RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chagas disease remains a major cause of cardiovascular death in endemic areas. Focused echocardiography (FoCUS) is a point-of-care means of assessing cardiac function which can be useful for the diagnosis of cardiac involvement. OBJECTIVE: This study aims evaluating the characteristics of validity and reliability of FoCUS applied on Chagas disease patients. METHODS: Patients with Chagas disease coming from an endemic area were selected from a large cohort (SaMi-Trop). A simplified echocardiogram with only three images was extracted from the conventional echocardiogram performed in this cohort. The images were evaluated by an observer who was blinded to the clinical and echocardiographic data, to determine the accuracy and reliability of FoCUS for cardiac assessment. The analysis constituted of 5 prespecified variables, dichotomized in absence or presence: left ventricular (LV) size and systolic function, right ventricular (RV) size and systolic function, and LV aneurysm. RESULTS: We included 725 patients with a mean age of 63.4 ± 12.3 years, 483 (67%) female. Abnormal electrocardiogram was observed in 81.5% of the patients. Left and right ventricular dysfunctions were found in 103 (14%) and 49 (7%) of the patients, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 84%, 94%, 70% and 97% for LV enlargement and 81%, 93%, 68% and 97% for LV systolic dysfunction, respectively, and 46%, 99%, 60% and 98% for RV dilatation, and 37%, 100%, 100% and 96% for RV dysfunction, respectively. Inter and intraobserver agreement were 61% and 87% for LV enlargement and 63% and 92% for LV dysfunction, respectively, and 50% and 49% for RV size and 46% and 79% for RV dysfunction, respectively. LV apical aneurysm was found in 45 patients (6.2%) with the lowest sensitivity of FoCUS study (11%; 95% CI 2-28%). CONCLUSIONS: FoCUS showed satisfactory values of validity and reliability for assessment of cardiac chambers in patients with Chagas disease, except for apical aneurysm. This tool can identify heart disease with potential impact on patient management in the limited-resource setting.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografia , Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico , Idoso , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/fisiopatologia , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Chagas/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Coração/fisiopatologia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sístole/fisiologia , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/diagnóstico por imagem , Disfunção Ventricular Direita/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
To evaluate the ventricular function of patients with biliary atresia (BA) before and after liver transplantation using two-dimensional speckle tracking. Observational, analytical study with healthy control group, volunteers. We recruited patients from 0 to 18 years old who were candidates for liver transplantation and patients after six months of liver transplantation performed for BA from January 1997 to August 2015 at Children's Institute of São Paulo University Medical School. The patients were submitted to a complete conventional echocardiographic study. After that, the images were captured for global longitudinal strain (GLS). A blood sample was collected for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level. Ejection fraction obtained by Simpson's method was significantly higher in the hepatic pre-transplantation group (p < 0.001), as well as left atrial size (p < 0.001) and left ventricle size (p = 0.039). The left ventricular mass index was significantly higher in pre-transplantation group (p < 0.001). The left atrium volume (p = 0.008) and the left ventricular mass index (p t = 0.035) were higher in the post-transplant group. It was observed that the lower the BNP, the lower/more negative the GLS in the post-transplant group (p = 0.038 and r = 0.427). Significant reduction in the overall longitudinal strain of the left ventricle was detected before (p = 0.01) and after liver transplantation (p = 0.019). A subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction was evidenced by two-dimensional speckle tracking technique before and after liver transplantation, even when compared to normal values of the last pediatric meta-analysis.
