RESUMO
Resumo Discute o modelo de eugenia empregado pelo médico-sanitarista Belisário Penna durante a campanha do saneamento do Brasil nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. São abordados dois conceitos fundamentais para o seu pensamento: "raça brasileira" e eugenia "preventiva". A maneira como Penna avaliava a questão racial brasileira era fundamental para aderir à concepção eugênica aliada à medicina social e ao seu projeto de "consciência sanitária". O texto oferece uma perspectiva de como foi bordada a concepção eugênica de Penna e o diálogo estabelecido com o movimento eugênico brasileiro, em especial com o eugenista Renato Kehl. Assim, a defesa de uma eugenia classificada como "preventiva" estabelecia coerência para um projeto reformista social via o saneamento defendido por Penna.
Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the eugenics model used by the medical-sanitarist Belisário Penna during the sanitation campaign in Brazil in the 1920s and 1930s. The article addresses two fundamental concepts for his thinking: "Brazilian race" and "preventive" eugenics. The way in which Penna saw the Brazilian racial issue was fundamental to adhere to the eugenic conception combined with social medicine and its project of "health awareness." The text offers a perspective of how Penna's eugenics was conceived and the dialogue established with the Brazilian eugenic movement, especially with the eugenicist Renato Kehl. Thus, the defense of an eugenics classified as "preventive" established a coherence for a social reform project through the sanitation defended by Penna.
Assuntos
Saneamento/história , Grupos Raciais , Eugenia (Ciência) , Promoção da Saúde , Brasil , História do Século XXRESUMO
In 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganized the Sanitation Service and centralized São Paulo state public health services in the state capital. A campaign to combat trachoma, an ophthalmic disease, was implemented as part of this project. This article analyzes this campaign, which provided care for the sick living on rural properties in a process that predated the 1917 Rural Sanitary Code. The empirical data was obtained from government reports, decrees, medical journals and newspapers. We conclude that Ribas, by creating an organization that integrated the efforts of the sanitary districts and the Trachoma Commission medical teams, sought to form a complex apparatus to combat the diseases present in both urban areas and the countryside.
Em 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganizou o Serviço Sanitário e centralizou na capital os serviços de saúde pública do estado de São Paulo. Nesse projeto, a campanha de combate ao tracoma, uma enfermidade oftálmica, foi implantada. Este artigo analisa essa campanha que atendeu os enfermos das propriedades rurais em um processo que antecedeu ao Código Sanitário Rural de 1917. O material empírico foi composto por relatórios governamentais, decretos, periódicos médicos e jornais. Concluímos que Ribas, ao criar uma estrutura que unificou os esforços dos distritos sanitários com as equipes de atendimento das Comissões do Tracoma, buscou formar um complexo aparato para combater as enfermidades presentes tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto na zona rural.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Rural/história , Saneamento/história , Tracoma/história , Pessoal Administrativo/história , Brasil/epidemiologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/organização & administração , Promoção da Saúde/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Administração em Saúde Pública/história , Saneamento/legislação & jurisprudência , Tracoma/epidemiologia , Tracoma/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Resumo Em 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganizou o Serviço Sanitário e centralizou na capital os serviços de saúde pública do estado de São Paulo. Nesse projeto, a campanha de combate ao tracoma, uma enfermidade oftálmica, foi implantada. Este artigo analisa essa campanha que atendeu os enfermos das propriedades rurais em um processo que antecedeu ao Código Sanitário Rural de 1917. O material empírico foi composto por relatórios governamentais, decretos, periódicos médicos e jornais. Concluímos que Ribas, ao criar uma estrutura que unificou os esforços dos distritos sanitários com as equipes de atendimento das Comissões do Tracoma, buscou formar um complexo aparato para combater as enfermidades presentes tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto na zona rural.
