RESUMO
Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women. RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) estimated to occur every year. Several lines of evidence in the field of molecular biology of RV have provided deeper insights into the teratogenesis process. The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. This review focuses on the findings in the molecular biology of RV, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial, cytoskeleton and the gene expression changes. Further, the review addresses in detail, the role of apoptosis in the teratogenesis process.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Congênitas/virologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita/virologia , Vírus da Rubéola/fisiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/complicações , Teratogênese , Apoptose/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/virologia , Gravidez , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Transdução de Sinais , Replicação Viral/fisiologiaRESUMO
Between September 2014 and December 2015, 298 sera from rash and fever patients from all over Cuba were investigated for specific IgM antibodies against measles, rubella, dengue, human parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. B19V IgM positive and equivocal samples were investigated by a polymerase chain reaction and genotyping. No measles, rubella or dengue cases were detected. HHV6-IgM antibodies were confirmed in 5.7% and B19V-IgM antibodies in 10.7% of the patients. A total of 31.3% of the B19V cases were between 5 and 9 years old and 34.4% were 20 years and older. The only B19V sequence obtained belonged to genotype 1a. Diagnosis was established for only 16% of the rash and fever patients, suggesting that other diseases such as Zika or Chikungunya may play a role.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Sarampo/virologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/imunologia , Parvovirus B19 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção/virologia , Cuba , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Exantema/virologia , Feminino , Febre/virologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Lactente , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Rubella or German measles is an infection caused by rubella virus (RV). Infection of children and adults is usually characterized by a mild exanthematous febrile illness. However, RV is a major cause of birth defects and fetal death following infection in pregnant women. RV is a teratogen and is a major cause of public health concern as there are more than 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) estimated to occur every year. Several lines of evidence in the field of molecular biology of RV have provided deeper insights into the teratogenesis process. The damage to the growing fetus in infected mothers is multifactorial, arising from a combination of cellular damage, as well as its effect on the dividing cells. This review focuses on the findings in the molecular biology of RV, with special emphasis on the mitochondrial, cytoskeleton and the gene expression changes. Further, the review addresses in detail, the role of apoptosis in the teratogenesis process.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/complicações , Vírus da Rubéola/fisiologia , Anormalidades Congênitas/virologia , Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita/virologia , Teratogênese , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Mitocôndrias/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prenatal tests are important for prevention of vertical transmission of various infectious agents. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella virus and vaccination coverage against HBV in pregnant adolescents who received care in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 324 pregnant adolescents from 2009 to 2010. After the interview and blood collection, the patients were screened for antibodies and/or antigens against HIV-1/2, HTLV-1/2, CMV, rubella virus and HBV. The epidemiological variables were demonstrated using descriptive statistics with the G, χ2 and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 15.8 years, and the majority (65.4%) had less than 6 years of education. The mean age at first intercourse was 14.4 years, and 60.8% reported having a partner aged between 12 and 14 years. The prevalence of HIV infection was 0.3%, and of HTLV infection was 0.6%. Regarding HBV, 0.6% of the participants had acute infection, 9.9% had a previous infection, 16.7% had vaccine immunity and 72.8% were susceptible to infection. The presence of anti-HBs was greater in adolescent between 12 and 14 years old (28.8%) while the anti-HBc was greater in adolescent between 15 and 18 years old (10.3%). Most of the adolescents presented the IgG antibody to CMV (96.3%) and rubella (92.3%). None of the participants had acute rubella infection, and 2.2% had anti-CMV IgM. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first report of the seroepidemiology of infectious agents in a population of pregnant adolescents in the Northern region of Brazil. Most of the adolescents had low levels of education, were susceptible to HBV infection and had IgG antibodies to CMV and rubella virus. The prevalence of HBV, HIV and HTLV was similar to that reported in other regions of Brazil. However, the presence of these agents in this younger population reinforces the need for good prenatal follow-up and more comprehensive vaccination campaigns against HBV due to the large number of women susceptible to the virus.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Testes para Triagem do Soro Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Gravidez na Adolescência/sangue , Viroses/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/sangue , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/virologia , Deltaretrovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/sangue , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/virologia , Feminino , HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Hepatite B/sangue , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/sangue , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/sangue , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Vírus da Rubéola/imunologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viroses/sangue , Viroses/virologiaRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to identify the rubella virus (RV) and enterovirus (EV) genotypes detected during the Epidemiological Surveillance on Exanthematic Febrile Diseases (VIGIFEX) study and to perform phylogenetic analysis. Ten RV- and four EV-positive oropharyngeal samples isolated from cell culture were subjected to RT-PCR and sequencing. Genotype 1G and echovirus 9 (E-9) was identified in RV- and EV-positive samples, respectively. The RV 1G genotype has been persisting in Brazil since 2000-2001. No evidence of E-9 being involved in exanthematic illness in Brazil has been reported previously. Differential laboratory diagnosis is essential for management of rash and fever disease.
Assuntos
Echovirus 9/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Echovirus/epidemiologia , Vírus da Rubéola/isolamento & purificação , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Echovirus 9/classificação , Echovirus 9/genética , Infecções por Echovirus/virologia , Genótipo , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Orofaringe/virologia , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Vírus da Rubéola/classificação , Vírus da Rubéola/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Rubella virus (RV) infection during the early stages of pregnancy can lead to serious birth defects, known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2003, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) adopted a resolution calling for the elimination of rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the Americas by the year 2010. Brazil will have implemented the recommended PAHO strategy for elimination and interruption of endemic rubella virus transmission. The characterization of genotypes during the final stages of rubella elimination is important for determining whether new rubella isolates represent endemic transmission or importations. Samples (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and throat swabs) collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of rubella infection in 1997-2004 were isolated in cell culture and genotyped. Twenty-eight sequences were analyzed and two genotypes were identified: 1a and 1G. The information reported in this paper will contribute to understanding the molecular epidemiology of RV in São Paulo, Brazil.
Assuntos
Vírus da Rubéola/classificação , Vírus da Rubéola/genética , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Gravidez , RNA Viral/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vírus da Rubéola/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Cultura de Vírus , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Rubella virus (RV) is an important human pathogen that causes rubella, an acute contagious disease. It also causes severe birth defects collectively known as congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. Here, we present the phylogenetic analysis of RV that circulated in São Paulo during the 2007-2008 outbreak. Samples collected from patients diagnosed with rubella were isolated in cell culture and sequenced. RV RNA was obtained from samples or RV-infected cell cultures and amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis using RV reference sequences. Seventeen sequences were analyzed, and three genotypes were identified: 1a, 1G, and 2B. Genotypes 1a and 1G, which were isolated in 2007, were responsible for sporadic rubella cases in São Paulo. Thereafter, in late 2007, the epidemiological conditions changed, resulting in a large RV outbreak with the clear dominance of genotype 2B. The results of this study provide new approaches for monitoring the progress of elimination of rubella from São Paulo, Brazil.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Vírus da Rubéola/classificação , Vírus da Rubéola/genética , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Vírus da Rubéola/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Cultura de Vírus , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The incidence of CRS and CRI has decreased markedly worldwide with the implementation of efficient vaccination programs. We report a congenital rubella case with fetal death occurred at 29th week of gestation. RV was confirmed in placenta. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the RVs/SaoPaulo01.- BRA/08.CRI belongs to the genotype 2B of RV.