Assuntos
Atresia Biliar/cirurgia , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Fígado , Disfunção Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Atresia Biliar/fisiopatologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Período Pós-Operatório , Sístole/fisiologiaRESUMO
Purpose: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) seems to positively modulate the autonomic nervous system in different clinical conditions and healthy subjects; however, its effects on hypertensive (HTN) patients are not completely known. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a tDCS or SHAM session (20 min) on blood pressure (BP) and autonomic variables of HTN patients.Materials and Methods: Subjects (n = 13) were randomly submitted to SHAM and tDCS sessions (1 week of washout). Hemodynamic and autonomic variables were measured at baseline, during, and immediately after tDCS or SHAM stimulation (Finometer®, Beatscope). Ambulatory BP measurement (ABPM) was evaluated after the experimental period.Results: Hemodynamic variables were not changed by tDCS, except for the fall in peripheral vascular resistance (Δ = -1696.51 ± 204.65 dyn.s/cm5). After the tDCS, sympathetic modulation was decreased (-61.47%), and vagal modulation was increased (+38.09%). Such acute autonomic changes may have evoked positive results observed in 24 hs-systolic blood pressure (Δ = -8.4 ± 6.2; P = .0022) and 24hs-diastolic blood pressure (Δ = -5.4 ± 4.2; P = .0010) in tDCS subjects compared with that in SHAM.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the tDCS could promote positive acute adjustments on cardiac autonomic control and reduced values on 24-hs BP of HTN patients. More than a proof-of-concept, these results may point out to the future, where brain stimulation (tDCS) can be used to HTN syndromes, such as refractory HTN.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua , Diástole/fisiologia , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sístole/fisiologiaRESUMO
Background: Strength Training (ST) reduces the cardiovascular risk of hypertensive elderly people; however, there is a need for efficient and low-cost ST programs that aim to reduce blood pressure (BP) in elderly people with adherence and affectivity in this population. Objective: Evaluate the acute effect on BP and satisfaction with the practice of bodyweight-based strength training (BWST) in hypertensive older adults. Methods: Participants performed a BWST session and a control session (CS). The BWST consisted of six exercises, with three sets of 30 seconds. In the CS, no activity was performed. BP was measured before and at 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes post-session. Participants' satisfaction was assessed. Results: Eleven older adults (65.8 ± 4.6 years; 7 men) participated in the study. There was an increase (p = .028) in systolic BP immediately after BWST, returning to baseline values in the intervals 10, 20, and 30 post-section. In the CS there was an increase (p = .009) 30 minutes post-session compared to 20 minutes. Between sessions, a lower systolic BP was found in BWST (-6.54 ± 3.31; p = .048) 30 minutes post-sessions. For satisfaction, 82% of participants were "totally satisfied" with BWST. Conclusion: The SBP is lower 30 minutes after BWST session than control session, and BWST promoted a pleasant affective response in hypertensive older adults.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Treinamento Resistido , Idoso , Estudos Cross-Over , Diástole/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Satisfação do Paciente , Sístole/fisiologiaRESUMO
Clinical studies suggest that diabetes is a risk factor in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary area is characterized by the increase in the afterload and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. The objective of this study was to conduct a longitudinal follow-up of the morphological and functional changes in the right ventricle in a rat model with pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to diabetes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group (saline solution) and a diabetic group (60 mg/kg with streptozotocin). For 12 weeks, an echocardiography for longitudinal (in vivo) image analysis of the pulmonary pressure was performed at the same time as the evaluation of myocardial remodeling and right ventricular. After this period, the pulmonary pressure was measured by means of a pulmonary artery catheterization, and the presence of hypertrophy was determined by means of the Fulton index. The plasma concentration of brain natriuretic peptide was measured by means of the ELISA technique. It was found that the diabetic rats showed an increase in pressure in the pulmonary arteries, an increase in the Fulton index, and an increase in brain natriuretic peptide. The echocardiographic follow-up showed that the diabetic rats presented an increase in the pulmonary artery from the fourth week, while hypertrophy and right ventricular systolic dysfunction occurred until the twelfth week. In conclusion, pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by experimental diabetes generated hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Peso Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Diástole/fisiologia , Seguimentos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/sangue , Hipertensão Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fatores de Risco , Estreptozocina , Sístole/fisiologia , Remodelação Vascular/fisiologiaRESUMO
Objectives This study aimed to establish reference ranges for fetal mitral, tricuspid, and interventricular septum annular plane systolic excursions (MAPSE, TAPSE, and SAPSE) in normal pregnant women between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation. Methods This prospective and cross-sectional study included 360 low-risk singleton pregnancies between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation. MAPSE, TAPSE, and SAPSE were measured by M-mode in real time in an apical or basal four-chamber view through placing the cursor at the atrioventricular junction, marked by the valve rings at the tricuspid, mitral, and basal septum, respectively. A regression analysis was done to determine the appropriate polynomial equation model for both measurements and standard deviation (SD) values in relation to gestational age (GA). The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was evaluated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and limits of agreement (LoA). Results There was a significant positive correlation between MAPSE (r=0.705, p<0.0001), TAPSE (r=0.804, p<0.0001), and SAPSE (r=0.690, p<0.0001) and GA. The mean of each parameter ranged as follows: 2.87-5.56 mm, MAPSE; 3.98-8.07 mm, TAPSE; and 2.34-4.21 mm, SAPSE. Poor/moderate intra- and inter-observer reliability (CCC between 0.70 and 0.90) and poor/moderate agreement of all the tested parameters were evaluated (LoA between 10 and 50%). Conclusions Reference values were established for the fetal MAPSE, TAPSE, and SAPSE between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation in low-risk pregnant women. These parameters showed poor/moderate reproducibility.