Abstract In 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganized the Sanitation Service and centralized São Paulo state public health services in the state capital. A campaign to combat trachoma, an ophthalmic disease, was implemented as part of this project. This article analyzes this campaign, which provided care for the sick living on rural properties in a process that predated the 1917 Rural Sanitary Code. The empirical data was obtained from government reports, decrees, medical journals and newspapers. We conclude that Ribas, by creating an organization that integrated the efforts of the sanitary districts and the Trachoma Commission medical teams, sought to form a complex apparatus to combat the diseases present in both urban areas and the countryside.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Saneamento/história , Tracoma/história , Serviços de Saúde Rural/história , Administração em Saúde Pública/história , Brasil/epidemiologia , Saneamento/legislação & jurisprudência , Tracoma/prevenção & controle , Tracoma/epidemiologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/organização & administração , Pessoal Administrativo/história , Promoção da Saúde/históriaRESUMO
Economic development and good health depended on access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, because economic development and good health depended on access to clean water and sanitation, beginning in the early 1970s the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), and others began a period of sustained interest in developing both for the billions without either. During the 1980s, two massive and wildly ambitious projects showed what was possible. The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade and the Blue Nile Health Project aimed for nothing less than the total overhaul of the way water was developed. This was, according to the WHO, "development in the spirit of social justice."
Assuntos
Saúde Global/história , Prática de Saúde Pública/história , Saneamento/história , Abastecimento de Água/história , África , História do Século XX , Humanos , Nações Unidas/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde/históriaRESUMO
Abstract Economic development and good health depended on access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, because economic development and good health depended on access to clean water and sanitation, beginning in the early 1970s the World Bank, the World Health Organization (WHO), and others began a period of sustained interest in developing both for the billions without either. During the 1980s, two massive and wildly ambitious projects showed what was possible. The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade and the Blue Nile Health Project aimed for nothing less than the total overhaul of the way water was developed. This was, according to the WHO, "development in the spirit of social justice."
Resumo Crescimento econômico e boa saúde dependem de acesso a saneamento e água limpa. Assim, o Banco Mundial, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e outros órgãos, a partir do início da década de 1970, inauguraram um período de contínuo interesse no desenvolvimento de ambos para bilhões de pessoas desprovidas de tais necessidades. Durante a década de 1980, dois projetos monumentais e extremamente ambiciosos demonstraram o que era viável fazer. A International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade e o Blue Nile Health Project visavam à total reestruturação do modelo de desenvolvimento da água. Tratava-se, segundo a OMS, do "desenvolvimento do espírito de justiça social".
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Abastecimento de Água/história , Prática de Saúde Pública/história , Saneamento/história , Saúde Global/história , Nações Unidas/história , Organização Mundial da Saúde/história , ÁfricaRESUMO
The article takes a look into the disciplinary projects approved by the authorities in the province of Mendoza (Argentina) during the cholera epidemic that took place during the summer of 1886-1887. Although the projects were intended to ameliorate the sanitary conditions of the whole of the population, these were focused and applied more intensively on the underprivileged sectors and their areas of inhabitance. This follows the ideas and representations created by the State regarding the illness and its death during this period.
El artículo busca indagar en los proyectos de disciplinamiento sancionados por el Estado de la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina) durante la epidemia de cólera ocurrida en el verano de 1886 y 1887. Si bien los planes tenían como finalidad mejorar el estado sanitario de toda la población y de la ciudad, apuntaron y se aplicaron con mayor intensidad sobre los sectores populares y sus espacios. Esto se debió a las ideas y representaciones que en torno de la enfermedad y la muerte construyó el grupo dirigente durante estos periodos.
Assuntos
Cólera/história , Epidemias/história , Saneamento/história , Argentina/epidemiologia , Cólera/epidemiologia , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Epidemias/prevenção & controle , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Áreas de PobrezaRESUMO
Resumen El artículo busca indagar en los proyectos de disciplinamiento sancionados por el Estado de la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina) durante la epidemia de cólera ocurrida en el verano de 1886 y 1887. Si bien los planes tenían como finalidad mejorar el estado sanitario de toda la población y de la ciudad, apuntaron y se aplicaron con mayor intensidad sobre los sectores populares y sus espacios. Esto se debió a las ideas y representaciones que en torno de la enfermedad y la muerte construyó el grupo dirigente durante estos periodos.
