RESUMO
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of digested total protein (DTP) from chia seed on the gut microbiota and morphology of mice fed with a high-fat diet. Forty-four male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: AIN (standard diet), HF (high-fat diet), AIN + DTP (standard diet supplemented with 400 mg of digested chia seed protein), and HF + DTP (high-fat diet supplemented with 400 mg of digested chia seed protein) during 8 weeks. Colon morphology, tight junction's gene expression, and gut microbiota composition were evaluated. The consumption of digested chia seed protein (DTP) increased the crypts width, longitudinal and circular muscular layer. Furthermore, the AIN + DTP group enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins, including occludin and claudin, while the AIN + DTP and HF + DTP groups increase the zonula occludens expression. The α-diversity analysis showed a reduction in bacterial dominance in the HF + DTP group. All the experimental groups were grouped in different cluster, showing differences in the microbiota community in the ß-diversity analyzes. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio did not differ among the groups. The genera Olsenella and Dubosiella were increased in the AIN + DTP group, but the Oscillospiraceae_unclassified was increased in the HF + DTP group. The Alistipes was increased, while the Roseburia and Akkermansia were decreased in the AIN + DTP and HF + DTP groups. Then, the consumption of DTP from chia seed improved the gut microbiota composition and mucosal integrity, counteracting the adverse effects of high-fat diet.
Assuntos
Colo , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas de Plantas , Salvia , Sementes , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Camundongos , Sementes/química , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Salvia/química , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The flea Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), parasitizes dogs and cats globally, acting as a vector for various pathogens affecting both animals and humans. Growing interest in environmentally friendly, plant-based products prompted this study. The aim of the study was to determine the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea, assessing their insecticidal and repellent properties, determining lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), and evaluating residual efficacy in vitro against Ctenocephalides felis felis. METHODS: Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector analyzed EO composition. In vitro tests involved preparing EO solutions at various concentrations. Ten specimens from each life stage (egg, larva, pupa, adult) were used for insecticidal activity assessment. Adulticidal activity was assessed using 10 cm2 filter paper strip, each treated with 0.200 mL of the test solution. Immature stages activities were evaluated using 23.76 cm2 discs of the same filter paper, each treated with 0.470 mL of the test solution. Mortality percentage was calculated using (number of dead insects × 100) / number of incubated insects. Probit analysis calculated LC50 values with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Major EO constituents were ß-caryophyllene (EOCR), linalool (EOLH), linalyl acetate (EOSS), and limonene (EOCP). LC50 values were obtained for all stages except for the essential oil of C. paradisi. All oils showed repellent activity at 800 µg/cm2. OECR exhibited greater residual efficacy. CONCLUSION: Each EO demonstrated superior insecticidal activity against specific C. felis felis stages.
Assuntos
Ctenocephalides , Repelentes de Insetos , Inseticidas , Óleos Voláteis , Salvia , Animais , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Salvia/química , Repelentes de Insetos/farmacologia , Repelentes de Insetos/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Inseticidas/química , Ctenocephalides/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae/química , Lavandula/química , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Pupa/efeitos dos fármacos , Citrus/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/química , Dose Letal MedianaRESUMO
Cancer prevails as one of the major health concerns worldwide due to the consistent rise in incidence and lack of effective therapies. Previous studies identified the peptides KLKKNL, MLKSKR, and KKYRVF from Salvia hispanica seeds and stated their selective anticancer activity. Thus, this study aimed to determine the cell death pathway induced by these peptides on five cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Caco2, HepG2, DU145, and HeLa). Based on the results of this work, it is possible to suggest that KLKKNL primarily induces selective cancer cell death through the apoptotic pathway in the Caco2 and HeLa lines. On the other hand, the peptide KKYRVF reported the highest statistical (p < 0.05) selective cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7, Caco2, HepG2, and DU145 cancer cell lines by induction of the necrotic pathway. These findings offer some understanding of the selective anticancer effect of KLKKNL, MLKSKR, and KKYRVF.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Peptídeos , Salvia , Sementes , Humanos , Sementes/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Salvia/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Protein hydrolysates with antioxidant potential have been reported to act as adjuvants in preventing and treating type-2 diabetes (T2D). This work investigated the biochemical, antidiabetic, antioxidant potential, and physicochemical properties of chia meal protein hydrolysate (CMPH). Bands smaller than 14 kDa were observed in the electrophoretic profile. The predominant amino acids were hydrophobic and aromatic. CMPH had the potential to inhibit α-amylase (IC50: 1.76 ± 0.13 mg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.42 ± 0.13 mg/mL), and DPP-IV (IC50: 0.46 ± 0.14 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity for ABTS (IC50: 0.236 mg/mL), DPPH (8.83 ± 0.52%), and ORAC (IC25: 0.115 mg/mL). Against chia meal protein isolate (CMPI), CMPH has a broad solubility (pH 2-12.46). Particle size (624.5 ± 247.3 nm), low PDI (0.22 ± 0.06), ζ-potential (-31.1 ± 2.5 mV), and surface hydrophobicity (11,183.33 ± 2024.11) and the intrinsic fluorescence peak of CMPH was lower than that of CMPI. CMPH represents an alternative to add value to the agri-food co-product of the chia seed oil industry, generating food ingredients with outstanding antidiabetic and antioxidant potential.