Assuntos
Coração Fetal/fisiologia , Valva Mitral/embriologia , Sístole/fisiologia , Valva Tricúspide/embriologia , Septo Interventricular/embriologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Coração Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Feto , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Valva Tricúspide/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Septo Interventricular/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Patient-specific computer simulations can be a powerful tool in clinical applications, helping in diagnostics and the development of new treatments. However, its practical use depends on the reliability of the models. The construction of cardiac simulations involves several steps with inherent uncertainties, including model parameters, the generation of personalized geometry and fibre orientation assignment, which are semi-manual processes subject to errors. Thus, it is important to quantify how these uncertainties impact model predictions. The present work performs uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analyses to assess the variability in important quantities of interest (QoI). Clinical quantities are analysed in terms of overall variability and to identify which parameters are the major contributors. The analyses are performed for simulations of the left ventricle function during the entire cardiac cycle. Uncertainties are incorporated in several model parameters, including regional wall thickness, fibre orientation, passive material parameters, active stress and the circulatory model. The results show that the QoI are very sensitive to active stress, wall thickness and fibre direction, where ejection fraction and ventricular torsion are the most impacted outputs. Thus, to improve the precision of models of cardiac mechanics, new methods should be considered to decrease uncertainties associated with geometrical reconstruction, estimation of active stress and of fibre orientation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Uncertainty quantification in cardiac and cardiovascular modelling and simulation'.
Assuntos
Modelos Cardiovasculares , Incerteza , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Sístole/fisiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: By definition, hypertensive cardiopathy is a series of complex and variable effects responsible for the chronic elevation of blood pressure in the heart. It stands out within a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases associated with hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity to predict the development of adaptive changes to hypertensive cardiopathy within ten years following diagnosis of the condition, using a model based on prognostic factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in hypertensive patients. The patients were followed at the specialized hypertension physicians office of the specialty policlinic attached to Carlos Manuel de Céspedes University Hospital, in the Bayamo Municipality, Granma Province, Cuba, from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2018. RESULTS: Coxs proportional regression model showed a significant statistical relationship between most of the factors and the development of the adaptive changes in hypertensive cardiopathy within ten years of follow-up after the diagnosis of this condition. The lack of blood pressure control (Hazard ratio: 2.090; confidence interval 95%: 1.688 to 2.588; p: 0.000) followed by stage 2 of hypertension (hazard ratio: 1.987; confidence interval 95%: 1.584 to 2.491; p: 0.000) were the main factors. Internal validation of the model, discriminant capacity (C- statistic: 0.897) and calibration Hosmer-Lemeshow (χ2: 5.384; p: 0.716), was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: We develop a model to predict the progression of hypertensive cardiopathy from grade I to grade IV with adequate discriminatory capacity. The model is based on prognostic factors, among which characteristic effects of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease stood out.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La cardiopatía hipertensiva sobresale dentro del amplio espectro de las enfermedades cardiovasculares asociadas con la hipertensión. Esta es definida como un complejo y variable conjunto de efectos que provoca en el corazón la elevación crónica de la presión arterial. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad de vaticinar el desarrollo de los cambios evolutivos de la cardiopatía hipertensiva en los diez años siguientes al diagnóstico, mediante un modelo basado en factores pronósticos. