency decreed by the COVID-19 disease pandemic, it has been presented a considerable reduction in the assistance of voluntary donors altruistic blood to the National Network of Blood Banks, which in the short term, can cause a shortage of blood components that are vital for the care of emergencies, as well as in the treatment of patients with various diseases in the Hospital Network of the National Integrated Health System. In order to make it easier for people who are voluntary donors to attend Blood banks, these guidelines are drawn up in which the mechanisms to facilitate the transfer of donors, as well as the provision of directions to follow by the Blood Banks of the Integrated National Health System.
Assuntos
Humanos , Proteínas Animais da Dieta , AraucariaRESUMO
La situación generada por la pandemia de COVID-19 exige la adopción de medidas que incrementen la protección de la salud de las personas, en busca de disminuir el flujo de personas ante la emisión del decreto ejecutivo No. 12 del Órgano Ejecutivo en el ramo de salud, relativo a la cuarentena domiciliar anunciada por el Señor Presidente de la República de El Salvador. Ante la emergencia nacional por COVID-19, se establecen las siguientes disposiciones para la entrega domiciliar de medicamentos a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles con recetas repetitivas, emitidas en hospitales de referencia de las Farmacias Especializadas, con propósito disminuir la afluencia de pacientes en los establecimientos de salud en el contexto de la pandemia. Este esfuerzo será realizado en coordinación con Correos de El Salvador para garantizar el abastecimiento de medicamentos a los usuarios de las Farmacias Especializadas del país, por lo que es fundamental disponer de lineamientos que aseguren la correcta distribución domiciliar, para asegurar la calidad de los cuidados y disminuir el riesgo potencial de contagiarse de COVID-19, sin descuidar el abastecimiento de medicamentos para las personas con patologías crónicas.
The situation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic requires the adoption of measures that increase the protection of people's health, seeking to decrease the flow of people due to the issuance of Executive Decree No. 12 of the Executive Branch in the field of health, relative to the household quarantine announced by the President of the Republic of El Salvador. In the face of the national emergency for COVID-19, the following provisions are established for the home delivery of medications to patients with chronic non-communicable diseases with repetitive prescriptions, issued in reference hospitals of Specialized Pharmacies, with the purpose of reducing the influx of patients in the health facilities in the context of the pandemic. This effort will be carried out in coordination with Correos de El Salvador to guarantee the supply of medicines to users of the country's Specialized Pharmacies, for which reason it is essential to have guidelines that ensure the correct distribution at home, to ensure the quality of care and decrease the potential risk of getting COVID-19, without neglecting the supply of medicines for people with chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Humanos , Alouatta caraya , Proteínas Animais da DietaRESUMO
Las directrices para el manejo y disposición final de cadáveres por COVID2019, requieren de medidas de bioseguridad y precaución estándar encaminadas para este fin y lograr la prevención de esta infección en el personal responsable del manejo y disposición final de cadáveres. Los presentes lineamientos técnicos contienen las actividades que el personal de salud debe cumplir para el manejo y disposición final de cadáveres en los diferentes escenarios, domiciliar, hospitalario y durante el traslado en busca de atención. Asimismo se establecen las indicaciones para la inhumación ante el fallecimiento por caso confirmado o sospecho de COVID-19. Todo lo anterior con el objetivo de proteger la salud de la población en general fortaleciendo la prevención y evitando la transmisibilidad.
The guidelines for the management and final disposal of corpses by COVID-2019, require biosecurity measures and standard precaution aimed at this purpose and to achieve the prevention of this infection in the personnel responsible for the management and final disposal of corpses. These technical guidelines contain the activities that health personnel must comply with for the handling and final disposal of corpses in the different scenarios, domiciliary, hospital and during the transfer in search of care. Likewise, the indications for burial upon death are established due to a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19. All of the above with the aim of protecting the health of the general population by strengthening prevention and avoiding transmissibility.
Assuntos
Humanos , Proteínas Animais da Dieta , EpidemiologiaRESUMO
La situación generada por la pandemia de coronavirus COVID-19, exige la adopción de medidas que incrementen la protección de la salud de las personas, con el adecuado funcionamiento de establecimientos del primer nivel de atención y hospitales. Debido a la suspensión de la consulta externa programada de primera vez y subsecuentes ante la emergencia nacional por COVID-19, se establecen las siguientes disposiciones para la emisión de recetas repetitivas, dispensación o entrega de medicamentos a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y otras en las que apliquen la indicación de este tipo de recetas, las mismas tienen como propósito disminuir la afluencia de pacientes en los establecimientos de salud en el contexto de la pandemia. La atención de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas y su control terapéutico con administración de medicamentos es una de las prestaciones más frecuentes en los establecimientos de salud, por lo que es fundamental disponer de lineamientos que aseguren la correcta prescripción y dispensación, para asegurar la calidad de los cuidados y disminuir el riesgo potencial de contagiarse de COVID-19, sin descuidar el abastecimiento de medicamentos para las personas con patologías crónicas.
The situation generated by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic requires the adoption of measures that increase the protection of people's health, with the proper functioning of first-level facilities and hospitals. Due to the suspension of the external consultation scheduled for the first time and subsequent before the national emergency by COVID-19, the following provisions are established for the issuance of prescriptions Repetitive, dispensing, or delivering medications to patients with chronic illnesses transferable and others in which the indication of this type of recipes apply, they have as purpose to decrease the influx of patients in health facilities in the context of pandemic. The care of patients with chronic diseases and their therapeutic control with administration of medicines is one of the most frequent benefits in health facilities, making it It is essential to have guidelines that ensure the correct prescription and dispensing, to ensure the quality of care and decrease the potential risk of getting COVID-19, without neglecting the supply of medicines for people with chronic diseases.