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Hipoglicemiantes , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Salvia hispanica , alfa-Amilases , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Antioxidantes/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , alfa-Amilases/química , Salvia hispanica/química , alfa-Glucosidases/química , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Humanos , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Salvia/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Leishmaniasis is a globally prevalent vector-borne disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. The available chemotherapeutic drugs present problems related to efficacy, emergence of parasite resistance, toxicity and high cost, justifying the search for new drugs. Several classes of compounds have demonstrated activity against Leishmania, including icetexane-type diterpenes, previously isolated from Salvia and other Lamiaceae genera. Thus, in this study, compounds of Salvia procurrens were investigated for their leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activities. METHODS: The exudate of S. procurrens was obtained by rapidly dipping the aerial parts in dichloromethane. The compounds were isolated by column and centrifugal planar chromatography over silica gel. The effects on L. amazonensis growth, survival, membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential and cytotoxicity of the compounds towards human erythrocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages were evaluated. The effects on intracellular amastigote forms, nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production were also investigated. RESULTS: The exudate from the leaves afforded the novel icetexane 7-hydroxyfruticulin A (1) as well as the known demethylisofruticulin A (2), fruticulin A (3) and demethylfruticulin A (4). The compounds (1-4) were tested against promastigotes of L. amazonensis and showed an effective inhibition of the parasite survival (IC50 = 4.08-16.26 µM). In addition, they also induced mitochondrial ROS production, plasma membrane permeability and mitochondrial dysfunction in treated parasites, and presented low cytotoxicity against macrophages. Furthermore, all diterpenes tested reduced the number of parasites inside macrophages, by mechanisms involving TNF-α, NO and ROS. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the potential of 7-hydroxyfruticulin A (1) as well as the known demethylisofruticulin A (2),fruticulin A (3) and demethylfruticulin A (4) as candidates for use in further studies on the design of anti-leishmanial drugs.
Assuntos
Leishmania , Óxido Nítrico , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Salvia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Salvia/química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Humanos , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Camundongos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/química , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/parasitologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
The byproduct of Salvia hispanica (chia) seed oil extraction by cold pressing, also known as expeller, possesses a high nutritional value. It is rich in proteins, fibers, minerals, and has a residual oil content of 7-11%, which is rich in omega 3 linolenic acid (ALA). However, this byproduct has been historically undervalued. Thus, the aim of current work was to study the effects of consuming of a rich in chia expeller diet on a rabbit model of metabolically unhealthy normal weight to validate their use as a functional food. Rabbits were fed different diets for a period of 6 weeks: a standard diet (CD), a high-fat diet (HFD), a rich in expeller CD (Exp-CD) and a rich in expeller HFD (Exp-HFD). The Exp-HFD attenuated the rise in basal glucose, TyG index, triglycerides, cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol induced by the HFD. Both rich in expeller diets reduced mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and increase liver and fat ALA levels compared to their respective controls. Furthermore, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was lower in the lungs of animals fed on rich in expeller diets compared to their respective controls. In vitro studies showed that ALA inhibited ACE activity. The evaluation of vascular reactivity revealed that rich in expeller diets improved angiotensin II affinity and reduced contractile response to noradrenaline. In conclusion, the consumption of rich in expeller diets showed beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular risk factors such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and MAP. Therefore, its use as functional ingredient holds significant promise.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Óleos de Plantas , Salvia hispanica , Sementes , Animais , Coelhos , Sementes/química , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Alimento Funcional , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Glicemia/metabolismo , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol/sangue , Salvia/química , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