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio de cohortes, prospectivo en pacientes hipertensos atendidos en la consulta especializada de hipertensión arterial de la policlínica de especialidades del Hospital General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del municipio de Bayamo, Cuba, desde el uno de enero de 2008 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2018. RESULTADOS: El modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox mostró una relación estadística significativa entre la mayoría de los factores y el desarrollo de los cambios evolutivos de la cardiopatía hipertensiva en los diez años siguientes al diagnóstico. El lugar más relevante lo ocupó la falta de control de la presión arterial (Hazard ratio: 2,090; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,688 a 2,588; p = 0,000) seguido al de clasificar en el estadio dos de la hipertensión arterial (Hazard ratio: 1,987; intervalo de confianza 95%: 1,584 a 2,491; p = 0,000). La validez interna del modelo fue adecuada: la capacidad discriminativa (estadístico C = 0,897) y la calibración (χ2: 5,384; p = 0,716). CONCLUSIONES: Se obtiene un modelo para pronosticar la progresión de la cardiopatía hipertensiva de grado I a grado IV, con capacidad discriminativa y calibración adecuadas a partir de factores pronósticos. Entre estos últimos sobresalen los efectos propios de la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y enfermedad renal crónica.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Estudos de Coortes , Cuba , Diástole/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Regressão , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Sístole/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of early-onset preeclampsia on the blood pressure of offspring during the first month of life. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective case-control study included 106 neonates of mothers with early-onset preeclampsia (developing at <34 weeks of gestation) and 106 infants of normotensive mothers, matched 1-to-1 for sex and gestational age. Serial blood pressure measurements were obtained on admission, daily for the first postnatal week, and then weekly up to the fourth week of life. RESULTS: There were no differences in blood pressure values on admission and the first day of life between cases and controls. Conversely, infants exposed to preeclampsia had significantly higher systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean blood pressure (MBP) on the subsequent days up to the fourth postnatal week (P <.001-.033). Multiple regression analyses with adjustment for sex, gestational age, antenatal corticosteroid use, and maternal antihypertensive medication use confirmed the foregoing findings (P <.001-.048). Repeated-measures ANOVA also identified preeclampsia as a significant determinant of trends in SBP, DBP, and MBP during the first month of life (F = 16.2, P < .001; F = 16.4, P < .001; and F = 17.7, P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Infants of mothers with early-onset preeclampsia have elevated blood pressure values throughout the neonatal period compared with infants born to normotensive mothers.
Assuntos
Diástole/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/fisiopatologia , Sístole/fisiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) lead to cardiovascular autonomic control disfunctions that can worsen exercise and/or posture adjustments. OBJECTIVES: To verify the cardiovascular responses to low-intensity isometric handgrip exercise performed in different postures in CAD patients. This study tested the hypothesis that the posture influences the cardiovascular responses during isometric handgrip exercise and that the presence of CAD leads to greater cardiovascular stress during this type of exercise. METHODS: We investigated cardiovascular responses to isometric handgrip exercise in 15 CAD patients (CADG) and 15 health matched-control (CG). The subjects performed isometric handgrip exercise at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction until exhaustion in SUPINE, SITTING and STANDING positions. Systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, stroke volume and double product were measured during rest (baseline), exercise (peak value) and recovery in the 1st minute (REC1). Delta PB (ΔPB, peak minus baseline) and PR1 (ΔPR1, peak minus REC1) were calculated. RESULTS: Higher ΔPB and ΔPR1 of systolic and mean arterial pressure and double product were observed in STANDING when compared to SITTING and/or SUPINE. CADG showed higher ΔPB of systolic and mean arterial pressure in all postures and higher ΔPR1 of strove volume in the SITTING. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the posture during isometric handgrip exercise influences the cardiovascular responses with STANDING leading to higher cardiovascular stress. CAD promoted higher arterial pressure responses however these responses were physiological and expected due to the presence of disease and type of exercise.