Abstract The article takes a look into the disciplinary projects approved by the authorities in the province of Mendoza (Argentina) during the cholera epidemic that took place during the summer of 1886-1887. Although the projects were intended to ameliorate the sanitary conditions of the whole of the population, these were focused and applied more intensively on the underprivileged sectors and their areas of inhabitance. This follows the ideas and representations created by the State regarding the illness and its death during this period.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , Saneamento/história , Cólera/história , Epidemias/história , Argentina/epidemiologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Cólera/prevenção & controle , Cólera/epidemiologia , Epidemias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The 1899/1900 arrival of bubonic plague in Argentina had thrown the model status of Buenos Aires as a hygienic city into crisis. Where the idea of foreign threats and imported epidemics had dominated the thinking of Argentina's sanitarians at that time, plague renewed concerns about hidden threats within the fabric of the capital's dense environment; concerns that led to new sanitary measures and unprecedented rat-campaigns supported by the large-scale application of sulphur dioxide. The article tells the story of early twentieth-century urban sanitation in Buenos Aires through the lens of a new industrial disinfection apparatus. The Aparato Marot, also known as Sulfurozador was acquired and integrated in the capital's sanitary administration by the epidemiologist José Penna in 1906 to materialise two key lessons learned from plague. First, the machine was supposed to translate the successful disinfection practices of global maritime sanitation into urban epidemic control in Argentina. Second, the machine's design enabled public health authorities to reinvigorate a traditional hygienic concern for the entirety of the city's terrain. While the Sulfurozador offered effective destruction of rats, it promised also a comprehensive - and utopian - disinfection of the whole city, freeing it from all imaginable pathogens, insects as well as rodents. In 1910, the successful introduction of the Sulfurozador encouraged Argentina's medico-political elite to introduce a new principle of 'general prophylaxis'. This article places the apparatus as a technological modernisation of traditional sanitary practices in the bacteriological age, which preserved the urban environment - 'el terreno' - as a principal site of intervention. Thus, the Sulfurozador allowed the 'higienistas' to sustain a long-standing utopian vision of all-encompassing social, bodily and political hygiene into the twentieth century.
Assuntos
Epidemias/história , Fumigação/história , Peste/história , Saneamento/história , Argentina/epidemiologia , Cidades/história , Epidemias/prevenção & controle , História do Século XX , Humanos , Peste/epidemiologia , Peste/prevenção & controle , Saneamento/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Research into the work of Szachna Eliasz Cynamon in the Rio Doce Valley Program (1952-1960) is presented. The key sources are from the Department of Archives and Documentation and the Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health at Fiocruz, as well as the family's own archive. At the time, the rates of malaria in the region were high. Born in Poland, Cynamon migrated to Brazil in the 1930s while still a child, where he graduated in sanitary engineering. He was hired to work in Colatina (Espírito Santo) and Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais) between 1952 and 1960, focusing on sewage and water treatment and supply, while also holding sanitation education courses for the local people as part of a Brazil-USA cooperation agreement.
Assuntos
Engenharia Sanitária/história , Brasil , Educação em Saúde/história , História do Século XX , Polônia , Saneamento/históriaRESUMO
In 1923, Doctor Sebastião Barroso, head of the Rural Sanitation and Prophylaxis Service of Bahia, submitted a report on the previous year's activities. The document contains information on initiatives coordinated by the entity on rural epidemics and prophylaxis, accompanied by a compilation of the reports by the professionals responsible for the rural prophylaxis units and tables containing data on the different regions in the state, notifications received, and expenses. The section of this document presented here enables us to investigate the state's role in addressing public health issues in a context marked by recurring outbreaks of epidemics, especially yellow fever.