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Moebius syndrome (MBS) is a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD) characterized by a bilateral palsy of abducens and facial cranial nerves, which may coexist with other cranial nerves palsies, mostly those found in the dorsal pons and medulla oblongata. MBS is considered a "rare" disease, occurring in only 1:50,000 to 1:500,000 live births, with no gender predominance. Three independent theories have been described to define its etiology: the vascular theory, which talks about a transient blood flow disruption; the genetic theory, which takes place due to mutations related to the facial motor nucleus neurodevelopment; and last, the teratogenic theory, associated with the consumption of agents such as misoprostol during the first trimester of pregnancy. Since the literature has suggested the existence of these theories independently, this review proposes establishing a theory by matching the MBS molecular bases. This review aims to associate the three etiopathogenic theories at a molecular level, thus submitting a combined postulation. MBS is most likely an underdiagnosed disease due to its low prevalence and challenging diagnosis. Researching other elements that may play a key role in the pathogenesis is essential. It is common to assume the difficulty that patients with MBS have in leading an everyday social life. Research by means of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was carried out, same in which 94 articles were collected by using keywords with the likes of "Moebius syndrome," "PLXND1 mutations," "REV3L mutations," "vascular disruption AND teratogens," and "congenital facial nerve palsy." No exclusion criteria were applied.

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RESUMEN El síndrome de Moebius es un trastorno polimalformativo no progresivo que se caracteriza por parálisis facial congénita. Se define como una "parálisis congénita de los núcleos de los pares craneales VI y VII, cuyo espectro clínico es variable y se asocia a múltiples malformaciones óseas y musculares. Es poco frecuente y de etiología vascular, genética o multifactorial. El trabajo, basándose en los fundamentos teóricos más actualizados, pretendió describir las manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome de Moebius y su posible etiología, a propósito de un caso. Se trató de un paciente de 11 años de edad, que al nacimiento presentó asimetría facial, desviación de la comisura labial hacia la izquierda, boca semiabierta, lagrimeo constante y pabellón auricular derecho malformado. Por ser una entidad clínica poco conocida, se expuso el presente caso, portador de un síndrome de Moebius incompleto de causa vascular y multifactorial (AU).

ABSTRACT Moebius syndrome is a non-progressive poli-formative disorder characterized by facial congenital paralysis. It is defined as a congenital paralysis of the VI and VII cranial nerves nuclei, the clinical spectrum of which is variable and associated to several bone and muscular malformations. It is few frequent and has vascular, genetic or multifactorial etiology. This work, based on more updated theoretical fundaments, pretended to describe the clinical manifestations of the Moebius syndrome and its possible etiology on the purpose of a case. It is the case of a patient, aged 11 years, who presented facial asymmetry, lips commissure deviation to the left, semi-opened mouth, constant lagrimeo and deformed right auricular pavilion (pabellon auricular). Because it is a little known clinical entity, this case of a patient having an incomplete Moebius syndrome of vascular and multifactorial cause was presented (AU).

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A síndrome de Poland tem etiologia desconhecida, e está relacionada à embriogênese da quinta à oitava semana de gestação, principalmente devido a malformações dos vasos sanguíneos, gerando distúrbios no desenvolvimento osteomuscular. No caso da síndrome de Moebius, cogita-se causa genética ligada ao cromossomo X, utilização de substâncias teratogênicas e abortivas durante a gravidez e diminuição da irrigação sanguínea com isquemia e necrose dos vasos sanguíneos do tronco cerebral, causando deformidades neurofuncionais ao feto. Alguns autores acreditam que as duas síndromes são independentes; outros, que são variações de uma mesma condição. As duas síndromes juntas formam um conjunto de sinais relacionados, como: deformidades ósseas e musculares, hipoplasias, agenesias, paralisias e disfunções dos pares cranianos, acompanhado de deficiência mental e disfunções respiratórias. O caso relatado conta com uma variedade de sintomas que caracterizam essas síndromes

Of unknown etiology, Poland’s syndrome is related to the embryogenesis in the fifth to eighth week of gestation, mainly due to malformations of blood vessels causing disorders in the musculoskeletal development. In the case of Moebius syndrome, possible etiologies include a X-linked chromosomal disorder, use of abortive and teratogenic substances during pregnancy, and decreased blood flow with ischemia and necrosis of blood vessels in the brainstem, causing neurofunctional deformities in the fetus. While some authors believe that the two syndromes are independent, others think that they are variations of the same condition. The two syndromes together form a set of related signals, such as muscle and bone deformities, hypoplasias, agenesis, paralysis and disorders of the cranial nerves, accompanied by mental retardation and respiratory disorders. This case has a variety of symptoms that characterize these syndromes

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A classic Möbius syndrome, including bilateral abducens-facial paralysis, was found in a newborn boy. At least 15 maternal relatives showed partial features of the syndrome. As potential features of Möbius syndrome also were found in the father's side of the family, a recessive mode of inheritance is suggested.

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