The incidence of Candida species resistant to traditional antifungal drugs is increasing globally. This issue significantly impacts patients' lives and increases healthcare expenses, confirming the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Recently, a thermostable trypsin inhibitor named ShTI (11.558 kDa), which has antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus, was isolated from Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seeds. This study aimed to assess the antifungal effect of ShTI against Candida species and its synergism with fluconazole and to evaluate its mode of action. Preliminary toxicological studies on mouse fibroblasts were also performed. ShTI exhibited antifungal effects against C. parapsilosis (ATCC® 22,019), C. krusei (ATCC® 6258), and six clinical fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans (2), C. parapsilosis (2), and C. tropicalis (2). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 4.1 µM (inhibiting 50% of the isolates) and 8.2 µM (inhibiting 100% of the isolates). Additionally, when combined with fluconazole, ShTI had a synergistic effect on C. albicans, altering the morphological structure of the yeast. The mode of action of ShTI against C. krusei (ATCC® 6258) and C. albicans involves cell membrane permeabilization, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, the formation of pseudohyphae, pore formation, and consequently, cell death. In addition, ShTI (8.65 and 17.3 µM) had noncytotoxic and nongenotoxic effects on L929 mouse fibroblasts. These findings suggest that ShTI could be a promising antimicrobial candidate, but further research is necessary to advance its application as a novel antifungal agent.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Candida , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Fluconazol , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Salvia , Sementes , Inibidores da Tripsina , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/toxicidade , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Fluconazol/toxicidade , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Salvia/química , Sementes/química , Animais , Camundongos , Inibidores da Tripsina/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Candidíase/microbiologia , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
From the aerial parts of Salvia carranzae Zamudio and Bedolla, three new icetexane-type diterpenoids were isolated. Their structures were established through spectroscopic methods and named the following: salvicarranzanolide (1), 19-deoxo-salvicarranzanolide (2) and 19-deoxo-20-deoxy-salvicarranzanolide (3). In addition, the known icetexane-type diterpenoids, 6,7,11,14-tetrahydro-7-oxo-icetexone (4), iso-icetexone (5), 19-deoxo-iso-icetexone (6), icetexone (7), 19-deoxo-icetexone (8) and 7α-acetoxy-6,7-dihydroicetexone (9), were also isolated, along with the abietanes sessein (10) and ferruginol (11). α-Tocopherol was also identified. Compounds 5, 6 and 8 were tested for their antiproliferative activity using the sulforhodamine B assay on six cancer and one normal human cell lines. Diterpenoids 5 and 6 showed noteworthy antiproliferative activity, exhibiting an IC50 (µM) = 0.43 ± 0.01 and 1.34 ± 0.04, respectively, for U251 (glioblastoma), an IC50 (µM) = 0.45 ± 0.01 and 1.29 ± 0.06 for K5621 (myelogenous leukemia), 0.84 ± 0.07 and 1.03 ± 0.10 for HCT-15 (colon cancer), and 0.73 ± 0.06 and 0.95 ± 0.09 for SKLU-1 (lung adenocarcinoma) cell lines. On the other hand, the phytotoxicity of compounds 5-7 and 9-10 was evaluated on seed germination and root growth in some weeds such as Medicago sativa, Panicum miliaceum, Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Trifolium pratense as models. While compounds 5 and 10 exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on the root growth of A. hypochondriacus and T. pratense at 100 ppm, the diterpenoids 6, 7 and 9 were ineffective in all the plant models. Taxonomic positions based on the chemical profiles found are also discussed.
Assuntos
Alcaloides , Diterpenos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Salvia , Humanos , Abietanos/farmacologia , Abietanos/química , Salvia/química , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Salvia is a very valuable medicinal plant for the pharmaceutical industry. Tissue culture techniques can be used to increase the number of plants in a shorter time. Although protocols for in vitro propagation of more than 15 plant species have been developed, they are not yet efficient enough to increase mass propagation of plants. Therefore, the use of temporary immersion systems is necessary to increase the morphological quality of plants as well as their biomass in several Salvia species. In this chapter, progress in in vitro propagation in several Salvia species using liquid medium and automation is described.
Assuntos
Imersão , Salvia , Biomassa , Automação , Indústria FarmacêuticaRESUMO
Two chia mucilages with different viscosities, obtained by extraction conditions optimized in a previous work, were homogenized by high pressure homogenization (HPH). Particle size, molecular weight, zeta potential, FTIR spectrum, rheological properties, water absorption capacity, water holding capacity and iron binding capacity were determined on both mucilages treated and without treatment. Homogenization led to a significant reduction in viscosity respect to chia mucilage controls, which can be related to the decrease in particle size and molecular weight. A high iron binding capacity was obtained for both mucilages. FTIR spectra of both mucilages with iron showed displacements in bands related with stretching of carboxylic uronic acids, suggesting the interaction site with this mineral. This interaction was also verified by particle size determination with a displacement to higher sizes in the presence of iron. Potential zeta showed a significant reduction in the presence of iron. A model to explain the binding between chia mucilage and iron is proposed. HPH appears as an alternative to expand chia mucilage functionality reducing the viscosity of chia mucilage solutions for the offer of a new ingredient also with optimal levels of hydration and iron binding capacity.